Angular velocity measurements for the subject mechanical measurements and metrology

1. ANGULAR VELOCITY
MEASUREMENT

2. Overview
• Introduction
• Tachometers
• Tachogenerators
• Stroboscope and Stroboscopic Methods

3. INTRODUCTION
• Velocity is the first derivative of displacement.
• It is mainly categorized as linear and angular
velocity.
• There are various methods to measure linear
velocity and they are less complicated.
• We will learn the methods of measuring
angular velocity in different work
environments using appropriate Tachometers.

4. NEED TO MEASURE ANGULAR
VELOCITY
• As the mechanical industry has been growing
since the invention of the steam engine in 1781
by James Watt, there has been a need to
measure the speed of the engine’s crankshaft.
• This need was fulfilled by Dietrich Uhlhorn in
1817 by inventing the Tachometer. Since 1840 it
is significantly used for angular velocity
measurement till date.

6. TACHOMETER
Tachometer is –
• An instrument used for measurement of angular
velocity, as of shaft ,either by registering the total
number of revolutions during the period of
contact, or by indicating directly the number of
revolutions per minute.
• An instrument which either continuously
indicates the value of rotary speed or displays a
reading of average speed over rapidly operated
short intervals of time.

8. CLASSIFICATION OF TACHOMETER
Tachometers can be classified
 On the basis of data acquisition
•
•
Contact
Non contact
 On the basis of the measurement technique
•
•
Time based
Frequency based
 On the basis of method of display
• Digital
• Analog
 On the basis of working principle
• Electrical
• Mechanical

9. TYPES OF TACHOMETERS
MECHANICAL
REVOLUTION
COUNTER &
TIMER
TACHOSCOPE
DRAG CUP
ELECTRICAL
COMMUTATED
CAPACITOR

10. ELECTRICAL TACHOMETERS
• Electrical tachometers mainly depend upon an
electrical signal generated in proportion to the
rotational speed of the shaft. Depending upon
the type of transducer used there is a variety
of different designs.

11. DRAG CUP TACHOMETER
Construction
• Drag cup tachometer basically consists of
stator and a rotor. The stator has two windings
mounted at 900 to each other known as
» Reference Winding
» Quadrature winding
• A low reluctance path is provided by a
ferromagnetic core.

12. Reference winding
Ferromagnetic rotor
1
2
2
1
Quadrature
winding
Shaft
Drag Cup rotor

13. Rotor
Stator

14. Construction
• Rotor is made up of thin aluminum cylinder
which is called drag cup. This rotor is highly
conducting and acts as short- circuited
secondary winding.
• An A.C voltage is applied to the AC winding,
while the output is taken from the
quadrature winding

15. Ѳ0
ῳi
Ѳ0
Conducting but
non-magnetic cup
N
S
ῳi

16. Working
• The driving shaft rotates the permanent
magnet and this induces eddy current in a
drag cup held closed to the magnet.
• The eddy current produce a torque which
rotates the cup against the torque of spring.
• The cup turns in the direction of the rotating
magnetic field until the torque developed
equals that of the spring which results into
turning of the pointer

18. Advantages
1. With the help of phase sensitive
demodulator, the tachometer can show the
difference in the direction of applied speed.
2. A linear relationship can be derived between
output voltage and speed by carrier
frequency excitation.
3. They are rugged and inexpensive.
4. Need less maintenance.
5. Ripple free output.

19. Disadvantages
1. Calibration is difficult as the input voltage
should be maintained absolutely constant.
2. At high speed there is a non linear
relationship between output voltage and
input speed. Hence we need to excite the
reference winding with higher frequency

20. COMMUTATED TYPE TACHOMETER
• Construction
• Tachometer head containing a reversible switch,
operated by a spindle which reverses two times
with one revolution.
• Indicating unit, voltage source, capacitor, a
millimeter and a calibrated circuit

21. SPINDLE
TACHOMETER HEAD
(REVERSING SWITCH
ONLY)
RPM
INDICATOR
CAPACITOR
BATTERY
A
MILLIAMETER

22. Working
• It’s operation is based on alternatively
charging and discharging capacitance.
• When the switch is closed in one direction,
the capacitor gets charged from D.C supply
and the current starts flowing through the
ammeter.

23. Working
• When the spindle operates the reversing
switch to close it in opposite direction,
capacitor discharges through the ammeter
with the current flow direction remaining the
same.
• The indications proportional to the rate of
reversal of contacts which in turn are
proportional to the speed of the shaft and
reflected on the scale accordingly.

24. TACHOGENERATORS
• They employ small magnet type DC or AC
generator which convert rotational speed into
DC or AC voltage signals.
• Magnitude of the voltage generated by
relative perpendicular motion between the
magnetic field and a conductor is a direct
function of the strength of the magnetic field
and the speed of the conductor.

25. Dc tachogenerators

26. AC tachogenerator

27. DC vs. AC TACHOGENERATORS
DC TACHOGENERATORS
AC TACHOGENERATORS
• The construction consists of
a horse shoe type
permanent magnet.
• Speed is measured with a
moving coil voltmeter.
• It consists of a stator and a
rotor arrangement or a
squirrel cage setup.
• Speed is measured with a
moving coil instrument
either a permanent magnet
or an electromagnet.

28. S
N
To output
Dc tachogenerator

29. n
s
Permanent magnet
coil
To
output
AC Tachogenerators

30. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
AC & DC TACHOGENERATORS
DC TACHOGENERATORS
• Reversal of rotation causes
the voltmeter to show a
negative reading , hence
keeping the pointer on the
mid scale speeds in both
the directions can be
displayed.
AC TACHOGENERATORS
• Reversal of rotation causes
the same action except
there is a 180 degree phase
shift.

31. DC TACHOGENERATORS
AC TACHOGENERATORS
• Direction of rotation is
directly indicated by
polarity of the output
voltage.
• Conventional voltmeters
can be used as indicators.
• Change in the direction of
the rotation causes phase
shift.
• Output voltage is rectified
with a permanent magnet
moving coil instrument.

32. Advantages
• DC type
– A conventional setup reduces the installation cost
– The direction of voltage is directly indicated by the
polarity of the output voltage
• AC type
– Increased output at same speed as compared to
DC tachogenerators.
– Accurate to ± 1 %
– Installable in inaccessible region.

33. Disadvantages
• DC type
– Brushes produce maintenance cost and labor.
– The assembly requires maintenance
– If the field of the permanent magnet is distorted it
gives rise to non linearity.
• AC type
– Frequency of output voltage is low at low speed.
– At high frequencies the impedance of the coils
increases.

34. MECHANICAL TACHOMETERS
• Mechanical Tachometers work on the basic
principle of physical displacement of
indicating parts either linearly or non-linearly.
• This displacement is used as a measurand
which is proportional to the driver shaft
speed.
• They employ only mechanical parts and
mechanical movements for measurement of
speed.

35. REVOLUTION COUNTER AND TIMER
Construction
• It consists of a worm gear coaxially attached
to the driving shaft which provides the speed
source.
• A spur gear is connected with its rotating axis
perpendicular to the axis of the worm gear.
• Pointer indicates number of revolutions.
• The dial of the pointer is attached on the
frame.

38. Working
• The worm gear is driven by the speed source.
• The rotating worm gear drives the spur gear
which in turn actuates the pointer on the dial.
• Hence indicating number of revolution in
certain span of time.
• This function requires a separate timer.
• The revolution counter thus, gives an average
rotational speed rather than instantaneous
rotational speed.

39. Advantages
• It gives average rotational speed with respect
to time.
• Ideal for measuring speed of engines having
low operating speed.
• Assembly is sturdy and the mechanism lasts
for longer duration without maintenance.
• Ideal for heavy duty machinery.

40. Disadvantages
• Can not give instantaneous velocity of driving shaft.
• Impose a load on the shaft on which they are
connected
• As a result they absorb power
• The counter and timer cannot be started
simultaneously.
• Not ideal for high speed operations and low power
engines as it may show errors.

41. TACHOSCOPE
Construction
• This tachometer is a contact type tachometer and
has the basic working principle of revolution
counter and timer.
• The difficulty of the timer and the counter not
being able to start simultaneously has been
conquered.
• The construction incorporates a revolution
counter with a built-in timer integrally mounted.

43. Working
• The revolution counter and timer start
simultaneously on contact with the driving
shaft.
• The entire assembly functions so long as the
contact is maintained.
• The rotational speed is calculated from the
individual readings of the counter and timer.

44. Advantages
• The counter and the timer being integrally
mounted, can be started simultaneously
hassle-free unlike the previous type.
• It can measure high rotating speeds upto 5000
rpm.

45. Disadvantages
• Need periodic maintenance.
• Due to the inertia of the moving parts, they are
less responsive to speed variation.
• Complex assembly.
• Synchronization of the counter and the dial needs
to be rectified accordingly.

46. STROBOSCOPIC METHODS
• This method measures the periodic or rotary
motions by a device called a STROBOSCOPE.
• This instrument is a simple and manually
operated device.
• The speed is measured by adjusting the
receptor frequency so that the moving section
is visible at a particular time interval.

48. Working principle
• The receptor circuit is based upon variable
frequency oscillator which controls the
flashing frequency.
• A strong light is flashed on a moving object , at
the time each flash occurs , in an
instantaneous position , the object will appear
to be stationary.

50. • A strobotron is the high frequency source of light
whose frequency can be varied and controlled.
• For measuring the speed of shaft , a mark is made on
the disc attached to the shaft.
• The flashing frequency is adjusted until the mark
appears stationary.
• The flashing rate is reduced gradually and the flashing
frequencies are noted for all single line images.
n = Fm . F1 (m-1)
(Fm – F1)

51. Video

52. Advantages
• Imposes no load on the shaft hence no power
loss.
• Non contact type hence, no attachments
needed.
• Convenient to use for spot checks on
machinery speeds and laboratory work.

53. Disadvantages
• The variable frequency oscillator circuit
cannot be stabilized to give a fixed frequency
hence less accurate than digital meters.
• Cannot be used where ambient light is above
a certain level.
• Requires well defined lighting conditions for
efficient operations
• Errors are caused due to slight variation in the
frequency.

54. THANK YOU