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CVA A&P - Chapter 11: Cardiovascular Standard
1.
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by
Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 11 The Cardiovascular System
2.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Cardiovascular System A closed system of the heart and blood vessels The heart pumps blood Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body The function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide and other waste products
3.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Heart Location Thorax between the lungs in the inferior mediastinum Orientation Pointed apex directed toward left hip Base points toward right shoulder About the size of your fist
4.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Heart Figure 11.1a–b
5.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Heart Figure 11.1c
6.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Heart: Chambers Right and left side act as separate pumps Four chambers Atria Receiving chambers Right atrium Left atrium Ventricles Discharging chambers Right ventricle Left ventricle
7.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Heart: Chambers Figure 11.2c
8.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Heart: Valves Allow blood to flow in only one direction to prevent backflow Four valves Atrioventricular (AV) valves—between atria and ventricles Bicuspid (mitral) valve (left side of heart) Tricuspid valve (right side of heart) Semilunar valves—between ventricle and artery Pulmonary semilunar valve Aortic semilunar valve
9.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Heart: Valves Figure 11.2c
10.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations Systemic circulation Blood flows from the left side of the heart through the body tissues and back to the right side of the heart Pulmonary circulation Blood flows from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart
11.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations Figure 11.3
12.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Heart Contractions Tachycardia—rapid heart rate over 100 beats per minute Bradycardia—slow heart rate less than 60 beats per minutes
13.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Heart: Cardiac Cycle Atria contract simultaneously (‘lub’ sound) Atria relax, then ventricles contract (‘dub’ sound)
14.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pulse & Heart Rate Heart rate (HR) Typically 75 beats per minute Pulse Pressure wave of blood Monitored at “pressure points” in arteries where pulse is easily palpated Pulse averages 70–76 beats per minute at rest
15.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate Increased heart rate Sympathetic nervous system Crisis Low blood pressure Hormones Epinephrine Thyroxine Exercise Decreased blood volume
16.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate Decreased heart rate Parasympathetic nervous system High blood pressure or blood volume Decreased venous return
17.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pulse Figure 11.18
18.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Pressure Measurements by health professionals are made on the pressure in large arteries Systolic—pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction Diastolic—pressure when ventricles relax Write systolic pressure first and diastolic last (120/80 mm Hg) Pressure in blood vessels decreases as distance from the heart increases
19.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Variations in Blood Pressure Normal human range is variable Normal 140–110 mm Hg systolic 80–75 mm Hg diastolic Hypotension Low systolic (below 110 mm HG) Often associated with illness Hypertension High systolic (above 140 mm HG) Can be dangerous if it is chronic
20.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Factors Producing Hypertension High salt intake High cholesterol Obesity Stress Eclampsia Heart disease
21.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Vessels: The Vascular System Transport blood to the tissues and back Carry blood away from the heart Arteries Arterioles Exchanges between tissues and blood Capillary beds Return blood toward the heart Venules Veins
22.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fetal Circulation Fetus receives exchanges of gases, nutrients, and wastes through the placenta Umbilical cord contains three vessels Umbilical vein—carries blood rich in nutrients and oxygen to the fetus Umbilical arteries (2)—carry carbon dioxide and debris-laden blood from fetus to placenta
23.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fetal Circulation Blood flow bypasses the lungs (since not used) Blood entering right atrium is shunted directly into the left atrium through the foramen ovale Ductus arteriosus connects the aorta and pulmonary trunk (becomes ligamentum arteriosum at birth)
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