The document discusses India's need for energy efficient lighting to meet growing electricity demand and reduce peak loads by 17-18%. It describes the Bachat Lamp Yojana program which replaces incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) through public-private partnerships. Best practices for lighting systems include using T5 fluorescent lamps and LEDs instead of incandescent bulbs, and using electronic ballasts instead of magnetic ballasts. Solar lighting systems provide an environmentally sustainable option for rural areas with no grid access.

1. Energy Efficient Lighting Systems
Dr. Dwarka Prasad
Professor EE Department
LIET,Alwar

2. Introduction
 India is facing significant growth in electricity demand and could
benefit greatly by using energy efficient lighting systems. The need
of the hour for the country is secured, affordable and
environmentally sustainable energy to meet the ambitious National
Programme of “Power to all by 2012”.
 Lighting is the most visible form of electricity consumption and
lighting load in our country is very high about 17-18% of total load.
By increasing the efficiency of lighting system, there can be
significant energy saving and reduction in peak load. There is a
scope for reducing about 30 to 35 % of the morning and evening
peak demand.

3. Scheme for Promoting Energy Efficiency in India :
Bachat Lamp Yojana
 The 'Bachat Lamp Yojana' aims at the large scale replacement of
incandescent bulbs in households by CFLs. It seeks to provide CFLs to
households at the price similar to that of incandescent bulbs and plans to
utilize the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol to
recover the cost differential between the market price of the CFLs and the
price at which they are sold to households.
 The Bachat Lamp Yojana is designed as a public-private partnership
between the Government of India, private sector CFL suppliers and State
level Electricity Distribution Companies (DISCOMs). The CFL suppliers
would sell high quality CFLs to households at a price of Rs. 15 per CFL
within a designated project area in a DISCOM region of operation. The CFL
supplier will be chosen by the DISCOM through a due diligence process
from a list of CFL suppliers empanelled by BEE. Under the scheme, 40
watt, 60 Watt and 100 Watt incandescent lamps will be replaced with 9-11
Watt, 13-15 Watt and 20-23 Watt CFLs respectively.

4. Best Practices in Lighting Systems
A. Installation of energy efficient fluorescent lamps (T-5) in place of
conventional fluorescent lamps(T-12).
B. Installation of Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) in place of
incandescent lamps.
C. Installation of LED panel indicator lamps in place of filament
lamps.
D. Installation of high frequency (HF) electronic ballasts in place of
conventional magnetic ballasts.
E. Use of high efficacy light sources for reducing the energy
consumption for lighting .
F. Solar Lighting Systems are providing to be a viable option in rural
India because it involves no moving parts, low maintenance, and
are simple to operate.

5. Merits of LED lamps & demerits of filament
lamps
• Demerits of Conventionally
filament lamps are as follows:
 High energy consumption (15
watt/lamp).
 Failure of lamps is high
(operating life less than 1,000
hours).
 Very sensitive to the voltage
fluctuations.
• Merits of the LED lamps over
Conventionally filament lamps
are as follows:
 Lesser power consumption
(0.5-0.8 watt/lamp).
 Longer operating life (more
than 1,00,000 hours).
 Withstand high voltage
fluctuation in the power supply.

6. Merits of high frequency electronic ballasts
over conventional magnetic ballasts
• Energy savings about 30 to 50 %.
• Lights instantly.
• Improved power factor (more than 0.90 power factor).
• Less heat dissipation, which reduces the air conditioning load.
• No audible humming sound.
• No stroboscopic effect.
• Operates in low voltage.
• Less in weight.
• Increases the life of lamp.

7. Characteristics of light source
 Efficacy
 Color rendering
 Color temperature
 Size
 Life
 Cost

8. Factors affecting the lighting system design
• Use of high efficacy light source
• Use of more efficient luminaries
• Selective switching
• Utilization of daylight
• Luminaries of higher space to height ratio
• Higher reflectance surfaces of the room
• Visual task analysis
• Task oriented lighting.

9. Solar Lighting Systems
 The Solar Lighting Systems are available in the basic categories which are
as follows:
(A) Solar lanterns (B) Solar street lighting systems (C) Solar home lighting
systems
 The solar lanterns are portable units which can be easily moved to any
place where lighting is necessary. The lanterns are available with a 10 or 12
Wp photovoltaic module and a 7 W CFL. It can be used for 3 to 4 hours per
day after charging it for a day under normal insolation of 2-3 kWh/day.
 The solar street lighting systems are available with a 70 Ah Battery. It has
an automatic dusk to dawn Controller, with at least 3 days of back up power
in case of low insolation regime.
 The solar home lighting systems are available with basic configuration of
either 2 × 9 W CFLs or 2 × 11 W CFLs, with a 40 Ah Battery capable of
operating for three to four hours per day. A small DC Fan of 20 W capacity
can also be opted for.

10. Energy Conservation Measures
in Lighting Systems
• Use of LED lamps for indicating lamps will reduce the energy
consumption.
• Use of compact fluorescent lamps in place of incandescent
lamps, reduce the lighting energy by 70%.
• Use of mirror optic fluorescent lamps increases the lighting level
considerably.
• Use of HPSV lamps in place of MPSV lamps reduce the energy
consumption by 60%
• As the lighting level is inversely proportional to square of the
distance, optimizing the height of lamp will aid in reduction of
lighting energy.

11. Energy Conservation Measures
in Lighting Systems Contd…
• Use of electronic ballasts for discharge lamps, reduce energy
consumption by 20%
• Installation of intelligent lighting controller will help in controlling the
lighting energy.
• Use of photo sensor switch for street light controlling helps in conserving
the lighting energy.
• Installation of auto cut-off switch to put off lights during lunch
hours at the office buildings will reduce the lighting energy.
• At street lights, in many places, the reflectors inside the HPSV fitting are
damaged, it is suggested to replace the fittings with anodised aluminium
reflectors. This will improve the lighting level by 20-25%.

12. Why should people use CFLs?
• Switching from traditional light bulbs (called
incandescent ) to CFLs will help to use less electricity at
home and prevent greenhouse gas emissions that lead
to global climate change.
• Lighting accounts for close to 20 % of the average
home’s electric bill.
• CFLs, last upto 10 times longer, cost little up front
• Provide a quick return on investment.

13. Do CFLs contain mercury?
• CFLs contain a very small amount of mercury sealed within the
glass tubing - an average of 4 milligrams .By comparison the older
thermometers contain about 500 milligram of mercury – an amount
equal to mercury in 125 CFLs .
• Mercury is an essential part of CFLs; it allows the bulb to be
essential part of light source.
• No mercury is released when bulbs are intact or in use .Most
makers of light bulb have reduced mercury in their fluorescent
lighting products.
• Thanks to technology advances the average mercury content in
CFLs has dropped at least 20 % in the past year. Some
manufacturers have even made further reductions, dropping
mercury content to 1.4-2.5milligrams per light bulb.

14. What precaution should take when using CFLs
in home?
 CFLs are made of glass and can break if dropped or
roughly handled. Be careful when removing the bulb
from packaging, installing it, or replacing it. Always screw
or unscrew the light bulb by its base (not the glass ), and
never forcefully twist the CFL into light socket .If a CFL
breaks in your home follow the clean up
recommendations given by Bureau of Energy Efficiency.

15. Key Product Features of CFLs
 Low electrical consumption as compared to conventional
lighting products
 About 80% energy saving over incandescent bulbs.
 Long life up to 10,000 hours.
 It can operate within 130-280 V range.
 Low cost of maintenance.
 High luminous efficiency.
 Available in different colors to create desired ambience.
 Lamps designed for power factor higher than 0.85.
 Mercury content within the CFLs (Maximum Limit being
less than 5mg).

16. What is LED?
• LED is a light emitting semiconductor diode that emits
light in forward direction or in the direction it is pointed
towards.
• LEDs are most often used in the form of an indicator light
in electronic devices, traffic signal lights, musical
instruments and dashboards in cars and in houses, etc.
• The color of the light produced by LED depends on the
composition of the semiconductor material used out of
which producing a blue color light is the most difficult
process.
• The nature of the light emitted can be visible, infrared or
ultraviolet.

17. Lifespan of a LED light bulb
• Most modern LEDs are undergo superior design and manufacturing
process that gives them a lifespan of up-to 1,00,000 hours,
compared with 10,000 for a compact fluorescent and 1,000 for an
incandescent bulb.
• Lifespan of a LED bulb could come down due to the amount of heat
a LED produces. This directly depends on die temperature and
ambient temperature of the LED.
• Some LED light bulbs show sign of age after a couple of years of
use and may produce only 50% of the light output when compared
to what it used to produce when it was new. However new
technologies are in process to enhance its performance over its life
span.

18. Power consumption of LED light bulbs
• Most modern LED operate in a range of 2 to 4 volts and
consume anywhere between 350mA and 1500mA. The
power consumption varies from manufacturer to
manufacturer and also because of the purpose for which
the LED was designed.
• Another factor that affects power consumption of LEDs is
for the fact that LEDs can not be dimmed.
• Now a days using latest of the LED manufacturing
technology, manufacturers are able to produce LEDs
that are not only super bright but also consume less
power while producing light of higher intensity.

19. Benefits of using LED light bulbs over standard
light bulbs
• Power consumption of LED light bulb is only 10% of the standard
light bulb.
• LED light bulbs withstand great amount of vibration, shock and
temperature variations.
• LED light bulbs are 10-60 times more energy efficient than
incandescent light bulbs.
• Incandescent light bulbs produce light that flickers whereas LED
light bulbs produce flicker free light.
• LED bulbs can produce many rich and vibrant colors when
compared to incandescent light bulbs.

20. Key Product Features of LED light bulbs
• Low electrical consumption as compared to conventional lighting
products.
• Pollution free due to non-emission of infra red or ultraviolet
rays, mercury gases or other harmful rays.
• Do not have ballasts thus, no interference.
• Existing fixtures used since long are used making installation
of our lights easy.
• Operates on universal input range.
• Due to long shelf life, no maintenance is required.
• Lasts 5 to 10 times longer than other conventional lighting
products virtually eliminating the need for frequent
replacement.
• Reduces Carbon Footprints at large scale making it viable to
earn carbon credits.
• Suitable for all types of applications.

21. Energy Snippets
 In Energy Snippets, the various upcoming Projects of Solar Power Plants in
West Bengal Raj Bhawan, Solar Hub in Andhra Pradesh, replacement of
incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent lamps by the Dakshin Haryana
Bijli Vitran Nigam (DHBVN), Haryana and also implemented scheme in Indian
Railways under Energy Conservation and Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM) through Renewable Energy Resources have been highlighted .
A. CFLs on the bright track in Indian Railways :It plans to replace the
incandescent bulbs with Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) in all its
residential quarters, production units and workshop across the country and
It will be registered under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
B. Mandatory for Haryana Industries :The Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran
Nigam (DHBVN) has made it mandatory for all the industrial units (both high
tension and low tension) and their residential colonies, hospitals, street
lighting, to replace the conventional bulbs with the energy efficient CFLs
and T-5 tube lights or induction bulbs.

22. Energy Snippets Contd…
C. Andhra Pradesh ‘Blazes’ ahead on Solar Plans:
The Andhra Pradesh plans to develop the state into a major solar hub in
the country at a fast pace , with the government announcing the setting
up of a Cluster of solar farms at Kadiri in Anantapur district, 5000 acres
land have been enmarked in Kadiri which would now be referred to as
the ‘Solar city’. Four companies, namely Hyderabad- based Lanco Solar
and Titan Energy, and US- based Sun borne and AES Solar, have
together pledged investments to the tune of Rs. 3000 crore to set up
2000 MW of solar- based power generation facilities in the solar city.
D. Solar Powered LED Lights in West Bengal Raj Bhawan:
In West Bengal Raj Bhawan has planned to illuminate with 12 Solar
Powered LED Lights. The Rs.1.0 crore project envisages building a
50kW grid interactive Solar Photovoltaic Power Station in Raj Bhawan
along with a installing a 2000 lt. solar heating system and switching over
to energy efficient LEDs. The Project is funded by the Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy, Govt. if India, New Delhi and is expected
to be completed by March, 2011.

23. Changing Scenario of Lamps

24. Conclusions
 Use of energy efficient lamps like CFL, LED, T-5 fluorescent
lamp, etc lead to enormous amount of energy savings which is
estimated as 50 to 80%.
 Electronic gears of conservation of energy like electronic
ballast saves energy within the range of 10 to 20%.
 Solar lighting systems such as Lanterns, Street Lights, Home
Lights, etc. can be effectively used, especially in areas of
where lighting is required for shorter duration. This will not only
lead to energy conservation but also encourage use of non-
conventional and environmental friendly energy system.