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1
THE EVOLUTION OF
TECHNOLOGY
& ETIQUETTE
Background  image  by  Michael  Dornbierer via  flickr.com By  Christie  Stelling
2
“Etiquette is  typically  thought  of  as  a  set  of  socially  understood
conventions  that  facilitate smooth  and  effective  interactions  between  
people.”(1)  – Hayes  &  Miller,  Human  – Computer  Etiquette
Background  image  by  Michael  Dornbierer via  flickr.com
3
The Value of Etiquette
Build  Trust  
and  Respect
Graphic  (in  order)  by  Gerald  Wildmoser,  Jelle Akkerman,  &  Luis  Prado  (all)  via  thenounproject.com
Allow  People  to  
Live  &  Work  
Together  (2)
Establish  
Relationships
4
Etiquette  changes over  
time.  “What  used  to  be  
considered  the  pinnacle  
of  rudeness,  constantly  
occurs  today.”(3)  
– Leah  Eichler,  
The  Globe  and  Mail
Background  image  by  Stephan  Deviantart via  morguefile.com
5There  has  always  been  tension  between  instincts and  social  
conventions.  “Today,  people  rely  more  heavily  on  their  instincts  because  
conventions  are  changing  so  quickly.”(4)  -­‐ Asghar,  R.,  Forbes  Magazine
Background  image  by  Martha  Kerr
6
Relying  on  instincts can  get  you  
into  trouble  because  you  never  
know  who  you  are  offending…  (5)
Background  image  by  Martha  Kerr
7
“There  needs  to  be  a  common  language  between  our  
schools  and  homes  that  clearly  outlines  what  we  expect  of  
our  children  (and  ourselves)  to  know  and  follow.  Digital  
citizenship can  begin  to  bridge  to  these  groups  […].”  (6)  
– Mike  Ribble,  Passport  to  Digital  Citizenship  
Background  image  by  Enrique  Saldivar  via  flickr.com
8
Background  image  by  
Kathy  Cassidy  via  flickr.com
Digital  citizenship  has  become  a  
priority  in  some  classrooms.  It  is  
believed  that  technological  integration  
is  necessary  to  prepare  students  to  
live  and  work  in  the  21st century. (7)
9
However,  technology  use  should  be  be  
controlled.  To  prevent  inappropriate  
usage  and  behavior,  technological  
advancements need  to  have  associated  
etiquette.  (8) Top  image  by  David  Vespoli via  flickr.com
Phone  image  by  Christie  Stelling
10
The  “always-­‐on”  reality  
has  disrupted  long-­‐
standing  social  norms.  
When  is  it  appropriate  to  
shift  attention  from  face-­‐
to-­‐face  conversations to  
digital  interactions? (9)
Tablet  image  by  twitter.com
Tablet  graphic  by  creativemarket.com
11Teenagers  and  young  
adults  have  more  
permissive  attitudes about  
where,  and  when  it  is  
appropriate  to  be  digitally  
engaged.  (10)  
Background  image  by  Daniel  Foster  
via  flickr.com
12
Adult Cell Phone Usage
92%
90%
Today,  92%  of  adults  have  cellphones  and  90%  of  
them  admit  to  using  them  everyday.  (11)
Graphic  by  creativemarket.com
13
Although  adult  cellphone  usage  is  
increasing,  adults  are  more  strict  about  
where  technology  should  and  should  
not  be  used.  (12)
Background  image  by  STV  Photo’s  via  flickr.com
14
of  consumers  are  
expected  to  
purchase  a  
wearable.  (14)
of  Americans  feel  
that  their  privacy  
has  been  
breached.  (13)
of  students  feel  
troubled  without  
their  cellphone  
on  them.  (15)  
of  students  admit  to  
feeling  depressed  if  
they  were  to  lose  
their  cellphone.  (16)
90% 45% 94% 70%
Impacts of Cellphone Usage
Graphic  by  creativemarket.com
15
The  average  
cellphone  user  
checks  their  device  
times  a  
day.  (17)  
Proper  etiquette  is  
necessary  for  all  age  
groups  to  keep  
digital  use  under  
control. (18)
Phone  background  image  by  Christie  Stelling
150
16
Loss  of  
Privacy
Impact  of  
Wearables
Social conventions need to
adapt alongside technology.
Therefore, the following
issues need to be
acknowledged…
Demise  of  
Face-­‐ to-­‐ Face  
Conversations
Dehumanization  
through  
SmartHome
TechnologyGraphics  by  creativemarket.com
17
Cellphones  put  your  personal  privacy  at  risk.  Society  needs  think  of  
their  cellphones  as  outsiders,  not  friends.  (19)  
Graphic  by  creativemarket.com
18
As  technology  becomes  
wearable,  digital  interactions  
may  increase  at  the  expense  
of  human  interactions.  (20)  
Time  graphic  by  Pavel  N.
Watch  graphics  by  creativemarket.com
19Proper  etiquette  in  face-­‐to-­‐face  communication  may  become  lost  
because  of  technology.  Some  experts  believe  that  the  only  way  to  
preserve  face-­‐to-­‐face  interactions  is  to  look  at  one  another  and  start  
the  conversation.  (21)  
Background  image  by  puravida via  morguefile.com
20
Background  image  by  melgil123  via  morguefile.com
Laptop  image  by  amazon.com
Smarthome technology  provides  
computers  with  an  opportunity  
to  control  our  lives.  To  ensure  
that  it  is  used  safely  you  must  be  
cautious,  and  critical  of  their  
devices.  (22)
21Rapidly  evolving  communication  
technology  is  disrupting  conventional  
etiquette.  Society  must  update  social  
conventions  to  continue  smooth  and  
effective  interactions  between  people.  (23)
Background  image  by  Michael  Dornbierer via  flickr.com
22Works Cited
(1) Hayes,  C.  &  Miller,  C.  (2011).  Human-­‐computer  etiquette.  Boca  Raton:  CRC  Press.
(2) Hayes,  C.  &  Miller,  C.  (2011).  Human-­‐computer  etiquette.  Boca  Raton:  CRC  Press.
(3) Eichler,  L.  (2016).  Sorry  to  be  rude,  by  my  smartphone  needs  me.  The  Globe  and  Mail.  Retrieved  29  May  2016,  from  
http://www.theglobeandmail.com.proxy.queensu.ca/report-­‐on-­‐business/careers/career-­‐advice/life-­‐at-­‐work/sorry-­‐to-­‐be-­‐rude-­‐
but-­‐my-­‐phone-­‐needs-­‐me/article14706158/
(4) Asghar,  R.  (2016).  27  Etiquette  Rules  For  Our  Times.  Forbes.com.  Retrieved  28  May  2016,  from  
http://www.forbes.com/sites/robasghar/2014/04/22/27-­‐etiquette-­‐rules-­‐for-­‐our-­‐times/#ced25ff61dc2
(5) Asghar,  R.  (2016).  27  Etiquette  Rules  For  Our  Times.  Forbes.com.  Retrieved  28  May  2016,  from  
http://www.forbes.com/sites/robasghar/2014/04/22/27-­‐etiquette-­‐rules-­‐for-­‐our-­‐times/#ced25ff61dc2
(6) Ribble,  M.  (2008).  Passport  to  Digital  Citizenship.  International  Society  For  Technology  In  Education.
(7) Bailey,  G.,  Ribble,  M.,  &  Ross,  T.  (2004).  Digital  Citizenship,  Addressing  Appropriate  Technology  Behavior,  32(1).
(8) Martin,  J.  (1994).  MISS  MANNERS:  The  Evolution  of  Etiquette (p.  52).  The  Washington  Post.
(9) Rainie,  L.  &  Zickuhr,  K.  (2015).  Americans’  Views  on  Mobile  Etiquette.  Pew  Research  Center:  Internet,  Science  &  Tech.  Retrieved  29  
May  2016,  from  http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/08/26/americans-­‐views-­‐on-­‐mobile-­‐etiquette/
(10)Rainie,  L.  &  Zickuhr,  K.  (2015).  Americans’  Views  on  Mobile  Etiquette.  Pew  Research  Center:  Internet,  Science  &  Tech.  Retrieved  29  
May  2016,  from  http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/08/26/americans-­‐views-­‐on-­‐mobile-­‐etiquette/
(11)Rainie,  L.  &  Zickuhr,  K.  (2015).  Americans’  Views  on  Mobile  Etiquette.  Pew  Research  Center:  Internet,  Science  &  Tech.  Retrieved  29  
May  2016,  from  http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/08/26/americans-­‐views-­‐on-­‐mobile-­‐etiquette/
23Works Cited Continued
(1) Rainie,  L.  &  Zickuhr,  K.  (2015).  Americans’  Views  on  Mobile  Etiquette.  Pew  Research  Center:  Internet,  Science  &  Tech.  Retrieved  29  
May  2016,  from  http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/08/26/americans-­‐views-­‐on-­‐mobile-­‐etiquette/
(2) Margalit,  L.  (2015).  Why  We're  Addicted  To  Our  Smartphones,  But  Not  Our  Tablets  – Smashing  Magazine.  Smashing  Magazine.  
Retrieved  29  May  2016,  from  https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2015/11/why-­‐addicted-­‐smartphones-­‐not-­‐tablets/
(3) Cole,  S.  (2015).  How  The  Apple  Watch  Will  Change  Office  Life.  Fast  Company.  Retrieved  29  May  2016,  from  
http://www.fastcompany.com/3043533/the-­‐future-­‐of-­‐work/how-­‐the-­‐apple-­‐watch-­‐will-­‐change-­‐office-­‐life
(4) Margalit,  L.  (2015).  Why  We're  Addicted  To  Our  Smartphones,  But  Not  Our  Tablets  – Smashing  Magazine.  Smashing  Magazine.  
Retrieved  29  May  2016,  from  https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2015/11/why-­‐addicted-­‐smartphones-­‐not-­‐tablets/
(5) Margalit,  L.  (2015).  Why  We're  Addicted  To  Our  Smartphones,  But  Not  Our  Tablets  – Smashing  Magazine.  Smashing  Magazine.  
Retrieved  29  May  2016,  from  https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2015/11/why-­‐addicted-­‐smartphones-­‐not-­‐tablets/
(6) Margalit,  L.  (2015).  Why  We're  Addicted  To  Our  Smartphones,  But  Not  Our  Tablets  – Smashing  Magazine.  Smashing  Magazine.  
Retrieved  29  May  2016,  from  https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2015/11/why-­‐addicted-­‐smartphones-­‐not-­‐tablets/
(7) Rainie,  L.  &  Zickuhr,  K.  (2015).  Americans’  Views  on  Mobile  Etiquette.  Pew  Research  Center:  Internet,  Science  &  Tech.  Retrieved  29  
May  2016,  from  http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/08/26/americans-­‐views-­‐on-­‐mobile-­‐etiquette/
(8) Dwoskin,  E.  (2016).  Where  Were  You  3  Minutes  Ago?  Your  Apps  Know.  WSJ.  Retrieved  29  May  2016,  from  
http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/03/23/where-­‐were-­‐you-­‐3-­‐minutes-­‐ago-­‐your-­‐apps-­‐know/?mod=LS1
(9) Cole,  S.  (2015).  How  The  Apple  Watch  Will  Change  Office  Life.  Fast  Company.  Retrieved  29  May  2016,  from  
http://www.fastcompany.com/3043533/the-­‐future-­‐of-­‐work/how-­‐the-­‐apple-­‐watch-­‐will-­‐change-­‐office-­‐life
(10)Turkle,  S.  (2012,  April  22).  The  flight  from  conversation.  New  York  Times,  p.  1(L).  Retrieved  from  
http://go.galegroup.com.proxy.queensu.ca/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA287213303&v=2.1&u=queensulaw&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w
&asid=9e22389507adacd60cce5aabfd6d7991
(11)Rhew,  D.  (2016).  Welcome  Home:  The  Health  Hub  of  the  Future.  Insights  by  Samsung.  Retrieved  29  May  2016,  from  
https://insights.samsung.com/2016/03/24/welcome-­‐home-­‐the-­‐health-­‐hub-­‐of-­‐the-­‐future/
(12)Martin,  J.  (1994).  MISS  MANNERS:  The  Evolution  of  Etiquette (p.  52).  The  Washington  Post.
(12)
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The Evolution of Technology & Etiquette

  • 1. 1 THE EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGY & ETIQUETTE Background  image  by  Michael  Dornbierer via  flickr.com By  Christie  Stelling
  • 2. 2 “Etiquette is  typically  thought  of  as  a  set  of  socially  understood conventions  that  facilitate smooth  and  effective  interactions  between   people.”(1)  – Hayes  &  Miller,  Human  – Computer  Etiquette Background  image  by  Michael  Dornbierer via  flickr.com
  • 3. 3 The Value of Etiquette Build  Trust   and  Respect Graphic  (in  order)  by  Gerald  Wildmoser,  Jelle Akkerman,  &  Luis  Prado  (all)  via  thenounproject.com Allow  People  to   Live  &  Work   Together  (2) Establish   Relationships
  • 4. 4 Etiquette  changes over   time.  “What  used  to  be   considered  the  pinnacle   of  rudeness,  constantly   occurs  today.”(3)   – Leah  Eichler,   The  Globe  and  Mail Background  image  by  Stephan  Deviantart via  morguefile.com
  • 5. 5There  has  always  been  tension  between  instincts and  social   conventions.  “Today,  people  rely  more  heavily  on  their  instincts  because   conventions  are  changing  so  quickly.”(4)  -­‐ Asghar,  R.,  Forbes  Magazine Background  image  by  Martha  Kerr
  • 6. 6 Relying  on  instincts can  get  you   into  trouble  because  you  never   know  who  you  are  offending…  (5) Background  image  by  Martha  Kerr
  • 7. 7 “There  needs  to  be  a  common  language  between  our   schools  and  homes  that  clearly  outlines  what  we  expect  of   our  children  (and  ourselves)  to  know  and  follow.  Digital   citizenship can  begin  to  bridge  to  these  groups  […].”  (6)   – Mike  Ribble,  Passport  to  Digital  Citizenship   Background  image  by  Enrique  Saldivar  via  flickr.com
  • 8. 8 Background  image  by   Kathy  Cassidy  via  flickr.com Digital  citizenship  has  become  a   priority  in  some  classrooms.  It  is   believed  that  technological  integration   is  necessary  to  prepare  students  to   live  and  work  in  the  21st century. (7)
  • 9. 9 However,  technology  use  should  be  be   controlled.  To  prevent  inappropriate   usage  and  behavior,  technological   advancements need  to  have  associated   etiquette.  (8) Top  image  by  David  Vespoli via  flickr.com Phone  image  by  Christie  Stelling
  • 10. 10 The  “always-­‐on”  reality   has  disrupted  long-­‐ standing  social  norms.   When  is  it  appropriate  to   shift  attention  from  face-­‐ to-­‐face  conversations to   digital  interactions? (9) Tablet  image  by  twitter.com Tablet  graphic  by  creativemarket.com
  • 11. 11Teenagers  and  young   adults  have  more   permissive  attitudes about   where,  and  when  it  is   appropriate  to  be  digitally   engaged.  (10)   Background  image  by  Daniel  Foster   via  flickr.com
  • 12. 12 Adult Cell Phone Usage 92% 90% Today,  92%  of  adults  have  cellphones  and  90%  of   them  admit  to  using  them  everyday.  (11) Graphic  by  creativemarket.com
  • 13. 13 Although  adult  cellphone  usage  is   increasing,  adults  are  more  strict  about   where  technology  should  and  should   not  be  used.  (12) Background  image  by  STV  Photo’s  via  flickr.com
  • 14. 14 of  consumers  are   expected  to   purchase  a   wearable.  (14) of  Americans  feel   that  their  privacy   has  been   breached.  (13) of  students  feel   troubled  without   their  cellphone   on  them.  (15)   of  students  admit  to   feeling  depressed  if   they  were  to  lose   their  cellphone.  (16) 90% 45% 94% 70% Impacts of Cellphone Usage Graphic  by  creativemarket.com
  • 15. 15 The  average   cellphone  user   checks  their  device   times  a   day.  (17)   Proper  etiquette  is   necessary  for  all  age   groups  to  keep   digital  use  under   control. (18) Phone  background  image  by  Christie  Stelling 150
  • 16. 16 Loss  of   Privacy Impact  of   Wearables Social conventions need to adapt alongside technology. Therefore, the following issues need to be acknowledged… Demise  of   Face-­‐ to-­‐ Face   Conversations Dehumanization   through   SmartHome TechnologyGraphics  by  creativemarket.com
  • 17. 17 Cellphones  put  your  personal  privacy  at  risk.  Society  needs  think  of   their  cellphones  as  outsiders,  not  friends.  (19)   Graphic  by  creativemarket.com
  • 18. 18 As  technology  becomes   wearable,  digital  interactions   may  increase  at  the  expense   of  human  interactions.  (20)   Time  graphic  by  Pavel  N. Watch  graphics  by  creativemarket.com
  • 19. 19Proper  etiquette  in  face-­‐to-­‐face  communication  may  become  lost   because  of  technology.  Some  experts  believe  that  the  only  way  to   preserve  face-­‐to-­‐face  interactions  is  to  look  at  one  another  and  start   the  conversation.  (21)   Background  image  by  puravida via  morguefile.com
  • 20. 20 Background  image  by  melgil123  via  morguefile.com Laptop  image  by  amazon.com Smarthome technology  provides   computers  with  an  opportunity   to  control  our  lives.  To  ensure   that  it  is  used  safely  you  must  be   cautious,  and  critical  of  their   devices.  (22)
  • 21. 21Rapidly  evolving  communication   technology  is  disrupting  conventional   etiquette.  Society  must  update  social   conventions  to  continue  smooth  and   effective  interactions  between  people.  (23) Background  image  by  Michael  Dornbierer via  flickr.com
  • 22. 22Works Cited (1) Hayes,  C.  &  Miller,  C.  (2011).  Human-­‐computer  etiquette.  Boca  Raton:  CRC  Press. (2) Hayes,  C.  &  Miller,  C.  (2011).  Human-­‐computer  etiquette.  Boca  Raton:  CRC  Press. (3) Eichler,  L.  (2016).  Sorry  to  be  rude,  by  my  smartphone  needs  me.  The  Globe  and  Mail.  Retrieved  29  May  2016,  from   http://www.theglobeandmail.com.proxy.queensu.ca/report-­‐on-­‐business/careers/career-­‐advice/life-­‐at-­‐work/sorry-­‐to-­‐be-­‐rude-­‐ but-­‐my-­‐phone-­‐needs-­‐me/article14706158/ (4) Asghar,  R.  (2016).  27  Etiquette  Rules  For  Our  Times.  Forbes.com.  Retrieved  28  May  2016,  from   http://www.forbes.com/sites/robasghar/2014/04/22/27-­‐etiquette-­‐rules-­‐for-­‐our-­‐times/#ced25ff61dc2 (5) Asghar,  R.  (2016).  27  Etiquette  Rules  For  Our  Times.  Forbes.com.  Retrieved  28  May  2016,  from   http://www.forbes.com/sites/robasghar/2014/04/22/27-­‐etiquette-­‐rules-­‐for-­‐our-­‐times/#ced25ff61dc2 (6) Ribble,  M.  (2008).  Passport  to  Digital  Citizenship.  International  Society  For  Technology  In  Education. (7) Bailey,  G.,  Ribble,  M.,  &  Ross,  T.  (2004).  Digital  Citizenship,  Addressing  Appropriate  Technology  Behavior,  32(1). (8) Martin,  J.  (1994).  MISS  MANNERS:  The  Evolution  of  Etiquette (p.  52).  The  Washington  Post. (9) Rainie,  L.  &  Zickuhr,  K.  (2015).  Americans’  Views  on  Mobile  Etiquette.  Pew  Research  Center:  Internet,  Science  &  Tech.  Retrieved  29   May  2016,  from  http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/08/26/americans-­‐views-­‐on-­‐mobile-­‐etiquette/ (10)Rainie,  L.  &  Zickuhr,  K.  (2015).  Americans’  Views  on  Mobile  Etiquette.  Pew  Research  Center:  Internet,  Science  &  Tech.  Retrieved  29   May  2016,  from  http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/08/26/americans-­‐views-­‐on-­‐mobile-­‐etiquette/ (11)Rainie,  L.  &  Zickuhr,  K.  (2015).  Americans’  Views  on  Mobile  Etiquette.  Pew  Research  Center:  Internet,  Science  &  Tech.  Retrieved  29   May  2016,  from  http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/08/26/americans-­‐views-­‐on-­‐mobile-­‐etiquette/
  • 23. 23Works Cited Continued (1) Rainie,  L.  &  Zickuhr,  K.  (2015).  Americans’  Views  on  Mobile  Etiquette.  Pew  Research  Center:  Internet,  Science  &  Tech.  Retrieved  29   May  2016,  from  http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/08/26/americans-­‐views-­‐on-­‐mobile-­‐etiquette/ (2) Margalit,  L.  (2015).  Why  We're  Addicted  To  Our  Smartphones,  But  Not  Our  Tablets  – Smashing  Magazine.  Smashing  Magazine.   Retrieved  29  May  2016,  from  https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2015/11/why-­‐addicted-­‐smartphones-­‐not-­‐tablets/ (3) Cole,  S.  (2015).  How  The  Apple  Watch  Will  Change  Office  Life.  Fast  Company.  Retrieved  29  May  2016,  from   http://www.fastcompany.com/3043533/the-­‐future-­‐of-­‐work/how-­‐the-­‐apple-­‐watch-­‐will-­‐change-­‐office-­‐life (4) Margalit,  L.  (2015).  Why  We're  Addicted  To  Our  Smartphones,  But  Not  Our  Tablets  – Smashing  Magazine.  Smashing  Magazine.   Retrieved  29  May  2016,  from  https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2015/11/why-­‐addicted-­‐smartphones-­‐not-­‐tablets/ (5) Margalit,  L.  (2015).  Why  We're  Addicted  To  Our  Smartphones,  But  Not  Our  Tablets  – Smashing  Magazine.  Smashing  Magazine.   Retrieved  29  May  2016,  from  https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2015/11/why-­‐addicted-­‐smartphones-­‐not-­‐tablets/ (6) Margalit,  L.  (2015).  Why  We're  Addicted  To  Our  Smartphones,  But  Not  Our  Tablets  – Smashing  Magazine.  Smashing  Magazine.   Retrieved  29  May  2016,  from  https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2015/11/why-­‐addicted-­‐smartphones-­‐not-­‐tablets/ (7) Rainie,  L.  &  Zickuhr,  K.  (2015).  Americans’  Views  on  Mobile  Etiquette.  Pew  Research  Center:  Internet,  Science  &  Tech.  Retrieved  29   May  2016,  from  http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/08/26/americans-­‐views-­‐on-­‐mobile-­‐etiquette/ (8) Dwoskin,  E.  (2016).  Where  Were  You  3  Minutes  Ago?  Your  Apps  Know.  WSJ.  Retrieved  29  May  2016,  from   http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/03/23/where-­‐were-­‐you-­‐3-­‐minutes-­‐ago-­‐your-­‐apps-­‐know/?mod=LS1 (9) Cole,  S.  (2015).  How  The  Apple  Watch  Will  Change  Office  Life.  Fast  Company.  Retrieved  29  May  2016,  from   http://www.fastcompany.com/3043533/the-­‐future-­‐of-­‐work/how-­‐the-­‐apple-­‐watch-­‐will-­‐change-­‐office-­‐life (10)Turkle,  S.  (2012,  April  22).  The  flight  from  conversation.  New  York  Times,  p.  1(L).  Retrieved  from   http://go.galegroup.com.proxy.queensu.ca/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA287213303&v=2.1&u=queensulaw&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w &asid=9e22389507adacd60cce5aabfd6d7991 (11)Rhew,  D.  (2016).  Welcome  Home:  The  Health  Hub  of  the  Future.  Insights  by  Samsung.  Retrieved  29  May  2016,  from   https://insights.samsung.com/2016/03/24/welcome-­‐home-­‐the-­‐health-­‐hub-­‐of-­‐the-­‐future/ (12)Martin,  J.  (1994).  MISS  MANNERS:  The  Evolution  of  Etiquette (p.  52).  The  Washington  Post. (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23)