Developing a wine program is no easy feat- just ask any sommelier, wine director or small restaurant manager. It comes from years of learning what wines pair with what foods, what wines go with what social situations, etc. etc. Once your wine program is in place, how do you transfer that knowledge over to your staff? Training your staff on wine is an essential part of a comprehensive wine program. Your team is your number one resource for connecting with customers, they are the face of your restaurant, and they have the power to dazzle customers!

1. Waitstaff Wine Training
World Rights Reserved, Merryvale Vineyards, 2004

2. Why Sell Wine?
As a food service
professional, the
number one reason
to sell wine is
INCREASED
CHECK
AVERAGES
AND HIGHER
GRATUITIES.
For example, if you were to sell an
additional 4 bottles of $25 wine per
shift, 5 shifts per week, 50 weeks per
year, and receive 15% gratuity, you
would be adding $3,750 to your
salary! (4 x $25 = $100; x 15% =
$15; x 5 shifts = $75; x 50 weeks =
$3,750)
Beyond the monetary benefits, there
are a number of great reasons to
recommend wine to your guests:
● It tastes good!
● Food and wine are natural partners
and when paired properly will
enhance the flavor of each other.
An enhanced dining experience
will bring guests back to your
restaurant for repeat visits.
● Medical research suggests that, in
moderation, wine contributes to
good health.
● It tastes good!
How to Increase Wine Sales
● Familiarize yourself with the
wine list. Guests often look to
servers for recommendations since
it is virtually impossible for the
average consumer to be familiar
with the 20,000 plus wine labels
available in the U.S. market. You
can’t make a recommendation if
you don’t know anything about
the wine. It may not be possible to
taste the entire wine list, but wines
by the glass should be tasted when
possible and descriptions of wines
by the bottle should be made
available (most winery web sites
have wine fact sheets available).
● Recommend Wine. Wine lists
should be presented to the host
rather than being placed on the
table randomly. Recommend wine
and food pairings. Ask for the
wine order.
● May I suggest champagne or
sparkling wine to start?
● May I recommend a bottle to
share or wines by the glass?
● Cabernet Sauvignon pairs
well with the beef special.
May I bring you a glass with
your entrée?
● May I pair a glass of wine
or cognac with your
final course?
● Banish Wine Snobbery. Many
guests are intimidated by wine and
therefore never order it for fear of
embarrassment; pronunciations are
difficult and tasting
etiquette confusing.
Help your guests feel
comfortable with
wine. Wine is a
beverage meant to be
enjoyed and it can be
enjoyed on many
different levels, end
of story! Some guests
will welcome a little
pomp and circumstance
with a fine bottle of
wine; others will
simply want a great
tasting beverage to
wash down their
meal. Learn to
read your guest’s
wine level and
accommodate them
accordingly. Never contradict a
customer’s wine selection; everyone
has different tastes and unless your
opinion is solicited, don’t offer it.
Types of Customers
● Wine-Savvy Diners usually know
what they want and are willing to
pay higher prices for a special
bottle.
● Special Occasion Diners want
something unique to celebrate the
occasion. Often, they are willing
to take recommendations. Offer a
range of prices to choose from to
accommodate their budget.
● Casual Diners may not want to
spend a lot of money on a meal
and appreciate budget-friendly
suggestions.
● Frequent Diners patronize the
restaurant regularly and like staff
to know their preferences and
make suggestions accordingly.
© Merryvale Vineyards, Napa Valley, CA 2004

3. Bud Swelling in Spring—
A primary bud awakens from
dormancy as the vine pumps
life up from its roots.
(Jan/Feb)
Bud Break—Leaves from
buds left on canes after winter
pruning begin to emerge.
(Feb/March)
Leaf Emergence—Leaves
are now recognizable and
shoots are beginning to
photosynthesize. (March)
Shoot Growth—More leaves
emerge as the shoot elongates.
At this point, shoots are still
highly susceptible to frost
which can significantly
damage crop yield. (March)
Cluster Closing—Berries have
reached full size and have no
room for further enlarging.
(June/July)
Beginning of Veraison—
Berries begin to turn color,
soften and further develop
their flavors and sugars. (July)
Veraison Nearly Complete—The
point at which most grape clusters
have completed veraison is an ideal
point to thin out those clusters
which are the furthest from
completing veraison. (July/Aug)
Ripe Cluster—Grape flavors
are fully mature, acids and
sugar are in balance—it’s
harvest time! (Sept/Oct)
Flower Cluster Emergence—
Many of these tender young
flowers will become this year’s
fruit. (March/Apr)
Flower Clusters Before
Bloom—Flowers are fully
formed but have not yet
bloomed. (Apr)
Beginning of Bloom—
Flower caps pop off to reveal
the reproductive stigma and
stamens of the vine’s flowers.
(Apr/May)
End of Bloom—All the
flowers that will get fertilized
have been pollinated and the
berries begin to swell.
(May/June)
Just Before Berry Set—
Remnants of flowers remain
before the unfertilized berries
fall off the cluster. (May/June)
Berries Enlarging—Cells
within the berries are dividing
as well as expanding. (June)
Berry Set—Flowers that have
been fertilized now become
firmly attached to the stem
and will eventually become
grapes. (June)
Full Bloom—Because grape
flowers are self-pollinating
their bloom is unlike
many fruits which display
extravagant blooms to attract
birds and bees to help them
pollinate. (May)
Seasons of the Vine
Images courtesy of California Wine Institute. © Merryvale Vineyards, Napa Valley, CA 2004

4. Winemaking 101
The Vineyard and What Affects the Vine
© Merryvale Vineyards, Napa Valley, CA 2004
There are three main factors that
drastically affect the flavor of the grape
and ultimately, the wine that is made:
● Terroir
● Wine growing
● Winemaking
Terroir is the one factor which cannot
be readily altered. The following
factors determine terroir:
● Climate, as measured by
temperature and rainfall
● Sunlight energy
● Topography (altitude, slope, etc.)
● Soil’s physical and chemical
characteristics
● Soil water relations
Wine growing management: Specific
practices that the grower controls that
directly impact the flavor of the grapes
and wine produced.
● Canopy size-Depending on the
varietal and weather conditions,
the grower must decide how many
leaves to let the vine grow and
keep. Too much shade and grapes
could produce vegetal flavors. Too
little shade and the grapes could
sunburn and produce ‘burnt out’
aromas.
● Irrigation-The amount of water
the vine is given at key stages in
the growing season drastically
affects the aromas. Too much
water and the grapes aren’t
concentrated enough, too little
and the fruit flavor suffers.
● Type of grape planted-Through
technological advances, growers
can determine the specific vari-
etals, clones, and rootstocks that
are optimal for any given site. Not
all grape varieties thrive in any
given location. Napa was ‘blessed’
in the early ’90s with phylloxera, a
devastating root louse that
destroys the vine. It
was discovered
during the 1870s
that American vine
species are resistant
to the devastation
caused by
phylloxera.
Therefore it is now
common practice
in most wine
regions to plant
European varietals on American
rootstocks. The need to replant
many expensive vineyards caused
growers to look carefully at the
terroir of an area and plant
accordingly. The results have been
dramatic and as the young vines
age, the wine quality of California
will continue to improve.
● Age of vine-Vine maturity affects
crop yields and flavor profile. A
vine will not begin producing
wine-worthy fruit until its third
year. As a vine ages, the grapes can
become more complex, however,
very old vines produce lower
yields.
● Crop yields-The amount of
grape clusters that are permitted to
reach maturity on any given vine
has a direct correlation to flavor
concentration. Too many grapes
and flavor is compromised, too
few and the cost of production
becomes cost prohibitive for the
winery. Sometimes, Mother
Nature will control crop yields
with freezes, excessive rain or hail.
● Layout of the vineyard-Including
vine spacing, trellising, and row
direction. The number of vines
planted per acre, the way the
vines are pruned, the direction
of the row and resultant sun
exposure all affect the grapes.
For winemaking, see next two pages.

5. Winemaking
White Wine
Bentonite: Neutral, powdered clay
that binds with proteins and settles
out of the wine, aiding stability and
clarity.
Filtering: A process used to clarify
wine just prior to bottling, removing
yeast cells and other particles. Racking
can make filtering unnecessary.
Fining: Addition of a material that
alters the wine’s structure, then is
removed from the wine. Egg whites
and isinglass are fining agents that
remove tannins. Bentonite removes
protein.
Inoculate: Process in which cultured
yeast is added to the juice for
fermentation.
Isinglass: A particularly pure protein
obtained from the swim bladders of
sturgeon and other freshwater fish
that has been used for fining wine
for centuries.
Lees: Solids - including spent yeast
cells and grape pulp - that settles out
of juice or wine.
Malolactic Fermentation: Bacterial
fermentation in which malic acid is
converted to lactic acid and carbon
dioxide, adding complexity to and
‘softening’ wines.
Pneumatic Press: A horizontal press
with an inflatable membrane that
gently squeezes the grapes against the
side of the tank as it swells.
Racking: Process in which the clear
juice or wine is separated from the
lees.
Sulfites: Antimicrobial and anti-
oxidizing material used to protect
juice and wine. In the winery, sulfites
may be used to clean and sterilize
equipment, kill harmful bacteria,
prevent wine from oxidizing, guard
against spoilage at bottling or inhibit
spoilage microbes on the grapes.
Sulfites are also a natural by-product
of fermentation. (SO2 –
sulfur dioxide)
Yeast: One-celled organisms
that, in winemaking,
convert sugar to alcohol.
W H I T E
W I N E M A K I N G
G L O S S A R Y
© Merryvale Vineyards, Napa Valley, CA 2004
White grapes (Chardonnay, Sauvignon
Blanc, Semillon) are hand harvested, then
hand sorted if necessary to discard defects.
Then whole clusters are gently transferred
directly to a horizontal pneumatic press.
Pressing is done to maximize yield at the
lowest pressure rating.
The juice drips into a pan at the bottom
of the press and is then pumped into a
stainless steel, temperature controlled
settling tank.
Juice is chilled to 50°F overnight. The
clear juice is pumped off the settlings
(lees) into another stainless steel tank
(racking), where SO2 and yeast nutrients
are added. The juice is immediately
pumped to fill 225L French oak barrels
for fermentation. Some lots are inoculated
with yeast, and others are allowed to
ferment with naturally occurring yeast
which lends additional complexity and
seamlessness.
When the barrels have finished
fermentation (7-21 days) they are topped.
The yeast sediment (lees) is stirred every
month (Chardonnay only) and one
month before bottling, stirring stops.
Stirring the lees adds silkiness and flavor
complexity to the wine. Wine is aged in
barrels from 4 to 16 months.
Chardonnay is encouraged to undergo a
second fermentation, called malolactic;
Sauvignon Blanc and Semillon are not.
The secondary fermentation is really a
conversion of malic acid to lactic acid.
The conversion softens the wine and adds
buttery aromas.
Barrels are racked (clear wine separated
from lees) with pressure from inert gas
(nitrogen)—for gentle handling and
minimal aeration—and the wine is
blended into stainless steel tanks.
Some wines are fined with bentonite to
remove excess proteins, and isinglass to
remove excess tannins and sculpt the
mouth-feel.
Some wines are filtered for clarification
just prior to bottling.

6. Winemaking
Red Wine
Bordeaux reds: The five classic
Bordeaux red winegrape varietals are
Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet
Franc, Petit Verdot and Malbec.
Fining: Process in which protein (such
as egg whites) is added to the wine to
combine with and remove excess tannin.
Fining ‘sculpts’ tannins and helps to
remove astringency and may improve
wine clarity when the fining agent
attaches to suspended particles which
then fall to the bottom of the barrel.
Free-run: Juice or wine that runs freely
from a tank before pressing.
Maceration: The extraction of aroma,
color, flavor and tannins from grape
skins usually during skin contact
during the alcoholic fermentation.
Malolactic Fermentation: Bacterial
fermentation in which malic acid is
converted to lactic acid and carbon
dioxide, adding complexity to and
‘softening’ wines.
Must: Unfermented grape juice produced
by de-stemming, crushing or pressing.
Pump-over: Process in which fermenting
juice is circulated over the top of the
must cap, to create more contact with
the skins. (Conducted twice daily
during fermentation at Merryvale.)
Racking: Process in which the wine is
separated from the ‘lees’ (sediment
formed by the dead yeast cells).
Tannins: Compounds extracted from
grape skins and seeds that yields a red
wine’s color and structure. If not
managed properly from vineyard to
bottle, can result in
dry or gritty mouth-
feel.
Yeast: One-celled
organisms that, in
winemaking, convert
sugar to alcohol.
R E D
W I N E M A K I N G
G L O S S A R Y
© Merryvale Vineyards, Napa Valley, CA 2004
Red grapes (Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot,
Cabernet Franc, Petit Verdot, Syrah,
Zinfandel, Pinot Noir) are hand harvested,
then hand sorted if necessary to discard
defects. The clusters are then gently
de-stemmed without crushing and the must
put into stainless steel tanks.
When naturally-occurring yeasts have begun
to ferment the must, nutrients are added
during the first pump-over. Rather than
inoculating with an introduced yeast, using
the wild yeast results in added complexity
and seamlessness in the wine. Fermentation
may last from 5 to 15 days. After fermentation
finishes, the wine is left on the skins, often
for an additional 30 days of extended
maceration, to allow softening of the tannins
which have been extracted from the skins.
The free-run wine is separated from the
skins. The skins, which are still quite moist,
are shoveled into bins and placed into a
pneumatic press. The wine is monitored
coming from the press and only wine
without aggressive tannins is included with
the free-run, making it the most supple and
concentrated of all the lots. The later press
fraction is kept separate.
The wine is put into 225L French oak barrels
where it completes the second fermentation
(called malolactic fermentation). The
secondary fermentation softens the wine.
At Merryvale, French oak is used exclusively
because of its addition of distinctive
flavors such as vanilla and nutmeg and its
complementary tannin components.
Racking of the Bordeaux reds occurs every
three months. In the first year the wine is
aerated during racking to soften the tannins.
In the second year in the cellar the wine is
not usually aerated during racking. (Less
tannic grape varieties such as Pinot Noir and
Zinfandel are not racked nor aerated, and the
Pinot Noir is bottled after nine months.)
Blends are made in the winter following
harvest. In their second year the wines are
fined with fresh egg whites if necessary to
resolve excess tannins. After up to 20 months
in French oak barrels, the wines are racked
for a final time and bottled—usually without
filtration. Unfiltered wines, because they have
not been stripped, tend to be more complex
wines.

7. Varietals and Styles
White and Sparkling Wines
Chardonnay (shar-du-NAY)—
Grown in most parts of the wine
growing world, Chardonnay is
fairly neutral on its own, displaying
green apple and mineral notes.
However, it is in the winery that
this grape gets adorned with
finery, from barrel aging and fermentation to malolactic
fermentation. The styles run the gamut from dry to
medium dry, rich, full and oaky to lean, crisp and flinty
depending on their treatment.
Sauvignon Blanc (SOH-vee-
nyohn-BLAHn)—This grape is
intensely aromatic and acidic.
Depending on the growing region
and winemaking techniques it can
range from grassy, herbaceous,
flinty, and green, to aromas of
peach, fresh hay and melons. It is also known as Fumé
Blanc in the United States.
Riesling (REES-ling)—This grape
produces wines with a brilliant
sweet/acid balance ranging from
bone dry to intensely sweet.
Riesling’s varietal characteristics
are very distinctive; delicate,
perfumed, floral, and fruity with
fresh apple and apricot scents.
Sparkling Wine &
Champagne—
Sparkling wine is
made in most wine
producing countries,
but technically the
only region that has a
right to call their sparkling wine Champagne, is
the Champagne region of France. Sparkling
wine can be made in different styles, but the
common theme is bubbles. The bubbles come
from dissolved carbon dioxide, held under
pressure, in wine (remember, carbon dioxide
is a by-product of fermentation).
Extreme caution should be exercised when
opening a bottle of sparkling wine.
● Point the cold bottle away from guests or
valuable decorative objects
● Remove the foil wrap
● Untwist the wire, keeping your thumb over
the top of the cork, remove the wire hood
● Place a napkin over the cork
● Holding the bottle at an angle, gently twist
the bottle off the cork
● The sound you want to hear is a gentle
whisper as opposed to a loud pop
Dessert Wines—There are two
main types of dessert wine: late
harvested wines and brandy
fortified wines.
Late Harvest Wines—Grapes are
harvested late in the season to
ensure high levels of sugar. The resultant wines
are high in sugar and low in alcohol. Acidity
levels vary, but the wines are usually rich and
viscous.
Fortified Wines—This wine type involves
the addition of grape spirits either during
fermentation to halt fermentation or after
fermentation. The great fortified wines of the
world include Sherry, Port, and Madeira. The
wines are high in alcohol and residual sugar
levels range from bone dry to very sweet.
Bottle images courtesy of Demptos glass. Stemware images courtesy of Riedel Crystal. © Merryvale Vineyards, Napa Valley, CA 2004

8. Cabernet Sauvignon (cab-er-NAY
soh-vee-NYOHn)—The king of
red wines, capable of being the
most tannic and long lived of the
reds. Complex and supple, aromas
of concentrated blackberry and
cassis are most commonly found. One of the most plant-
ed top-quality wine varieties in the world.
Merlot (mehr-LO)—Lower in
color and tannin than Cabernet
Sauvignon, but no lightweight
either. Stylistically Merlot can be
fresh and grapey with tender tannins
and aromas of cherries or it can be
deep, dense, and concentrated with massive tannins.
Pinot Noir (PEA-no Nwahr)—
A difficult grape to grow and vinify,
but when it’s done right, the wines
are delicious with delicate and
compelling flavors and aromas. The
wines are low in tannin, with good
acidity and broad expansive aroma and bouquet.
Syrah (sih-RAH)—Known as
Shiraz in Australia, Syrah is heavily
pigmented, tannic, and alcoholic.
Stylistically, it can be fruit driven,
with aromas of blackberry, logan-
berries and the like or it can be a
wild combination of rosemary, thyme, pepper, and anise
with aromatic accents of lavender and musk.
Zinfandel (ZIN-fan-dell)—A
densely pigmented grape that
frequently has high alcohol and
highly extracted fruit flavors.
Zinfandel is a heady, full-bodied
red with ripe raspberry fruit
accentuated by pepper and spice. When done right,
it is often described as dusky, brooding, briary, brambly,
exotic, brawny, exuberant, or opulent.
Varietals and Styles
Red Wines
Oak in Winemaking—
Among the constituents of oak are many flavorful
compounds. The molecules that give vanilla, cinnamon,
clove and nutmeg their flavor are all found naturally in oak
wood. Oak also has a huge array of tannin molecules, plus
sugars that caramelize when toasted. Inside a properly made
oak barrel, the fermenting juice or wine slowly absorbs the
wonderful flavors and caramelized sugars from the wood
which complement and add complexity to the flavors of the
fruit. Additionally, the tannins in oak blend with the tannins
and color of the wine to enrich and stabilize them.
The two main families of oak used for wine cooperage
are American and European. Merryvale uses French oak
exclusively. Although American oak is relatively dense
making it easily watertight and cheap to mill and cooper,
compared to French oak, it has relatively large amounts of
some distinctive flavor compounds, reminiscent of dill and
coconut, that are not part of the classic, Old-World wine
tradition. American oak also tends to produce wines with
coarser tannin structure than the more subtle and supple
French oak. For many winemakers and connoisseurs, French
oak just tastes and feels better than American oak.
Cabernet Franc (cab-er-NAY
FRAHNK)—Herbal and slightly
spicy in character. Sometimes
found as a single varietal wine, but
mainly used as a blending grape
that adds aromatic complexity.
Petit Verdot (peh-TEET-vehr-
DOE)—Flavors of anise seed and
a meaty savoriness characterize this
grape. Used as a blending grape,
this varietal adds color and a tan-
nic richness to Bordeaux blends.
Bottle images courtesy of Demptos glass. Stemware images courtesy of Riedel Crystal. © Merryvale Vineyards, Napa Valley, CA 2004

9. Progressive Wine List
Wine Styles
Wine Styles—
Any given varietal
will have many
different styles
depending on
the winemaking
techniques and
terroir. Consumers
will find it helpful
if wine lists are
produced to
reflect stylistic
differences, either
by region, or
better yet, by
primary flavor
attributes,
progressing from
the mildest to
strongest flavor
profile.
Example of Progressive Wine List
© Merryvale Vineyards, Napa Valley, CA 2004

10. How to Read a
California Wine Label
● County – 75% of the grapes must come from the
county listed. If more than one county is listed, the
percentage of grapes grown in each county must be
listed.
● AVA – Regulated by the Tax and Trade Bureau,
these areas have been designated as having unique
characteristics such as climate, soil, elevation, physical
features and sometimes historical data. 85% of the
grapes must come from the AVA.
Alcohol – The percentage of alcohol in the wine.
Reserve/Vineyard Designate
● Reserve – No legal definition exists in the United
States, however, generally wineries will limit the use
for some of their finest wines.
● Vineyard Designate – 95% of the wine must come
from the specific vineyard listed.
European wine labels – It is common for European
wines to be labeled regionally rather than by varietal.
Examples of this include Chianti, a region in Italy that
produces mostly Sangiovese-based wines. There are
regional laws that govern the type of varietals that may
be planted in the region, as well as blending, growing,
and harvesting requirements. In order to appeal to
international wine drinkers, some European winemakers
are labeling their wines by varietal.
Vintage – The year that the grapes were harvested. 95%
of this wine must have been harvested in the year listed.
Non-vintage wines can be a combination of vintages.
Typically, sparkling wines and fortified wines will be non-
vintage blends.
Varietal – In California, wines are typically labeled as
varietals, like Chardonnay, or if the wine is a blend, the
winery will create a
proprietary name for
the wine like Profile.
The most common
blends are Bordeaux or
Meritage blends that
include any two of the
following grapes:
Cabernet Sauvignon,
Merlot, Cabernet
Franc, Malbec, and
Petit Verdot.
Appellation of Origin – Indicates where the grapes come
from by state, county (or counties), or American
Viticultural Area (AVA)
● State – 100% of the grapes must come from within
the state’s borders.
It is important to note that different states within the United States have slightly different labeling laws.
Other countries will also vary in their labeling laws and styles.
Vintage
Varietal
Appellation
of Origin
Alcohol
Reserve/
Vineyard
Designate
Proprietary Name
© Merryvale Vineyards, Napa Valley, CA 2004

11. Restaurant Wine Service
Temperature and Storage
Storage/Cellar Basics – For a wine to be at its best when
opened, it must be stored properly. The serious enemies of
wine are prolonged contact with air, extreme heat or cold,
fluctuations in temperature, vibration, sunlight, and
strong odors. Wine is best stored under the following
conditions:
● Horizontally to keep the cork moist and prevent it
from shrinking. A shrunken cork allows air into the
bottle, which may spoil the wine.
● In a dark, insulated and temperature-controlled room.
Ideally, the temperature should be 11° C or 52° F, but
anything between 40°-65° F (5°-18° C) is fine as long
as the temperature doesn’t fluctuate. The higher the
storage temperature, the faster the wine will age, as
higher temperatures increase the rate of oxidation.
Ideal serving temperatures:
Range Ideal
Fortified wine 61° to 64° F 62° F / 17° C
Medium- to 55° to 65° F 60° F / 16° C
full-bodied red
Light-bodied red 50° to 55° F 53° F / 12° C
Dry white 44° to 54° F 48° F / 9° C
and rosé
Sparkling 41° to 47° F 44° F / 7° C
Sweet 41° to 47° F 44° F / 7° C
(but not fortified)
Cellar image courtesy of the Inn at Langley, Washington. © Merryvale Vineyards, Napa Valley, CA 2004

12. Corkscrew – The ‘waiters’ corkscrew
is the most commonly used corkscrew
in restaurants. A good one will have a
blade for cutting the foil and a lever
for easier opening. To use this
corkscrew simply cut the foil with the
blade under the second lip of the
bottle. Next, center the point of the
corkscrew in the middle of the cork
and give it a firm turn to anchor the
worm. Turn the corkscrew gently and
firmly without pressing down, until
the worm has been inserted entirely
(depending on cork length, this will
vary). Place the lever on the lip of the
bottle and pull up slowly and firmly.
Ahso – Insert the longer prong of the
ah-so between the cork and the bottle
and, while applying slight downward
pressure, rock the prong back and
forth until the shorter prong can also
be inserted between the cork and the
bottle. Once both prongs are inserted,
rock the handle from prong to prong,
applying downward pressure. When
the ah-so is fully inserted, simultaneously
pull the handle upward and twist it to
release the cork.
Decanter – There are two main
reasons to decant a wine: to remove
the sediment from an older bottle of
red wine and to aerate a young bottle
of red wine. To decant a wine off its
sediment, it can be helpful to hold a
flashlight or candle under the neck of
the bottle while pouring the wine into
the decanter. This makes it possible to
see the sediment as you are pouring
and stop accordingly.
Wine Bucket – The wine bucket
should be used to lower the temperature
of a wine or to maintain the proper
temperature. Fill the bucket with two
parts ice and one part water. The water
will make it easier to place the bottle
in the bucket for quick chilling.
Glasses
● Shape - The best shape for a wine
glass is one that has a stem and a
bowl that is turned in slightly at
the rim to capture and hold the
aroma of the wine. The stem will
allow the customer to hold the
glass without affecting the wine
temperature. The glass should be
large enough to allow the customer
to swirl a 2 ounce pour without
incident. Riedel has developed a
specific glass for each of the main
grape varieties and these glasses
will enhance the enjoyment of
wine to a greater extent. For more
information on Riedel glasses,
please visit their web site at
www.riedelcrystal.com
● Placement – Every restaurant
will have its own distinctive table
setting. The most common
placement for wine glasses is to
the right of the cover above the tip
of the dinner knife. If more than
one glass is to be set the glasses
should be positioned at an angle
up from the tip of the dinner
knife in order of service from
right to left.
Restaurant Wine Service
Tools of the Trade
© Merryvale Vineyards, Napa Valley, CA 2004

13. Propose: Guests often depend on
servers or sommeliers to propose a wine
recommendation. Know the wines on
your list, as well as possible food
pairings. Proposing several wines in
different price categories will put the
customer at ease and allow them
to make a choice that they are
comfortable with.
Present: Present the bottle to the host
and repeat the wine name and vintage.
Pull: Pull the cork at the table and
present the cork to the host. The cork is
presented so that the customer can see
that the wine has been stored properly;
one side of the cork should be wet and
the other side should be dry. It is not
necessary to smell the cork.
Pour: Pour 1-2 ounces
of wine for the host
to taste. If the wine is
satisfactory, continue
pouring for the rest of
the table, moving clock-
wise around the table.
Glasses should not be filled more than
1/3 full to allow the guests to swirl their
glasses. The last person to receive wine is
the host. A bottle of wine contains 24.5
ounces. Become familiar with your
restaurant’s glasses so that pouring for
large parties isn’t a problem. There is
nothing worse than over pouring for five
people and not having enough wine left
for the sixth person! The remaining wine
should be placed to the right of the host
and poured when needed. Glasses should
be kept filled, but be careful not to over
pour. Ask for a second bottle order
before the bottle is empty, ensuring
uninterrupted wine service throughout
the meal.
Check with
your restaurant
management on
house policy for
dealing with
wines that are
flawed or that the
customer simply
does not like.
Restaurant Wine Service
Propose, Present, Pull, Pour—The Four ‘P’s of Wine Service
Photo location and staff courtesy of Tra Vigne Ristorante, St. Helena, Napa Valley.
It’s easy to feel
intimidated by wine
service. So remember,
Practice Makes
Perfect! If you don’t
feel confident opening
a wine bottle tableside,
practice with old
bottles that have had
the corked pushed
back in at the end
of the night.
© Merryvale Vineyards, Napa Valley, CA 2004

14. Winetasting
The Five ‘S’s of Winetasting
See: Look at the wine color against a white surface. Aside from the aesthetic value, color tells
a lot about the wine in the glass. As a white wine ages, it becomes darker, more golden in
color and as a red wine ages it loses color. Oak aging, grape varietal and climate will also affect
color.
Swirl: Swirling opens up the aromas and flavors and
introduces oxygen which will help soften a young red wine’s
tannins.
Sniff: Start smelling the wine a few inches above the rim of the glass. Often people miss
aromas by plunging their nose straight into the glass. Note the types of aromas, their intensity
and harmony. If there are unpleasant smells, that may indicate that the wine is flawed.
Sip: Take a sip and ‘inhale’ the wine—like a backwards
whistle. Move the wine around your mouth. There are only four
things that we actually taste: sweetness, saltiness, bitterness, and
acidity. Everything else comes from ‘smelling’ the wine in the
mouth. The slurping facilitates in mouth smell by drawing the
aroma to the retro nasal passage where in mouth flavors are
identified. The weight of the wine should be noted as this will
help with food pairing suggestions later on. Think of wine
weight like milk: a light-bodied wine is skim milk, a medium-
bodied wine is whole milk, and a heavy-bodied wine is cream.
Savor: Think about what
you’re tasting. Is it seamless,
angular, full, light, crisp,
buttery, well-balanced, overly
acidic? Does it have a long
finish or an abrupt end?
Do you like it or hate it?
Pressed for time? Tip your head back, take a
sip, wait 2.2 seconds and decide what you
think about the wine.
It can be that easy!! Sometimes we forget
that wine can be enjoyed at many levels!
© Merryvale Vineyards, Napa Valley, CA 2004

15. Winetasting
Common Aromas Found in Wine
© Merryvale Vineyards, Napa Valley, CA 2004
When tasting wine, some find it useful to describe exactly what they are smelling and tasting.
Common wine aromas are listed below. The aromas come from the grapes themselves as well as
their cellar treatment (referred to as bouquet).
Herbs and Spices
Dill, Tobacco, Bay Leaf, Mint, Green Grass, Straw, Basil, Vanilla, Black Pepper,
Clove, Fennel, Nutmeg, Cinnamon, Lemon Grass, Thyme, Licorice/Anise
Wood
Smoky, Tree Bark, Sawdust, Tar,
Raw/Green Wood, Eucalyptus, Cedar
Fruit
Plum, Cherry, Blueberry, Currant, Raspberry, Blackberry,
Strawberry, Fig, Coconut, Grape, Watermelon, Cranberry,
Mango, Orange, Lemon, Pomegranate, Grapefruit,
Lime, Tangerine, Pineapple, Banana, Kiwi, Apple,
Apricot, Peach
Vegetable
Rhubarb, Bell Pepper, Black Olive,
Green Olive, Tomato, Celery,
Green Bean, Beet, Baked Potato
Floral
Violet, Rose, Lavender, Lilac,
Honeysuckle, Orange Blossom
Earth
Underbrush, Mushroom,
Truffle, Humus
Other stuff
Chocolate, Leather, Grilled Meat, Baked Bread,
Butterscotch, Caramel, Soy Sauce, Cherry Cola, Coffee, Walnut, Almond,
Musk, Butter, Maple Syrup, Hazelnut, Honey, Baker’s Yeast, Dusty, Chalky
Off-Aromas – Something is wrong here!
Moldy, Garlic, Onions, Nail Polish,
Burnt Matches, Vinegar
Off-aromas indicate that the wine is flawed in some way. The most
common off-aroma is wine spoiled by cork taint. The affected wine has a musty, unpleasant odor.

16. The Art of Wine & Food Pairing
Simple Guidelines
© Merryvale Vineyards, Napa Valley, CA 2004
Spicy/hot foods cancel
some of a wine’s fruitiness
too. Serve them with lightly
sweet, very fruity, low
tannin, and/or crisp
wines. Stay away from
higher alcohol, tannic
red, and/or oaky wines.
Spicy Thai food and
Gewürztraminer
Rich dishes
overpower delicately
flavored, lighter bodied wines.
Serve with full flavored, full
bodied, higher acid wines.
Pasta Carbonara or Braised Ribs
and Cabernet Sauvignon
Fish and game overpower mildly
flavored, medium bodied, dry
wines. Try these with very fruity,
full bodied,
high acid,
and/or medium
sweet wines.
Salmon with
Pinot Noir
Smoked foods
overpower all but
the fruitiest,
richest wines.
Low tannin,
extremely
rich, and/or
moderately
sweet wines
are best here.
Smoked Duck and
Merlot
When pairing, look for
complementary or contrasting
flavors in your food and wine
selections.
Bleu Cheese
and Antigua
Dessert
Wine or
Port
Never drink or eat anything you
don’t like.
Sweetness in food cancels
the “fruit” and/or any residual
sugar in wines, making them taste
drier than they are.
Sweet dishes call
for wines
of at least
equal
sweetness.
Crème
Brulée and
Antigua Dessert Wine
Salty or
briny
foods also
ancel the
“fruit” in
wines. Salty
dishes call for aromatic wines with
high acidity, some sweetness, low
tannins, and/or intense fruitiness.
Oysters and sparkling wine
Tart foods cancel
some of a wine’s
fruitiness. Serve
them with lightly
sweet, very fruity, and/or
full bodied wines. In some cases,
tart or crisp wines will also work
well.
Veal Piccata with Sauvignon Blanc
or a crisp Chardonnay

17. Tragedy struck European
winemakers with the spread of
Phylloxera in the late 1800s.
Brief History of Wine
Ancient Times to 20th Century
Around 6000 B.C.—The first
wines are produced in Caucasia
and Mesopotamia.
1983—Merryvale Vineyards
is founded.
1983—Napa Valley becomes an
American Viticultural Area or AVA.
1976—Paris Challenge—Two Napa Valley
wines beat top French wines in a
tasting in France. American wine,
especially Napa Valley wine, is
taken seriously
for the first time.
1920-1933—
Prohibition reduces
number of wineries in
the United States
from 700 to 160.
1857—Count Harazsthy founds
first winery in Sonoma.
1838—First vineyard planted in
Napa Valley by George Yount.
1779—First vineyard in
California planted at
San Juan Capistrano.
1789—Upon his return from
France, Thomas Jefferson
becomes wine advisor to the
Presidents and advocate of wine
consumption. During his eight
years as President, Jefferson
purchased over 20,000 bottles
of wine from Europe.
The 17th Century saw
Champagne invented and
better glass making helped
wine become more stable
and transportable.
Throughout the 14th-16th
centuries, Europe had no
supply of clean drinking
water, and wine was
a standard in the daily diet.
50 B.C. - A.D. 500—
Wine production grows
to include most of
Western Europe,
Southern Russia, and
parts of Britain.
3000 B.C.—Egypt and
Phoenicia start wine production.
1861—First winery founded
in Napa Valley.
© Merryvale Vineyards, Napa Valley, CA 2004

18. Napa Valley Appellations
Map courtesy of the Napa Valley Vintners, Napa Valley Grape Growers and VESTRA. © Merryvale Vineyards, Napa Valley, CA 2004

19. California Appellations
State, County, AVAs
North Coast
Mendocino County
Napa County
Sonoma County
Sierra Foothills
El Dorado County
Amador County
Calaveras County
Central Valley
Lodi
San Joaquin Valley
Central Coast
Livermore Valley
Santa Cruz Mountains
Monterey County
San Luis Obispo County
Santa Barbara County
Southern California
Temecula
Map courtesy of the California Wine Institute.
There are 89 distinct
American Viticultural Areas
within California.
© Merryvale Vineyards, Napa Valley, CA 2004

20. California
By The Numbers
...acre of land is home to between 450 and 2,200 vines.
...vine produces between 15 and 50 clusters of grapes.
...vine typically produces between three and four bottles
of wine, or between 15 to 20 glasses, annually.
...ton of grapes makes about 60 cases of wine, which
equals 720 bottles.
...225-liter barrel of wine equals 25 cases, which is 300
bottles or 1,500 glasses.
...bottle of wine contains about 2.8 lbs. of grapes.
...5-oz. glass of wine contains a little over half a pound
of grapes.
4,400: approximate number of winegrape growers in California.
3,000: number of commercial wineries in the U.S.
1,300: approximate number of wineries in California.
1,000: number of commercial wineries in California, roughly half
which sell fewer than 5,000 cases.
232: number of commercial wineries in Napa County.
25: number of California’s largest commercial wineries who
ship 90 percent of all California wines to U.S. markets.
10: In the late 1850s Los Angeles had 10 times as many vines
as Napa.
4: California’s ranking, by volume, among wine producers in
the world—behind Italy, France and Spain.
4: percentage of California’s total wine production from the
Napa Valley, known worldwide for outstanding quality.
3: The number of commercial wineries in the U.S. has tripled
in the last 20 years.
Statistics courtesy of the California Wine Institute.
1
462,800,000: gallons shipped by California
wineries in 2002 (US and abroad)
Order of tasting:
sparkling, white, red;
young before old; light
before heavy;
dry before sweet;
common before fine.
▼
Wine Consumption
in the U.S. reached
a high of 2.68 gallons
per resident in 2003.
▼
Turkey has nearly
twice as much
vineyard acreage as
the United States.
Merryvale Vineyards is
located in the heart of
the Napa Valley.
For more information,
call 800-326-6069 or go
to www.merryvale.com.
Other
Fun Wine
Facts
© Merryvale Vineyards, Napa Valley, CA 2004

21. Wine Quiz
Rate Your Wine Knowledge
1. What is the term for the training
of the vines with posts and wire?
a. Pruning
b. Thinning
c. Trellising
d. Shading
2. What is the term for the second-
ary fermentation in which malic
acid from the grape is converted
into lactic acid?
a. Carbonic maceration
b. Enoculation
c. Malolactic
d. Lacticidity
3. The human tongue perceives each
of the following taste sensations
except...
a. Bitterness
b. Acidity
c. Saltiness
d. Spice
4. Which of the following is not a
term associated with vineyard
management?
a. Lees
b. Trellising
c. Canopy
d. Spacing
5. Stainless steel tanks are used…
a. Only for inexpensive wine
b. To add mineral notes
c. To ferment red wine
d. To sterilize wine
6. What is added to ‘fortify’ a wine?
a. Egg whites
b. Sugar
c. Brandy
d. Vanilla
7. What is the technical term for
the conversion of grape sugar to
alcohol by yeast?
a. Reduction
b. Racking
c. Fermentation
d. Stimulation
8. When should a wine be decanted?
a. To aerate a young red
b. To fortify a wine
c. To remove off odors
d. To hide the wine producer
9. Tannins are extracted from...
a. Grape skins
b. Grape seeds
c. Oak barrels
d. All of the above
10. Which of the following wines is
usually the most tannic?
a. Cabernet Sauvignon
b. Sauvignon Blanc
c. Pinot Noir
d. Sangiovese
11. Why would fresh eggs be used in
the winemaking process?
a. Tannin management
b. Palate cleansing
c. To add depth
d. Filtration
12. What does ‘AVA’ stand for?
a. American Viticultural Area
b. American Vineyard Appellation
c. American Vineyard Association
d. Approved Viticultural Area
13. What percentage of grapes must
come from a particular vineyard in
order for that vineyard name to
appear on the label of a California
wine bottle?
a. 100%
b. 85%
c. 90%
d. 95%
14. The most appropriate wine to
serve with spicy food is...
a. A tannic wine
b. A wine high in alcohol
c. A sweet wine
d. An acidic wine
15. Why is wine stored horizontally?
a. It looks better
b. It takes up less space
c. To keep the cork moist
d. To collect the sediment on one
side
16. Swirling wine...
a. Makes you look like a wine geek
b. Releases the aroma of a wine
c. Should never be done
d. Traps the volatile molecules
17. Fume Blanc is another name for...
a. Blanc de Blanc
b. Chardonnay
c. Sauvignon Blanc
d. Pinot Blanc
18. Which of the following U.S.
Presidents was a big wine fan?
a. Thomas Jefferson
b. George Washington
c. Richard Nixon
d. Helmut Kohl
19. How many 6 ounce pours does a
750ml bottle hold?
a. Four
b. Three
c. Five
d. Six
20. Successful wine salesmanship
depends on...
a. Product Knowledge
b. Enthusiasm
c. Suggestive selling
d. All of the above
Answers
1.c2.c3.d4.a
5.c6.c7.c8.a
9.d10.a11.a12.a
13.d14.c15.c16.b
17.c18.a19.a20.d
© Merryvale Vineyards, Napa Valley, CA 2004

22. Napa Valley M California
1000 Main Street
St. Helena, CA 94574
707.963,2225
Fax 707.963.4441
www.merryvale.com
Open Daily
10 am to 6:30 pm