Contoh repot prektikal.

1. STATION MARDI CAMERON HIGHLANDS PETI SURAT 19,
PEJABAT POS TANAH RATA, 39007 CEMERON HIGHLANDS,
PAHANG.
Industrial Training Report
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement
for the Award of D.Sc (hons), Planting, UiTM
Faculty Applied Science
University Technology Mara
By
MARZUQI BIN MOHD SALLEH
OCT 2009
1

2. Student’s Declaration
I declare that this report is the result of my own works except as cited in the
references. The report has not been accepted for any diploma and is not
concurrently submitted in candidature of any other diploma.
Signature :
Name : Marzuqi Bin Mohd Salleh
Matrix No :
Date : 28 January 2010
2

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Writing reports has become a practical way unusual for me; an
experience not be alone with the blessings of Allah Al-mighty. I have several
people to thank for helping me achieve this exceptional performance and
extraordinary.
First, I have a family, especially my father Mrs Mohd Salleh Bin Ahmad to
thank for providing emotional support and inspiration. He continued to encourage
me to stay motivated and focused. Secondly, I have a mother Salbiah Binte
Mahamud and my family to thank for their extraordinary patience, moral and
financial support.
In addition, I was really doing my practical training for 5 weeks. I have
been conducting, Mrs. Zainal Bin Salleh, all friends and all stations Mardi support
have helped me a lot to thank you for doing good deeds to keep running on
practical training.
Last but not least, I would also like to thank all lecturer practical training,
all my friends, other students for their continuous support in the training practical.
In short, for every person who has touched my life, and especially those
involved in writing reports misery, I thank you. Thank you from my heart policy,
because I can’t do this without you. Thank you very much, you are the best!
Thank you.
3

4. OBJECTIVES
• To educate the DPIM students to become a professional person with the
characteristics are credibility, responsible hardworking level. And also are
sincerely religious in exploring the earth with responsibility especially in
agriculture.
• For build the attitude to DPIM students. So that, the DPIM students will have
are courage, hardworking and also strong in physically and mentally as well
as. Knowledge among DPIM students need to establish.
• To develop estate with plenty types of crops as convenience when the
student having their practical training.
• To develop the landscape / garden that is beautiful and interesting places in
the campus not just as a recreation park but also as an education and
exposure to the students about method and landscape design that is very
interesting.
• To upgrade the product produce by this farm by using new method in
agriculture as well as a source of income for UiTM Perlis.
• Complete the equipment that is use for agriculture for the student convenient
to achieve goals and to rise up the student potential in agriculture.
• To help general academic department and student affairs in any types of
facilities that farm department should have.
• To have are responsible, positive attitude and with the highly moral ethics of
workers when giving their services.
4

5. CONTENTS
Content Page
________________________________________________________________
Student’s Declaration i
Acknowledgements ii
Objectives iii
Content iv – v
CHAPTER 1 : COMPANY PROFILE 1-2
CHAPTER 2 : EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2.1 Programs and Activities 3-5
CHAPTER 3: PERSONAL INVOLVES
3.1 Who are involves 6-8
3.1.1 Supervisors from MARDI
CHAPTER 4: EQUIPMENT OR WORK PROCEDURES INVOLVES
4.1 Nature of crops 9
4.1.1 The Chrysanthemum (Kekwa plants) 9 - 10
4.1.2 Tea planting 11
4.1.3 Apple (Malus Domestica) 12
4.1.4 Nursery 13
4.2 Field Maintenances 14
4.2.1 Control of Grass 14 – 16
4.2.2 Pruning 17
4.2.3 Mulching 18
5

6. 4.3 Information
4.3.1 Setting the drip system 19
4.3.2 Technology of Fertigation 20
4.3.3 Soil and water conservation 21
4.3.4 Asexual Propagation 22
4.3.5 Landscaping 23 - 25
4.3.6 Compost 26 - 27
4.3.7 Propagation techniques 27 - 30
4.3.8 Outdoor activities 31
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION
32
CHAPTER 6: REFERENCES 33
CHAPTER 7: APPENDIX 34 – 40
Appendix 1 34 – 35
Appendix 2 36 – 39
Appendix 3 40
6

7. CHAPTER 1: COMPANY PROFILE
Welcome to Agro Technology Park in MARDI Cameron Highlands
The Cameron Highlands countryside is endowed with inexhaustible historical,
natural and human riches, generously revealed to the visitor. Its traditional
villages, enhance and complement a wonderful natural environment, with their
local character, traditional architecture and village planning.
The district of Cameron Highlands countryside is endowed with inexhaustible
historical, natural and human riches, generously revealed to the visitor. Its
traditional villages, enhance and complement a wonderful natural environment,
with their local character, traditional architecture and village planning.
The MARDI Cameron Highland’s Stations was first established by the British in
1925. It was then known as the Federal Experimental Station. Tea was first
introduced in the country in 1925 and these early tea bushes are growing healthy
at the station until today. The first tea factory built in 1935 is still capable of
processing black tea.
The Agro technology Park MARDI Cameron Highlands is located within the
station and was officiated by His Royal Highness DYMM The Sultan Of Pahang
on 14th of June, 2003. Since then, about 65,000 visitors, visit the park each year.
The Agro technology Park is only 1km away from the town of Tanah Rata and
easily reaches by car, taxi, bus or even by foot. Among the major attractions are
the English Garden, strawberry production, vegetable and cut flower production,
green house research and the sale centre.
7

8. Figure 1.0 Office.
Map of Agro Technology Part
Figure 1.2 all areas in the MARDI Cameron Highlands.
8

9. CHAPTER 2: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2.1 Programs and Activities
We are 3 members. My group’s members are:
1. Marzuqi Bin Mohd Salleh 2008502409
2. Mohamad Syazwan Bin M. Rosley 2008766593
3. Muhamad Hafiz Bin Shamsudin 2008754211
Date Unit Conductor Activity
18 to 23 Soil and water Pn. Aini Hayati 1. Transplant.
Nov.2009 conservation.
• The chrysanthemum
plant.
2. Weeding.
• At the soil and
conservation plot.
24 to 25 Cutting, Roses, En.Yazid 1. Weeding.
Nov.2009 Orchid Mahiyuddin
Management. • At the Gerbera plant.
2. Transplant.
• The chrysanthemum
plant.
3. To make a simple
landscape.
• At the orchid house.
30 Nov. to Commercial En. Mustafa 1. Weeding.
04 Dis.2009 Project. Kamal
• At the arachinis
9

10. hypogaea L.
2. Soil reparation.
3. To fill up the
cocopeat into the
poly bag.
4. Medium mixture.
5. Setting up the drip
system.
6. Compound clearing.
• At the arachinis
hypogaea L.
7. Pruning.
• At the arachinis
hypogaea L.
07 to 09 Dis. Sub-tropical En. Osman sah 1. Planting the orange
2009 project. plant at the orange
plot.
2. To make the wedge
grafting.
3. Transfer the orange
plant at the nursery.
4. To make the cut
grafting.
5. To make the
marcotting.
10 to 14 Tea plantation En. Muhammad 1. Clearing the morning
Dis.2009 and banana Nor glory plant at the tea
khaki. plot.
2. Weeding at tea area.
10

11. 3. Visit to Nursery.
15 to 17 Agronomy En.Mohammad 1. Pruning tomatoes
Dis.2009 Abid plant.
2. To fill up the
cocopeat into the
poly bag.
3. Planting the pearl
grass at the edible
garden area.
21 to 22 Entomology En. Zulkifli bin 1. Weeding.
Dis.2009 Mohd Saaid
• At the edible garden
and clearing that
area.
2. Planting.
• Planted the vegetable
plant into the pots.
3. Pruning.
• Tomato plants at the
tomatoes plot.
11

12. CHAPTER 3: PERSONAL
3.1 Who are involves
3.1.1 Supervisors from MARDI
1. Name : Puan Aini Hayati binti Abd. Rahman
Position : Assistant Research Officer (Q32)
Unit : Soil and Water Conservation
Status : Married
Name of Husband : Jamaludin bin Ismail
2. Name : En. Jamaludin bin Ismail
Position : Research Assistant (Q17)
Unit : Soil and water Conservation
Status : Married
Name of Wife : Puan Aini Hayati binti Abd. Rahman
3. Name : En. Yazed bin Mahiyuddin
Position : Research Assisstant (Q17)
Unit : Cutting, Roses, and Orchid Management
Status : Married
12

13. 4. Name : En. Mustafa Kamal bin Hanafiah
Position : Research Assistant (Q17)
Unit : Commercial Project
Status : Married
5. Name : En. Osman Sah bin Md Daud
Position : Research Assistant (Q22)
Unit : Sub. Tropical Project
Status : Married
6. Name : En. Muhammad Noor bin Bahauddin
Position : Research Assistant (Q23)
Unit : Tea Plantation and Banana Khaki
Status : Married
13

14. 7. Name : En. Mohammad Abid bin Ahmad
Position : Research Officer (Q41)
Unit : Agronomy
Status : Married
8. Name : En. Saiful Zaimi bin Jamil
Position : Research Officer (Q41)
Unit : Entomology
Status : Married
9. Name : En. Zulkifli bin Mohd Saaid
Position : Assistant Research
Unit : Agronomy
Status : Married
14

15. CHAPTER 4: EQUIPMENT OR WORK PROCEDURES
INVOLVES
4.1 Nature of Crops
There are various types of green plants, fruits and vegetables. In Cameran Highlands,
plants that live there in the cold temperatures. Therefore, MARDI cameran highlands
also provide opportunities for visitors who want to see the various plants that cold
weather.
4.1.1 The Chrysanthemum (Kekwa plants)
They came from China. They are living ‘Short-day-plant’. They need more
extra light at night (>10.5 hours) for a shape of flower. Get the suitable length of
the chrysanthemum stem about (100 cm) in time of period and control for slowing
the flower to grown up, They need more extra light of 100 watt ± 4 hours at night
during in 5 to 8 weeks. Used lamp until the plants grown about 35 cm high for 5
to 8 weeks. A shaped of flower can be seen after 2 to 3 weeks and they
harvested in 6 to 10 weeks after switch off the lamp. In one season is about 3 to
4 months. Spray/pompon species were planted >90% in Cameron Highlands
than standard species. They are also planting with propagation by cutting and
seeds. Popular species are Reagon Sunny, Reagon Purple, Jaguar Purple, Red,
Monalisa Yellow, Monalisa White, Dublin Red and Spider White.
The technology light with cutting propagation method of Chrysanthemum plants:
 The Chrysanthemum plant need more extra night light (Short-day-plant).
 After planted the Chrysanthemum tree it needs more extra light of 100 watt ±
4 hours at night. Also, they always need switch on the light during in 5 to 8
weeks after that switch off the lamp in 6 to 10 weeks.
 Used extra light every night for :
-To get the suitable length of Chrysanthemum stem about (100 cm) in
period date.
15

16. -To control for slowing to grown up
In plant planting, the transplant is very important because to give plant growth on
the soil actual and get direct nutrient and absorb water or air from soil.
Normally, in this case they used propagation by cutting. As we know, propagation
have more advantages such as to retain the desirable characteristic of the
mother plant and increase or multiply the number of plants rapidly.
Figure 4.0 Chrysanthemum shows that the way of retransplanting.
Figure 4.1 show the place where chrysanthemum tree are planted.
To produce the best quality of chrysanthemum plant they need more cool
weather and produce the colourful flower.
16

17. 4.1.2 Tea planting
Tea planting is a living green leaf in family of Camellia and they came
from China, Tibet and North India. There are two varieties such as small leaf and
wide leaf. In small leaf variety, known as Camellia sinensis, live well at district of
highland in Cameron Highlands. In wide leaf variety, known as Camellia
assamica, most live well at district of tropical. In tea planting, there are colorful
dark green, small size and white flower.
Figure 4.2 show that the current working of the plant weeded control.
17

18. Figure 4.3 show that way of planting in the Cameron Highlands.
4.1.3 Apple (Malus Domestica)
The apple thee is temperate plants. Dormant time for winter (<7°C, until >
100 hours) need to promote the flowers. In tropical compound, there are pruning,
bend the branch, drop leaves, and hormone spraying (Dormex 3%). Highlands
area >800m have potential to planting apple from varieties that need short
dormant time (~300 hours) like Anna, Grany Smith and Rome Beauty. After >3
years planted, all leave will be dropping. New leaves and flowers will be growing
up after 2-4 weeks. Schedule of dropping the leaves are very importance to do so
that the production of flower occur in less rain season (open area). Fruit will
mature after 125 days flowering. Produce two time a year (May- June and Nov-
Dis.).
Figure 4.4 show that the place where apple tree are planted.
Figure 4.5 show that way of planting in the Cameron Highlands.
18

19. 4.1.4 Nursery
4.1.4.1 Planting of tea plant.
Learn the techniques how to make planting the tea plant in nursery?
• Select the suitable stem and free pest or disease.
• Length of stem about 5 to 6 cm.
• Put the hormone (IAA) at the end of stem.
• To planting into the poly bag.
• Follow by watering.
• All poly bags must be put into the white plastic. Then, close be used to white
plastic because they are enough nutrients, enough humidity, and weed
controls.
• For our information, in that case for tea planting they used to plant by cutting
propagation because they are easy grown rapidly.
• After 1 year they will transfer to the field.
Figure 4.6 show that the place where tea tree are planted.
19

20. 4.2 Field Maintenances
• Each plant must have care well to plant a garden so fertile. Care was often each
week.
4.2.1 Control of Grass
1. Manual Control
-Used the mulching (e.g. plastic, cover crop and etc).
-Used the labor energy.
2. Mechanical Control
-Used the tractor
3. Biology Control
-Used the insect such as bacteria or virus.
4. Chemical Control
-Used the chemical spray.
-Save cost.
20

21. figure 4.7 show that weeding method with good.
Grasses Problem
 Grass is no need in plant. It makes trouble to plant.
 It challenged between the plant to get nutrient, water, space and light.
 Some grasses needs in plants such as Maman Pasir.
 The Maman Pasir is insect control.
 Cost of grass is 10 % to 35 % than cost of planting.
Disadvantages of grass
• A challenged with plant. The plant become dwarf and loses profit, it caused
the grass more quite grown than plant.
• Drain irrigation will become trouble.
General Recommendations for Weed Management
21

22.  Likewise with insects, identifying all the different weed types in the farm and
understanding their means to survival and their role in agro-ecosystem are
important steps towards their management.
 It is also essential to adhere to this basic principle in managing weeds. Which
is minimizes to competition between the weed and the cultivated crop.
 For weed control, the following methods and materials could be used.
figure 4.8 show the weeds that have been extracted by hand.
1) Cultural Practices
-The use of cultural practices, which limit weed development include manual
weeding around the base of the plant and on the beds, crop rotation, forking,
digging and burying, rot ovation, close spacing and the use of ground covers.
2) Mulching
-The use of dried grass mulch on the beds and regulated use of plastic mulch to
cover the surface of the beds before planting help to reduce weed infestation.
22

23. 3) Physical Control
-In some instances, flame weeding could be used.
• Weeds are major problem in any farm. They need to be managed well even
at an early stage of cultivation; otherwise the following problems will result in:
a. High costs for labor and time taken for management (almost 50%) to remove
these weeds;
b. Adverse effects on crops when they start to complete for water, nutrients and
light. They can stunt crop growth and cause loss of yield.
c. Harboring of pest and pathogens, such as Cleome rutidospema, which is host of
flea beeties, H. undalis and P. xylostella.
• To avoid the above problems, early interventions are necessary to prevent the
build-up of high weed populations, especially during rainy seasons. The major
weed species found in a vegetable farm include both broadleaf and grasses. The
major grassy weeds include nutgrass, Eleusine indica, Cyperus rotundus and
Paspalum conjugatum. The broadleaf weeds commonly found are borreria
latifolia, C. rutidospema, Asystasia gangetica and Amaranthus spinosus.
Naturally, the type of weed species found in an area depends on the inherent soil
conditions and agronomic practices typical of the farm.
4.2.2 Pruning
• Pruning is the activity of removal of a plant to improve its appearance and
health and to control it growth and shape.
Purposes of the pruning are:
• Removed the dead / diseased portion /part.
• To get the shape of the plant-landscape.
• Sanitation.
23

24. The different between pruning and thinning is:
• Pruning is the removal of portion of the plant to improve its appearance and
health and to control it growth and shape whereas pinching is the removal of
the terminal shoot on each branch of the flower and allows the lateral shoot to
develop, thereby creating fuller plant.
figure 4.9 shows the results of clipping trees and a shady.
4.2.3 Mulching
• Is the process of spreading generally organic plant materials between and
around the plants to cover the soil. Mulches reduce soil moisture loss, reduce
soil temperatures, control weed and increase organic matter content after
decoying. Example of materials used: Leaves, rice straws, grass clippings,
cocoa beans, sawdust, oil palm shell and ground fir bark.
• A plastic Mulching used to site location plants as to control the weeds.
24

25. • White color: A minimizes attack from insect to perch under leaf.
• Black color: For soil treatment.
-To kill the pathogen from soil.
figure 4.10 show the mulching completed installed.
figure 4.11 to show the installation is in progress.
4.3 Information
4.3.1 Setting the drip system
In all the plants, flow system is very important to planting because to support the
plant growth well. From planting on flower bed (planting Chrysanthemum) it used
the drip system. What we did it? Firstly, from the drip system has loose. So, we
25

26. learn the technique How to taut the rope. Most importantly, we should have bend
crossing string well. It’s because to support the drip system flow stay in well
position and easy to manage.
• Netting is used to support the Chrysanthemum plant. It needs to move up
when the plant starts increasing to grown up.
Figure 4.12 show how to made a setting the drip system
4.3.2 Technology of Fertigation
Fertigation is a combination of two words ‘Fertilization’ and ‘irrigation’. The
concept of this system is to deliver fertilizer in form of a solution to the root zone
through the irrigation system. This technology can be the applied in the soil or
soilless, in the open field or under protective structive structure (PS), However,
26

27. this system recommended implement in soilless media under prodective
structure to reduce the risk of soil borne disease and disease of leaves, shoots
and fruit on the plants. In addition, PS can also avoid the fertilizer solution given
to the plant to be too liquid. Therefore, Fertilization is not effective. Media used is
coconut coir. Dust or better know as cocopeat because it is cheap and easily can
obtained from local source.
Equipment used in this system is stock tanks, solution tanks, filter, main pipe,
delivery pipe, micro tube and dripper. Electrical power pump may be used as an
alternative to the gravity method to deliver the fertilizer solution to the plant if
insufficient water pressure or to irrigate a vast area of the farm. The used of the
limer will make the fertigation system more efficient in terms of management of
the fertilizer solution to the plant. Application of fertigation of fertigation system
has many advantages, which may reduce the operation cost, improve quality and
productivity, time saving, reduce the number of labour and labor cost and
increase the efficiency of field management. Besides, fertilizer and water are
effectively used.
Soilless media can reduce the risk of soil borne disease and avoid the soil
pollution caused by salt accumulation. Fertigation is a clean system, odorless,
environmental friendly and crop such as tomato, red chili, cucumber, zucchini,
eggplant, melon, capsicum and strawberry.
4.3.3 Soil and water conservation
Soil erosion by water is main soil degradation process in CH. Erosion process
is detachment and transportation of soil particles by erosion agent (i.e water and
wind) and ended with deposition. Erosion carried together with nutrients, and
pesticides resulting in eutrophication (nutrients enrichment in rivers and lakes).
Objective of the soil and water conservation plot is to show the effectiveness of
27

28. cover crop and horizontal arrangement of soil bunds. Visitors are exposed to the
techniques in measuring soil loss, surface runoff and rainfall. Rhizotron is
constructed to show the root growth of daylily which is comparable to vetiver
grass is recommended by FAO to control erosion on slopes.
There are six construct plots in soil and water conservation area:
1. Cabbage (Capitata)
2. Kum Chum (Hemeocalis Fulva)
3. Cover Crop (Desmodium sp.)
4. Vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanoides (L) Nash )
5. Cabbage (Capitata)
6. Lycium Sinensis (Kau Kei)
Figure 4.13 show that how to use the clinometer.
 Slope for soil and water conservation plot is 5°.
 Used the clinometer for determine or measuring the slope.
In researched, the Desmodium sp. is the best reducing in soil erosion.
4.3.4 Asexual Propagation
• Is the reproduction of plant which is not involved the fusion of gametes. The
propagation utilizes the vegetative parts.
28

29. • Part of plant can be used in asexual propagation.
 Leave
 Stem
 Root
 Embryos
 Pollen grains
 Shoot tip
 Callus
Purposes:
• To retain the desirable characteristic of the mother plant.
• To increase or multiply the number of plants rapidly.
• To shorten the bearing age of plant, especially in fruit trees.
• To prevent the plant species from being lost or extinct.
• To produce superior strains and disease-resistance plant that will be best
suitable under given climate and soil condition.
29

30. Figure 4.12 show that how to made the wedge and marchoting
methods.
4.3.5 Landscaping
• Is the art of purposely changing the natural features that exist out-of-doors,
with the intention of making the environment more attractive or functional.
This is done to meet the extended needs for man for his physical needs,
mental health and comfort.
Functions of plants in Landscape design. Contribute to landscaping in two major
functions:
a) Plants Physical Function:
-Control Erosion
-Soothes the climate
-Provide screening from light, wind and from unwanted views
-Create a form of direction
-Protect wild-life
b) Plants Esthetic Function:
-Create spatial effect
-Planning views
-To soften the concrete effect on the environment
-To connect concrete and structure with the ground effect
-Creating unity effect on various elements in particular area
30

31. figure 4.13 show the landscape area.
Figure 4.14 show the road landscape.
31

32. figure 4.15 show the cuctus garden area.
As we know, Plants may be propagated under two (2) general categories: Sexual
and vegetative or asexual propagation.
Sexual Propagation
• Is the common method of reproduction and multiply of plants. This is usually
done with the use of seeds and spores. Garden vegetable like tomato,
eggplant, radish, carrot, mustard and legume crops (Cawpea, Munyo and
Peas) are generally propagated by seeds. Fruits trees such as avocado,
santol, jackfruit, guava, mango, etc. are also propagated by the use of seeds,
although in some cases, the resulting plant may not come true to type and to
not have the same characteristic as the parent plants.
• Seeds are still the most economical and fastest means in the reproduction of
plants. However, some plants like fruit trees produced from seeds very in
their characteristics. Hence, we cannot always expect springs or progenies.
Ferns and mosses are by natural propagation by spores.
Asexual Propagation
• Is the development of new plant natural or artificial with the use of seeds,
since it does not involve the function of sex, it is commonly referred to as
asexual.
32

33. Disadvantages:
• There is possibility of disease being transmitted from the parent to the new
individual plant.
• Some source of certified scion or buds sticks is a usual problem.
4.3.6 Compost
What is Composting?
 Zucconi and Berthold (1987)defined composting as a controlled bioxidative
process that:
i. Involved a heterogeneous organic substrate in the solid state.
ii. Evolves by passing through a hemophilic phase and a temporary release of
phototoxic and ;
iii. Leads to production of carbon dioxide, water minerals and a stabilized
organic matter (compost).
Factors Affecting Composting Process
• Micro-organism
• Carbon : nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio)
• Particles size
33

34. • Aeration
• Moisture
• Temperature
• Size of heap
Cube Box Cocopeat
• When wallowed into the water and they are also to be enlarge used to fill up
into the poly bag are about 10 poly bags.
Figure 4.16 show the Cube Box Cocopeat.
Other Benefits of compost are:
• It stores and slowly releases some nutrients, for some effective use to the
plants.
• The organic matter is increased, thereby the root structure, especially the root
hairs of the plants are increased.
• It balances the pH of the soil by acting as butter.
• By recycling wastes into compost, the environment becomes more
sustainable.
• It attracts earthworms and soil organisms that are responsible for making the
soil a ‘living’ soil.
• It reduces soil erosion
• It suppresses certain soil borne diseases
• It reduces reliance on petroleum based fertilizers
34

35. Manage Labour
• Weed control
• Organic fertilizer application
• Compost making
• Crop production measures
• Post harvest handling and marketing
4.3.7 Propagation techniques
• Are the studies of process of extending the life of a particular species of plant
such as propagation by grafting like wedge grafting, and whip or tongue
grafting.
Whip or Tongue Grafting
• This method has districts advantage of allowing a much greater area of
cambial contact than either cleft or saddle grafting.
Procedure:
• Start in the same manner as cleft or saddle grafting
• After cutting back the rootstock, make a smooth slanting cut about 3-5 cm
long where you intend to make the graft
• About 1/3 from the cut surface, make a downward cut so it would form some
sort of a tongue that point upward
• Make similar but reverse cut on the scion
• Fit them together making sure their tongues interlock snugly and bind with a
plastic tape.
Method of Artificial propagation
35

36. Cutting
Is a detached portion of the selected mother plants intended to be multiplied, of
which at least one-third to one-half of the length is inserted in the soil or rooting
media with the sole purpose of producing new plant. Cuttings may be divided into
tree classes:
 Root cuttings made from matured roots as in the case of rimas.
 Leaf cuttings as in Begonia
 Stem cuttings soft wood cuttings may either be made from young and
immature parts of the plants as in the case of Gumammela, San Francissco
and Papua. Hardwood cuttings are made from matured twigs of the plants
intended to be produced as in the case of Bougainvillea. Lately, success has
been made in producing rooted Chico and citrus with the use of cuttings
dipped in root hormone solution.
Factors to be Considered in Grafting
The weather conditions and the stage of plant should be considered for
the success in grafting. Grafting may be done at the beginning of the dry season
and rainy season. The scion should be well-prepared from selected pedigreed
trees, the characteristics of which are to be perpetuated. In the same manner, the
stock should be healthy, vigorous and free from diseases and insect pests.
Basic Requirements of Plant Life
1) Water
2) Energy
3) Air
4) Medium
Water
 Water enables all the major metabolic processes within the plant.
 Water acts as a solvent to convey nutrients, foods and other substances
throughout the plant.
36

37.  Water provides plant cells with their internal Turgor Pressure.
 The quantity and quality of water in important
-Too much water in the soil can cause the plant to suffocate. Wet roots
are more susceptible to rot or mold (kulat).
-Too little water will result in loss of turgidity, wilting. Metabolic processes
will be reduced, leading to growth retardation and possible death.
-Water can be unsuitable for plants if it contains: Pollutants such as
herbicides; high salinity: mud or silt.
Marcotting
• Is the process of inducing Brach or twigs to produce roots while still attached
to the parent plant.
Procedure:
• Firstly, to prepare all equipment those like knife, suitable plant, medium,
hormone and etc.
• To select the suitable plant.
• Make a girdle around the branch about 1 to 2 cm wide or depend on the size
of the branch.
• Scrape off the cambium layer completely to prevent the re-growth of the bark.
It may help to apply a rooting compound to the exposed the stem.
• Wrap the cut surface with about a handful of medium. If the medium is too
wet, the stem may decay.
• Wrap with a piece of plastic film about 15 × 20 cm around the ball of medium
and tie all around with cotton twine. The plastic film keeps down loss of
moisture from the medium.
• As soon as you see enough roots throughout the plastic film, cut the
marcotted branch from the mother plant. It may be from 2 to 12 months after
marcotting depends on the crop.
37

38. • Cutting may be done in gradual basis until if attain sufficient roots to live by
itself as indicated by a new flush of growth (a critical period for the new plant).
figure 4.17 marcotting completed.
4.3.8 Outdoor activities
We have an opportunity there with staff Mardi mountain climbing.
38

39. CHAPTER 5 : CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we have got more information and knowledge in MARDI
Cameron Highlands. One of all, many thank to MARDI Cameron Highlands
organizers because they were accepted us as practical training students there.
As long as 5 weeks we have completely done our practical training, also we have
7 units followed such as Ms. Aini Hayati bt Abd Rahaman in unit Soil and Water
Conservation. With her, we have learned about Chrysanthemum plant.
Secondly, followed by Mr. Yazed bin Mahiyuddin in unit of Cutting,
Roses, Orchid Management. In his unit, we learned that how to make transplant
the Chrysanthemum plant and pruning at Gerbera plant. Thirdly, we followed En.
39

40. Mustafa Kamal bin Hanafiah in unit of commercial project. With his, he teaches to
us how to make that filled up cocopeat into the poly bags, put mulching on the
bed and make medium mixture (cocopeat:Organic fertilizer)(1:1,5:1). We learned
about organic plants there are no need chemical matters and they use biological
control for maintenance. After that, we have followed Mr. Osman Sah in unit Sub
Tropical Project. With his, we learned about propagation techniques such as
marcotting and cutting. We have got experience to make marcotting and cutting.
It was interesting for us to learn.
Then, we have followed Mr. Mohammad Nor in unit Tea Plantation. We
were learned to pruning and weeding. Morning Glory is challenging between tea
plant and Morning Glory, so they need to cut off. Propagation for tea is cut
grafting. Tea plant has live for many years. After that, we have followed Mr.
Mohammad Abid in unit Agronomy. We have put mulching on the bed, filled up
the cocopeat, pruning and harvest tomatoes. Lastly, we have followed Mr. Saiful
in unit Entemology. In his unit, we have learned about pest and disease for
example, there are four main insects in Cameron Highlands such as Plutella
Xylostella, Leaf Minor, Red Spider Mites and White Fly. For control component,
there is Integrated Pest Management (IPM) such as parasite, predator, bacteria
and virus.
Finally, we have apologies to all organization. We hope all those
knowledge we can use for next time. All profits that come from God and all come
that from our lack. Virtually all gains and losses have come from Allah S.W.T.
40

41. CHAPTER 6: REFERENCES
Derector, infomardi : Chrysanthemum, Info Center Argo Technology, MARDI,
Cameron Highlans.
Derector, infomardi: tea, Info Center Argo Technology, MARDI, Cameron
Highlans.
Derector, infomardi: fruits, Info Center Argo Technology, MARDI, Cameron
Highlans.
En. Zulkifli bin Mohd Saaid, A. R. (2009), Agronomy, MARDI Cameron
Highlands.Pahang.
Aro technology part, welcome to Cameron HighlandsSelamat, Pahang.
Puan Aini Hayati, A.R. (2009), Sistem Fertigasi, Bahagian Pengurusan dan
Pemuliharaan Sumber Tanah, MARDI Cameron Highlands.
Prof Rasyid: Landscape AGR 112, propagation, UiTM Arau, Perlis.
41

42. CHAPTER 7:APPENDIX
Appendix 1
Crop pests
Major insect pest attack should be given particular attention to plants grown under the
protective structure of plants. Among the main insect pest, the type of damage and
control methods for plant tomatoes, chilli and melon are as follows.
Plant Pest Damage control
Chili Afid (Aphis gossypii) • Tues suck fluid • Mulching plastic
leaves, young leaves shine can prevent
• Flea leaf green
wrinkled landing afid, reduce
kehijau parents,
berkerinting the number of afid,
there below the
produce klorosis can further reduce
surface of the
spots, stunted fruit disease virus
leaf
trees and attacked infection.
virus disease • natural enemies
such as tortoise
beetles can help
reduce the number
of afid.
Selected chemical
poisons such as
profenofos and
imidacloprid
spraying when
necessary and
repeated 7 days
later.
42

43. Chili Kutu Trips (Thrips • Tues suck fluid leaves, • mulching plastic
sp.) leaves become smaller shine prevent and
and privation, wrinkled reduce the number
• Insects fine,
and curved tapering of early attacks.
yellow, found in
upward, brown leaves Poisonous chemicals
flowers, shoots
under the surface. such as imidacloprid,
and leaves
Kill young shoots, the fipronil and
carrier virus disease. profenofos spraying
when necessary and
repeated 7 days
later.
Chili Hama • ues suck fluid leaves, • Poison pests such
(Polyphagotarsonemu leaf berkerinting, as propargit used
s latus, Tetranychus small, pointed and when necessary and
sp.) Very small curved down. repeated 7 days
(<1 mm) white later.
• Texture thick and
Yellowish
brittle leaves, shoots
to kill.
White fly • Insects are sucking the • insecticide such as
(Bemisia tabaci) fluid from the surface of profenofos (10 HST),
Chili
• Small, white wings the leaf. Leaves turn prothiophos (7 HST),
and body. yellow and sometimes furathiocarb (7 HST),
there are spots klorosis. malathion (7 HST), oil
• This insect produces and white imidaclorprid
sweets that encourage (7 HST) effective control
fungal growth-kan soot of these flies. Insecticide
on the surface of leaves. sprays can also prevent
This prevents fungus the spread of white fly
virus spread as
• affect the process of
permanent (persistent).
photosynthesis and
plant growth.
43

44. Appendix 2
WHAT KULTUR In-Vitro
Cultured in-vitro culture covering protoplas, cells, tissues and organs in the media
and the right environment and aseptik.
USE IN TECHNICAL-vitro
1. Plant breeding clones quickly
2. Liberation of plant disease
3. Method storage janaplasma
4. Embryo rescue
5. In plant breeding techniques such as culture specific haploid
6. Production such as culture haploid
7. Production of compounds, such as drugs, enzymes, flavorings and others.
BENEFITS OF IN-vitro reproduction
1. A high reproductive rate and fast
2. Quality high yield and uniform
3. Plant materials can be obtained at any time
4. Production of planting material more easily controlled
5. Planting material easily brought to any
growth crops that can be difficult to breed in common
CROP PRODUCTION PROCESS MATERIALS
Phase 1 - Preparation of plant materials
Phase 2 - Phase inductance
Phase 3 - Phase reproductive shoots
Phase 4 - Phase pengakaran shoots
Stage 5 - Stage management in the home nursery and natural conditions
PROBLEMS AND TECHNICAL doubts about the In-Vitro
1. Melibatan the high cost
2. Memerlikan expertise of high
3. Mutation
44

45. EKSPLAN
Ekspaln the tree that is separated from the parent tree, which is used to start the
culture in-vitro. In theory any plant can be used as part eksplan, for example the
end of shoots, stems, leaves and roots. Parts are used depending on the type of
crops, methods and goals of the culture.
MEDIUM
Eksplan separated from the parent tree interrupted supply elements essential to
life and further growth. Therefore, elements of this growth medium supplied
through (artificial). Medium can be solid or liquid medium. Generally in-vitro
culture medium consisted of the following components:
1. Macro nutrients
2. Micro nutrients
3. Sugar
4. Vitamins
5. Growth regulators
6. Natural extracts
7. Pemejal agents and other
MEDIUM MS (MURASHIGE AND SKOOG, 1962)
A. Macro nutrients
1. Ammonium Nitrate
2. Potassium Nitrate
3. Potassium Phosphate
4. Magnesium Sulfate
5. Calcium Klorid
B Micro Nutrients
1. Acid Borik
2. Manganum Sulfate
3. Zinc Sulfate
4. Potassium Iodid
5. Sodium Molibdat
45

46. 6. Copper Sulfate
7. Cobalt Kloride
A. Iron
1. Iron Sulfate
2. Dinatrium ethylene Diaminatetra Acetate (Na EDTA)
B Vitamins
1. Thiamine
2. Piridoksin
3. Nikotonoc acid
4. Glycine
C. Material growth regulators (hormones)
1. Auxin
2. Sitokinin
3. Gibberelin
D. Natural extracts
1. Coconut water
2. Tomato juice, fruit juice and other
E. Agent pemejal
1. Agar-agar
2. Agar-agar Artificial (Gelrite)
F. Other additional
1. Mio-Inositol
2. Activated charcoal
3. Antibiotics
PHYSICAL FACTORS that affect tree growth
1. Temperature - around 25 - 28oC
2. Light - 1.000 to 3.000 lux in the room growth from 12 to 16 hours
3. medium pH - 5.7 - 5.8 for MS medium
4. ventilation - the volume of medium in about 20 - 25% of the volume of container.
46

47. GENERAL PRACTICES KULTUR In-Vitro
1. THE ASEPTIK
Among the most important thing in the work culture in-vitro is cleanliness. The
aim is to maintain the status sterility (bacteria free) culture in the former. It is
important to maintain cleanliness of the room, especially growth. Use
desinfaktant like Dettol to wipe floor room from time to time growth is
encouraged. Culture that is often contaminated diautoklafkan separately before
the former kutur washed for reuse.
2. SUB-KULTUR
Culture should be transferred to new medium when the food supply in the
medium has been exhausted, a different medium when needed or when
changing the nature of medium (dry, changing colors). Discoloration medium
showed production of hazardous waste to the tissue. Normally, each
pengsubkulturan done 2 to 6 weeks.
47

48. Appendix 3
DEBT ORKID
MEDIA: VACIN AND WENT (VW1) 1949 (modification)
KOMPONEN Total for 1 liter Total for Total volume Total volume
stock of stock used of stock used
Media (g/liter) (g/100ml) (m/liter) (m/liter)
1 NUTRIEN MAKRO
A. Trikalsium fosfat 20 2 10 1
Ca3(PO4) + HCl
B. Kalium Nitrat 52.2 5.25 10 26.1
KNO3
C. Asid monokalium
fosfat 25 2.5 10 12.5
KH2PO4
D. Magnesium sulfat 25 2.5 10 12.5
mgSO4 7H2O
E. Ammonium sulfat 50 5 10 25
(NH4)2 SO4
2 NUTRIEN MIKRO
F. 1)Manganum Sulfat 0.075 0.0075 10 0.0375
2) Boric Asid 0.056 g 0.0056 0.028
3) Molybolic Asid 0.016 g 0.0016 -
4) Cuprum sulfat 0.04 g 0.004 0.02
5) Zink Sulfat 0.33 g 0.033 0.165
3 FERUM
G. 1) NaEDTA 3.73 0.373 10 1.865
2) Ferum Sulfat
FeSO4 7H2O 2.78 0..78 1.39
4 OTHER ENHANCEMENTS
Sukrose 20
Coconut water 200 ml Burn Frozen
Agar-agar Gelrite 1.4 gm/liter
Activate Charcoal 2 gm/liter
48