1. 1 000 m 1 Yottameter =1024 m
1 000 000 m
1 000 000 000 m = 109 m
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 m = 1018 m
= 1 Exameter

3. 0.001 m
0.000 000 001 m = 10-9 m
= 1 nanometer = 1 nm
0.000 001 m

4. Department of Chemistry
Faculty of Science
Nanotechnology and the Community
A primer on nanotechnology

5. The intended message:
Nanotechnology will be
Pervasive – it will affect all sectors of society
Persistent – it will be with us forever
Powerful – it will be an economic driver globally
For communities to take advantage of this emerging
technology framework will require
Planning – and that is what the project is all about
Pervasive-Persistent-Powerful

6. Mt Everest = 8 km on earth
Equivalent to 8x10-3 cm or 8 micrometers on grapefruit
Earth is 100 times smoother than a grapefruit
Nanoparticles are seldom spherical and therefore very rough
Seldom all the same size
1.2 nm gold nanoparticle 12 cm grapefruit 12 000 km Earth
1:100 000 000 1:100 000 000
How do we think about a nanometer?

7. 100 nm cell membrane 1 cm pad of paper 1 000 m elevation
1:100 000 1:100 000
How do we think about a nanometer?

8. Surface Effects:
Material (Intensive) Properties Change:
Source: K.J. Klabunde, 2001
and M.Meyyappan (2006)
Nanotechnology – what are we talking about?

9. Clay – Oil – Water mix too well
Surface properties lead to an emulsion that
will not separate easily – heat is needed
Oil – Green
Solid – Red
Water – Brown
Small particles will not settle – tailing ponds
http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/es/etb/cwrc/English/AST/Teams/Emulsions/emulsions_e.html
The problem with Oil Sands is tiny solids (clays) in the oil

10. Quantum Mechanics tells us: E
Discrete Energy Levels (Quanta)
(think floors of a building)
Energy Levels Depend on Size
(Tall & narrow building or E E
Low & wide building)
ΔE1 > ΔE2
Determines:
Color of materials - wavelength
R R
λ1 < λ2
Energy levels depend on size

11. Quantum Dots range in size from 1 to 10 nm or more. The change in size 
different energy levels for the electrons  different wavelengths for absorption
and emission of light  different colours
Particles are from Si, Ge or CdSe. Blue is small – Red is large
Applications range from diagnosis (tracers) to solar energy (absorbers)
1 nm
www.evidenttech.com
6 nm
Quantum Dots are illustrate quantum confinement

12. A simple application of plasmon resonance
The association of the antibody with the antigen
causes an aggregation of the gold nanoparticles
leading to a shift in the plasmon absorption
Sold in very large numbers as
(red to blue) >99% reliable pregnancy test
A neat optical example

13. We have now learned to:
visualize
design
and control at the nanoscale
So why is nanotechnology important now?

14. Movies
Original_slices.avi .... as acquired 8hrs of data
Inner_view_x_rot.avi … reconstructed 3D rendering of voids.
Processing developed by Martin Kupsta (NINT).
Visualize and control

15. Visualize
Control (cutting)
Design
Control (assembly)
Visualize-Design-Control

16. Visualize
Control (etching)
Design
Control (assembly)
immersion in
reagents
remove
polymer 100 nm
Visualize-Design-Control – Nanotechnology will be Persistent

17. Pigment Shell Latex
Emulsion
Aggregation Coalescence
Polymerization
.. .
. . . ..
Monomer Mixing Heating Toner
2-10 A 40 – 200 nm /Heatin (Cross-section)
Particle
Latex g 3-7 microns
Polymer Wax
Precision particle design with control of
morphology & structure
Toner particles of smaller size, tunable shape,
and narrow size distribution
Enviro-friendly toner (less toner per printed
page) and toner manufacturing
Courtesy of Hadi Mahabadi, Ex-VP XRCC
Xerox EA Toner development

18. $ Value Added
Nanomaterials by Design  Application-Based Problem Solving
$
Nano- Nano-enabled
Nanomaterials
intermediates Products
Unprocessed Intermediate Products End-User Products
Nanoscale with integrated incorporating
Structures Nanoscale Features Nanotechnology
• nanoparticles • coatings, toners • automobiles
• nanofibers • textiles • clothing, personal care products
• carbon nanotubes • optical components • electronic devices
• nanowires • memory chips • business products
• dendrimers • semiconductor material • pharmaceuticals, plastics
The Nanotechnology Value Chain
Courtesy of Hadi Mahabadi, Ex-VP XRCC

19. http://www.nanotechproject.org/
Markets are growing

20. http://www.nanotechproject.org/
A variety of sectors already

21. http://www.nanotechproject.org/
A variety of product types

22. http://www.nanotechproject.org/
Curling Iron
Soap
Cream
Pregnancy Test
Mostly inert materials

23. Fullerenes (C60) Aluminum Oxide
Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes Cerium Oxide
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes Zinc Oxide
Silver Nanoparticles Silicon Dioxide
Iron Nanoparticles Polystyrene
Carbon black Dendrimers
Titanium Dioxide Nanoclays
OECD Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials
Priority Testing List
Materials of Industrial (and Regulatory) Interest

24. GMR
Nobel Prize
Physics 2007
First Generation: Passive Materials Work in 1988
Composites, cosmetics, coatings
Second Generation: Active Materials
Catalysts, memory, antibacterials
Third Generation: Smart (responsive) systems
“Intelligent particles”, drug delivery
Fourth Generation: Intergrated systems
Convergence of Nano-Bio-Info-Cogno-Technologies (NBIC)
Nanotechnology is Pervasive

25. R&D Venture SCI Patent Final Product People
Funding Capital Papers Applications Markets employed in
($M) Investments (#) (#) ($M) nanotech
($M) (#)
World
2000 1,200 210 18,085 1,197 30,000 60,000
2008 14,000 1,400 65,000 12,776 200,000 400,000
CAGR 36% 27% 17% 34% 27% 27%
US
2000 370 170 5,342 405 13,000 25,000
2008 3,700 1,170 15,000 3,729 80,000 150,000
CAGR 33% 27% 14% 32% 25% 25%
AT THIS RATE OF GROWTH WILL BE A $3T MARKET BY 2020
Nanotechnology is Powerful

26. Regulations
Trade barriers
Larry Kapustka
LK Consultancy
Public acceptance Calgary, Alberta Canada
TAPPI
Toxicology Edmonton, Alberta
24 June 2009
Life cycle analysis
Planning is important

27. Attention to oversight is emerging across the world

28. •“Nanotechnology is the inevitable consequence of our quest
to miniaturize – most technologies will be in nano by 2020”
(Ray Kurzweil, Federal S&T Forum, Jan 12, 2005)
NANOGEARS NANOBEARING
Nanotechnology is here to stay and will be everywhere