BAMS Research presentation Institute of Indigenous Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka Review of Medhya rasayana chathuskaya Medhya rasayana chathuskaya is a combination of four excellent plants of Maņdūkaparnī, Yaşţīmadhu, Gudūcī and Śańkhapuşpī. This is a study on Pharmacodynamic properties, Pharmacokinetic properties and Pharmacological potentials of Medhya rasayana chathuskaya.

1. L.P.C.Madhumalika
(Level IV – B.A.M.S. )
Supervisor :
Dr. (Mrs.) R.D.H. Kulatunga
Senior Lecturer,
Department of Kaya Chikitsa

2. Contents
 Introduction
 Objectives of study
 Literature Review
•Rasayana
•Medhya Rasāyana
•Medhya Rasāyana Chatushkaya
Methodology
Observation and Results
Discussion
Conclusion & Suggestions
Acknowledgement
References

3. Introduction
•Today the percentage of world geriatric population is increasing
•Most of them are over 60-65 years
•Out of them high percentage is suffering from,
– Cognitive and memory impairment
– Insomnia
– Loss of strength or immunity
– Loss of perception
– Fear
– Anxiety and other senile diseases.

4. •Statistically ,prevalence of overall mental illnesses is 12.5%
among children and young generation with
– Overloading of stress
– Tension
– Anxiety
– Lack of sleep
•It’s affected their mental, social functions and learning
capacity

5. • In relation to Āyurveda , these have contributed to the imbalance in
mental abilities of ,
–Dhi (The power of acquisition or learning)
–Dhriti (The power of retention)
–Smriti (The ability of recall)
•As a solution to this problem; it has been mentioned about Rasāyana
therapy in Āyurveda. Specifically Medhya Rasāyana
•Further Āchārya Charaka has been explained “Medhya Rasāyana
Chatushkaya” which is mentioned about four distinctive plants that
have given effects of Medhya

6. Objectives of study
 To identify the Pharmacodynamic properties of the
Medhya Rasāyana Chatushkaya
 To identify the Pharmacokinetic properties of the
Medhya Rasāyana Chatushkaya
 To review the Pharmacological potentials of the
Medhya Rasāyana Chatushkaya

7. Literature Review
 Rasayana
 Medhya Rasāyana
 Medhya Rasāyana Chatushkaya

8.  Rasāyana
• Rasāyana Tantra is a branch of Ashtānāgāyurveda
तद्यथा- शल्यं शालक्यं कायचिककत्सा भूतविद्या कौमारभृत्यं अगदतन्त्रं रसायनतन्त्रम्
िाजीकरणतन्त्रममतत ।७।
(सु.सू 1/ 7)
•Further Rasāyana Tantra described as,
रसायनतन्त्र नाम ियःस्थापनमायुमेधाबलकरं रोगापहरणसमथं ि ।१०।
(सु.सू 1/10)
• Āchārya Charaka has been described Effectiveness of Rasāyana as,
दीधधमायुः स्मृततं मेधामारोग्यं तरुणं ियः।
प्रभािणधस्िरौदायं देहेन्द्न्त्ियबलं परम् ।।
िान्द्क्सद्चधं प्रनततं कान्द्न्त्तं लभते ना रासायनात्।८।
(ि.चि 1:1 /8)

9.  Medhya Rasāyana
•What is Medhya ?
•Derived from the Sanskrit word - मेधा
•Meaning - intellect or cognition
•Buddhi is one of seven well-functioning mental factors
•According to Arunadatta
‒Medhya is a faculty of Buddhi
‒Buddhi is composed of Dhi, Dhriti and Smriti
•According to Shabdakalpadŗma
‒Medha is equivalent to Buddhi and Pragna
‒ Because Pragna and Medha are two synonyms of Buddhi

10. Relation between Tridosas and Medhya
 Vata
Prana vayu - controlling the functions of Buddhi and Mana
Udana vayu -helps in recalling the past experiences
 Pitta - promote Medha, esp. Sādhaka pitta
 Kapha - responsible for the best qualities of Dhriti
Relation between Dhatu and Medhya
•Rasa Dhatu - Nourishes the Buddhi
•Rakta Dhatu - Responsible for the promotion of the Medha
•Māmsa sārtā - Indicates strong Dhriti
•Sukra and ojas - Help responsible for nourishment of Buddhi

11. Medhya Rasāyana Chatushkaya
• Āchārya Charaka has been described a group of four distinctive medicinal
plants which give Medhya property is called as,
Medhya Rasāyana Chatushkaya.
मण्डूकपण्याधः स्िरसः प्रयोज्यः क्षीरेण यष्टीमधुकस्य िूणधम ् ।
रसो गुडूच्यास्तु समूलपुष्पयाः कल्कः प्रयोज्यः खकु शङ्खपुष्पयाः ।।३०।।
(ि.चि 1:3 /30)
• Medhya Rasāyana Chatushkaya is comprised with ,
– The juice of Maņdūkaparnī
– The powder of Yaşţīmadhu with milk
– The juice of Gudūcī along with its root and flowers
– The paste of Śańkhapuşpī

12. Fig4:Śańkhapuşpī (Convulvulus pluricaulis Choisy)
Ingredients of Medhya Rasāyana Chatushkaya
Fig1:Maņdūkaparnī (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban.) Fig2:Yaşţīmadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn)
Fig3:Gudūcī (Tinospora cordifolia)

13. Methodology
 Authentic texts in and Online search are used to collect the data
about four Medicinal plants of Medhya Rasāyana Chatushkaya using
library of Institute of Indigenous Medicine and Internet
Analyze all gathering data on,
•pharmacodynamic properties
•Pharmacokinetic properties
•Pharmacological potentials

14. Observation and Results
Table 1: Summarization of Pharmacodynamic properties of 04 plants
Plant Rasa Guna Veerya Vipaka Dosha
Maņdūkaparnī Madhura
Tikta
Kashaya
Laghu
Sara
Sheeta Madhura Tridosha
hara
Yaşţīmadhu Madhura Guru
Snigdha
Sheeta Madhura Pitta vata
hara
Gudūcī Tikta
Kashaya
Guru Ushna Madhura Tridosha
hara
Śańkhapuşpī Katu
Tikta
Kashaya
Laghu Ushna Madhura Tridosha
hara

15. Table 2: Summarization of Pharmacodynamic properties of Medhya Rasāyana Chatushkaya
Properties Maņdūkaparnī Yaşţīmadhu Gudūcī Śańkhapuşpī Possibility
Rasa
Madhura + + - - 50%
Katu - - - + 25%
Tiktha + - + + 75%
Kashaya + - + + 75%
Guna
Guru - + + - 50%
Laghu + - - + 50%
Sara + - - - 25%
Snigda - + - - 25%
Veerya
Sheeta + + - - 50%
Ushna - - + + 50%
Vipaka
Madhura + + + + 100%
Doshas Maņdūkaparnī Yaşţīmadhu Gudūcī Śańkhapuşpī Percentage
Tridosha hara + - + + 75%
Pitta vata hara - + - - 25%

16. 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Madhura
Katu
Tiktha
Kashaya
Guru
Laghu
Sara
Snigda
Sheeta
Ushna
Madhuravipaka
Tridoshahara
Pittavatahara
50%
25%
75%75%
50%50%
25%25%
50%50%
100%
75%
25%
Possibility
Pharmacodynamic properties of Medhya Rasāyana Chatushkaya
Rasa
Guna
Veerya
Vipaka
Doshas
Fig 5:Possibility of Pharmacodynamic properties of Medhya Rasāyana Chatushkaya

17. Table 3:Summarization of Pharmacokinetic properties of Medhya Rasāyana Chatushkaya
Properties Maņdūkaparnī Yaşţīmadhu Gudūcī Śańkhapuşpī possibility
Medhya + + + + 100%
Rasayana + + + + 100%
Vayah sthapana + + + 75%
Swarya + + 50%
Smrthi pradha + 25%
Kushthaghna + + + 75%
Mehaghna + + + 75%
Raktha shodhaka + + + + 100%
Raktha vardhaka + 25%
Kasaghna + 25%
Vishaghna + + + + 100%
Shothahara + 25%
Jwaraghna + + + 75%
Deepana + + + 75%
Balya + + + 75%
Vrshya + 25%
Chardighna + + + 75%
Trshna Nigrahana + + + 75%
Sangrahi + + 50%
Krimighna + + 50%
Daha Prashamana + 25%
Panduhara + + 50%
Kamalahara + + 50%
Kandughna + + 50%

18. Fig 6: No. of plants that show the relevant Pharmacokinetic property
0
1
2
3
4
Medhya
Rasayana
Vayahsthapana
Swarya
Smrthipradha
Kushthaghna
Mehaghna
Rakthashodhaka
Rakthavardhaka
Kasaghna
Vishaghna
Shothahara
Jwaraghna
Deepana
Balya
Vrshya
Chardighna
TrshnaNigrahana
Sangrahi
Krimighna
DahaPrashamana
Panduhara
Kamalahara
Kandughna
No.ofplants
Pharmacokinetic property of Medhya Rasāyana Chatushkaya
Śańkhapuşpī
Gudūcī
Yaşţīmadhu
Maņdūkaparnī

19. Table 4: Summarization of Phamacological potentials of Medhya Rasāyana Chatushkaya
Pharmacological potentials Maņdūkaparnī Yaşţīmadhu Gudūcī Śańkhapuşpī Possibility
Neuroprotective + + 50%
Memory enhancing effect
&Effect on cognitive function
+ + + + 100%
Anti- epileptic effect + + 50%
Effects on skin care + + 50%
Anti-ulcer activity + + + + 100%
Anti-inflammatory and anti-
fibrotic activity
+ + + 75%
Wound healing + + 50%
Immunomodulat--ory + + + + 100%
Anti-cancer activity + + + 75%
Anti-oxidant activity + + + + 100%
Radiation protection + + 50%
Anti-microbial Activity + + + + 100%
Cardio protective + + + 75%
Hepatoprotective + + + + 100%
Anti-diabetic property + + + 75%
Anti-malarial activity + + 50%
Medication for relief of
postmenopausal symptoms
+ + 50%
Anti-toxic effect + + + 75%
Anti‐tussive activity + 25%
Nephroprotective + 25%
Hair growth stimulatory activity + 25%
Anti-arthritic, anti-osteoporotic
effects
+ 25%
Anti-Allergic + 25%
Hypolipidemic activity + 25%
Effect on thyroid function + 25%
Anti-addictive property + 25%

20. Fig 7 : No. of plants that show relevant Pharmacological potential
0 1 2 3 4
Neuroprotective
Memory enhancing effect
Anti- epileptic effect
Effects on skin care
Anti-ulcer activity
Anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic…
Wound healing
Immunomodulat--ory
Anti-cancer activity
Anti-oxidant activity
Radiation protection
Anti-microbial Activity
Cardio protective
Hepatoprotective
Anti-diabetic property
Anti-malarial activity
Medication for relief of…
Anti-toxic effect
Anti-tussive activity
Nephroprotective
Hair growth stimulatory activity
Anti-arthritic, anti-osteoporotic…
Anti-Allergic
Hypolipidemic activity
Effect on thyroid function
Anti-addictive property
No.of plants
PharmacologicalpotentialsofMedhyaRasāyanaChatushkaya
Maņdūkaparnī
Yaşţīmadhu
Gudūcī
Śańkhapuşpī

21. Table 5: Pharmacological potentials functioning on organ & system of body
Systems and organs Maņdūkaparnī Yaşţīmadhu Gudūcī Śańkhapuşpī
Central nervous system + + + +
Cerebrovascular system + + +
Digestive system + + + +
Endocrine system + + + +
Integumentary system + +
Immunity system + + + +
Muscular system +
Respiratory system + + +
Reproductive system + + +
Skeletal system +
Urinary system +
Brain + + + +
Heart + +
Lungs + + +
Liver + + + +
Skin + +
Kidney +

22. Fig 7 : No. of plants that show action on organs & systems based on Pharmacological
potential
0
1
2
3
4
Centralnervoussystem
Cerebrovascularsystem
Digestivesystem
Endocrinesystem
Integumentarysystem
Immunitysystem
Muscularsystem
Respiratorysystem
Reproductivesystem
Skeletalsystem
Urinarysystem
Brain
Heart
Lungs
Liver
Skin
Kidney
No.ofplants
Systems & Organs
Śańkhapuşpī
Gudūcī
Yaşţīmadhu
Maņdūkaparnī

23. Discussion
According to the analyze ,the most frequently mentioned results are as follows,
Pharmacodynamic properties
•Rasa- Tikta (75%), Kashaya (75%), Madhura (50%)
•Guna- Guru (50%), Laghu (50%)
•Veerya- Sheeta (50%), Ushna (50%)
•Vipaka- Madhura (100%)
•Doshas- Tridosha hara (75%)
 Pharmacokinetic properties
•Medhya
•Rasayana
•Raktha shodhaka
•Vishaghna
Pharmacological potentials
•Memory enhancing effect &
Effect on cognitive function
•Anti-ulcer activity
•Immunomodulatory
•Anti-oxidant activity
•Anti-microbial Activity
•Hepatoprotective
•Anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activity
•Anti-cancer activity
•Cardio protective
•Anti-diabetic property
•Anti-toxic effect
•Vayah sthapana
• Kushthaghna
•Mehaghna
•Jwaraghna,
•Deepana
•Balya
•Chardighna
•Trshna Nigrahana

24. Conclusion & Suggestions
Medhya Rasāyana Chatushkaya is one of the excellent effective herbs collection
which has been mentioned in Charaka Saṃhitā
Mainly it is presented Tikta, Kashaya Rasa, Sama sheetoshna in veerya,
Madhura vipaka and Thidosha hara action
Herbs of Medhya Rasāyana Chatushkaya ,
1. Shitha Virya and Madhura Vipaka
2. Ushna Virya and Tikta Rasa
1.Shitha Virya and Madhura Vipaka
promote Kapha
Enhances DharanaKarma (Retention of cognition)
2.Ushna Virya and Tikta Rasa
promote Pitta
Enhances Grahana and Smarana (Grasping power and Memory)

25. Thidosha hara action. – Can prescribe for any kind of person
‒ Use as a supplementary drug for day today
life
Can prescribe to vast areas of diseases based on pharmacokinetics
and pharmacological potentials
 Refer more Authentic texts esp. Nighantus may increase the accuracy
of final result
 Experimental & clinical studies may give a support to prove their
properties
 Based on success of clinical trails, it can be produced as a single drug

26. Acknowledgement
•I would like to take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude to my supervisor Senior
lecturer Dr .(Mrs.) R.D.H.Kulathunga for her exemplary guidance, valuable feedback, constant
encouragement and perceptive criticism kept me worked to make this research work in a much
best way
• Then I would like to thank head of the Department of Kaya Chikithsa and all the other
lectures
•And also I pay my special thank for the Director of IIM Dr( Mrs.) S.D.Hapuarachchi and the
library staff of the Institute of Indigenous Medicine, University of Colombo
•I deeply thankful for my research group members, all friends and colleagues who encourage
me in the research work
•I would also like to thank people who helped me by giving the technical support like
photocopy, printing and binding the project report
•I also acknowledge all those persons whose names couldn’t be included but their co-
operation, suggestion and encouragement helped me in to complete this research work
•Last but never least I would like to express gratitude to my dearest parents

27. References
•World Health Organization. (2006).Constitution of the World Health Organization – Basic Documents, Forty-fifth edition, Supplement, October 2006.
•Sharma P.V, Suśruta Saṃhitā, With English translationof thex and Dalhaṇa’s Commentary along with critical notes, Vol.I, Chaukhambha visvabharati oriental publishers & distributors,
Varanasi, 2013.
•Raja Radha Kanta Deva, Shabda-kalpadruma, Chaukhambha Sanskrit series office, Varanasi, 1967.
•Sri Tārānātha Bhattāchārya, Sabdastoma-Mahānidhi (A Sanskrit Dictionary), Chaukhambha Sanskrit series office, Varanasi, 1967.
•Dr. Ranjiv Lochan, DR. Parameswarappa S. Byadgi, Encyclopedia Dictionary of Ayurveda, Chaukhambha visvabharati oriental publishers & distributors, NewDelhi, 2011.
•Sri Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit -English Dictionary, Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with special reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages, Motilal Banarsidass
Publishers Private Limited, Delhi.
•Sharma P.V, Charaka Saṃhitā, Text with English Translation, Vol II, Chikitsāsthāna, Chaukhambha visvabharati oriental publishers & distributors, 2014.
•Prof. Srikantha Murthy K.R., Bhāvaprakāśa of Bhāvamisra, Text, English Translation, Notes, Appendeces and Index, Vol 2, Uttara Kanda, Chowkhamba krishnadas academy, Varanasi.
•Dr. Prabhakar Rao G., Śārņgadhara Saṃhitā of Śārņgadharācārya;Sanskrit Text with English translation, Pūrva khandaya, Chaukhambha publications, NewDelhi.
•Back to school, wellness notes, philosophy, Sundāri [Internet]. Available from: https://www.sundari.com/philosophy/note.asp?idnote=100
•Shivakumarsajjanar, Memory enhancing effect on Lasuna in electroshock induced amnesia in albino Rats- An experimental study, Department of Dravya Guna, Post graduate studies and
Research center, D.G.Melmalagi Ayurvedic Medical College, GADAG, 2003 [Internet]. Available from: https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/ayurmitra/memorydg08-gdg
•Frati P, Kyriakou C, Del Rio A, Marinelli E, Vergallo GM, Zaami S, Busardò FP (January 2015). "Smart drugs and synthetic androgens for cognitive and physical enhancement: revolving doors
of cosmetic neurology". Curr Neuropharmacol.
•Suman Ray, Asim Ray, Medhya Rasayanas in Brain Function and Disease, [Internet]. Available from: http://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/medhya-rasayanas-in-brain-function-and-disease-
2161-0444-1000309.php?aid=64517
•Prof. Srikantha Murthy K.R., Vāgbhata’s Aṣṭāñga Hrdayam, texts, English translation, Notes, Apendix and Indices, Chaowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, 1994.
•Dr. Kousik Das Mahapatra, Ancient and Pharmacological review on Centella asiatica (Mandukaparni): apotential herbal pancea, International Journal of Research and Reviews in Pharmacy and
Applied Science, 2012.
•Sharma P.C., Yelne M.M., Dennis T.J., Database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda vol.1, Central council for Research in Ayurveda & Sidda, NewDelhi, 2000.
•Jayaweera D.M.A, Medicinal Plants, Indigenous and exotic used in Ceylon, Part III, the national science foundation, Sri Lanka , Colombo, 2006.
•Ramanathan M, Sivakumar S, Anand Vijayakumar PR, Saravanababu C, Rathinavel Pandian P. Neuroprotective evaluation of standardized extracts of Centella asiatica in monosodium glutamate
treated rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 2007; 45:425–31c https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17569283
•Prakash A, Kumar A (2013) Mitoprotective effect of Centella asiatica against aluminum-induced neurotoxicity in rats: possible relevance to its anti-oxidant and anti-apoptosis mechanism.
Neurol Sci 34: 1403-1409. [Internet] Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10072-012-1252-1
•Visweswari G, Sivaprasad K, Lokanatha V, Rajendra W. The antiepileptic effect of Centella asiatica on the activities of Na + /K +, Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ -ATPases in rat brain during
pentylenetetrazol-induced epilepsy. Indian J Pharmacol. 2010; 42:82–6. [Internet]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20711371
•Soumyanath A, Dimitrova D, Arnold G, Belding H, Seifer N, Le N, Lou J, P02.186. CAST (Centella asiatica selected triterpenes): stability, safety, and effect on diabetic neuropathy (DN), BMC
Complementary and Alternative Medicine June 2012, 12:P242. [Internet] Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1472-6882-12-S1-P242
•Anbuganapathi GA. Synergetic effect of Vallarai and Brahmi on learning ability of albino mice and school children. Ootacamund: Paper presented at the International Seminar on Recent Trends
in Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1995. pp. 18–20.
•Mohandas Rao KG, Muddanna Rao S, Gurumadhva Rao S. Centella asiatica (L.) Leaf Extract Treatment during the Growth Spurt Period Enhances Hippocampal CA3 Neuronal Dendritic
Arborization in Rats. eCAM. 2006; 3:349–57. [Internet]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16951719
•Farhana KM, Malueka RG, Wibowo S, Gofir A, Effectiveness of Gotu Kola Extract 750 mg and 1000 mg Compared with Folic Acid 3 mg in Improving Vascular Cognitive Impairment after
Stroke, Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:2795915. [Internet] Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27340413
•Berrocal R, Vasudevaraju P, Indi SS, Sambasiva Rao KR, Rao KS (2014) In vitro evidence that an aqueous extract of Centella asiatica modulates α-synuclein aggregation dynamics. J
Alzheimers Dis 39: 457-465. [Internet] Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24284367
•Yasir Hasan Siddique, Falaq Naz, Smita Jyoti, Ambreen Fatima, Saba Khanam, Rahul, Fahad Ali, Syed Faiz Mujtaba, Mohammad Faisal, Effect of Centella asiatica Leaf Extract on the Dietary
Supplementation in Transgenic Drosophila Model of Parkinson’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 262058, 11 pages. [Internet] Available from:
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/pd/2014/262058/

28. •Agrawal SS. (1981) J. Res. In Ayurveda and Siddha 11:144 - 149.
•Amala Soumyanath,Yong-Ping Zhong, Edward Henson, Teri Wadsworth, James Bishop, Bruce G. Gold, Joseph F. Quinn, Centella asiatica Extract Improves Behavioral Deficits in a Mouse
Model of Alzheimer's Disease: Investigation of a Possible Mechanism of Action, International Journal of Alzheimer's disease Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 381974, 9 pages. [Internet]
Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijad/2012/381974/
•Ashawat MS, Saraf S, Saraf S. Preparation and Characterization of herbal creams for improvement of skin viscoelastic properties. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2008; 30:183–93. [Internet] Available
from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18452435
•Ratz-Łyko A, Arct J, Pytkowska K, Moisturizing and Antiinflammatory Properties of Cosmetic Formulations Containing Centella asiatica Extract, Indian J Pharm Sci. 2016 Jan-
Feb;78(1):27-33. [Internet] Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27168678
•Sampson J.H, RamanI A, Leigh M, In vitro keratinocyte antiproliferant effect of Centella asiatica extract and triterpenoid saponins, Phytomedicine, 2001, Vol.8(3):230–235. [Internet]
Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944711304700343
•OuYang Q, Pan Y, Luo H, Xuan C, Liu J, Liu J, MAD ointment ameliorates Imiquimod-induced psoriasiform dermatitis by inhibiting the IL-23/IL-17 axis in mice, Int Immunopharmacol.
2016 Oct; 39:369-76. [Internet] Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27540765
•Alan D. Widgerow, Laurence A. Chait, Rene Stals, Pieter J. Stals, New Innovations in Scar Management, Aesthetic Plastic Surgery May 2000, Volume 24, Issue 3, pp 227–234. [Internet]
Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs002660010038?LI=true
•Cheng C.L., Koo M.W.L., Effects of Centella asiatica on ethanol induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats, Life Sciences, 13 October 2000, Vol.67 (21):2647–2653. [Internet] Available from:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0024320500008481
•Sudipta Saha, Tanmoy Guria, Tanushree Singha, Tapan Kumar Maity, Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Chloroform and Methanol Extracts of Centella asiatica
Linn, ISRN Pharmacology, Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 789613, 6 pages. [Internet] Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2013/789613/
•Si L, Xu J, Yi C, Xu X, Ma C, Yang J, Wang F, Zhang Y, Wang X, Asiatic Acid Attenuates the Progression of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Heart Failure Induced by Pressure
Overload by Inhibiting Myocardial Remodeling in Mice, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2015 Dec; 66(6):558-68 [Internet] Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26647013
•Dong SH, Liu YW, Wei F, Tan HZ, Han ZD, Asiatic acid ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin (BLM) via suppressing pro-fibrotic and inflammatory signaling pathways,
Biomed Pharmacother. 2017 Mar 17; 89:1297-1309. [Internet] Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28320097
•Choi MJ, Zheng HM, Kim JM, Lee KW, Park YH, Lee DH, Protective effects of Centella asiatica leaf extract on dimethylnitrosamine induced liver injury in rats, Mol Med Rep. 2016
Nov;14(5):4521-4528. [Internet] Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27748812
•Li-xia Tang, Rui-hua He, Guang Yang, Jia-ju Tan, Li Zhou, Xiao-ming Meng, Xiao Ru Huang, Hui Yao Lan, Asiatic Acid Inhibits Liver Fibrosis by Blocking TGF-beta/Smad Signaling In
Vivo and In Vitro. [Internet] Available from:http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0031350
•Sawatdee S, Choochuay K, Chanthorn W, Srichana T, Evaluation of the topical spray containing Centella asiatica extract and its efficacy on excision wounds in rats, Acta Pharm. 2016 Jun
1;66(2):233-44 [Internet] Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27279066
•Yuan-Sung Kuo, Hsiung-Fei Chien, William Lu, Plectranthus amboinicus and Centella asiatica Cream for the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers, Evidence-Based Complementary and
Alternative Medicine, Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 418679, 9 pages. [Internet] Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2012/418679/
•Fang Wu, Difei Bian, Yufeng Xia, Zhunan Gong, Qian Tan, Jiaojiao Chen, and Yue Dai, Identification of Major Active Ingredients Responsible for Burn Wound Healing of Centella
asiatica Herbs, Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 848093, 13 pg. [Internet] Available from:
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2012/848093/
•Shukla A, Rasik AM, Jain GK, Shankar R, Kulshrestha DK, Dhawan BN. (1999) J. Ethnopharmacol. 1-11
•Boiteau P, Ratsimamanga AR. (1956) Therapie. 11:125 - 149.
•Juraiporn Somboonwong, Mattana Kankaisre, Boonyong Tantisira and Mayuree H Tantisira, Wound healing activities of different extracts of Centella asiatica in incision and burn wound
models: an experimental animal study, BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. [Internet] Available from:
https://bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6882-12-103
•Khanittha Punturee, Christopher P Wild, Watchara Kasinrerk, Usanee Vinitketkumnuen, Immunomodulatory Activities of Centella asiatica and Rhinacanthus nasutus Extracts, Research
communication.
•Wu T, Geng J, Guo W, Gao J, Zhu X, Asiatic acid inhibits lung cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo by destroying mitochondria, Acta Pharm Sin B. 2017 Jan;7(1):65-72. [Internet]
Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28119810
•Ren L, Cao QX, Zhai FR, Yang SQ, Zhang HX, Asiatic acid exerts anticancer potential in human ovarian cancer cells via suppression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling, Pharm Biol. 2016
Nov;54(11):2377-2382. Epub 2016 Mar 17. [Internet] Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26984021
•Bunpo P, Kataoka K, Ohnishi Y, Inhibitory effects of Centella asiatica on azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt focus formation and carcinogenesis in the intestines of F344 rats, Food and
Chemical Toxicology, December 2004, Vol.42(12):1987–1997. [Internet] Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691504002248
•Faridah Hussin, Sima Ataollahi Eshkoor, Asmah Rahmat, Email author, Fauziah Othman, Abdah Akim, The centella asiatica juice effects on DNA damage, apoptosis and gene expression in
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. [Internet] Available from: https://bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-
6882-14-32

29. •Richa Gupta, Flora S. J. S, Effect of Centella asiatica on arsenic induced oxidative stress and metal distribution in rats, Journal of Applied Toxicology Explore this journal, Volume 26, Issue 3,
May/June 2006, 213–222 Pages. [Internet] Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jat.1131/full
•Flora S. J. S., Richa Gupta, Beneficial effects of Centella asiatica aqueous extract against arsenic-induced oxidative stress and essential metal status in rats, Phytotherapy Research Explore this
journal, Volume 21, Issue 10, October 2007, 980–988 Pages. [Internet] Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.2208/full
•Fazilah Ariffin, Shio Heong Chew, Kaur Bhupinder, Alias A Karim, Nurul Huda, Antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition of fermented Centella asiatica herbal teas, Journal of the
Science of Food and Agriculture Explore this journal, Volume 91, Issue 15, December 2011, 2731–2739 Pages. [Internet] Available from:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jsfa.4454/full
•Qi Z, Ci X, Huang J, Liu Q, Yu Q, Zhou J, Deng X, Asiatic acid enhances Nrf2 signaling to protect HepG2 cells from oxidative damage through Akt and ERK activation, Biomed Pharmacother.
2017 Apr; 88:252-259. [Internet] Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28110191
•Jisha Joy, Dr Cherupally Krishnan Krishnan Nair, Protection of DNA and membranes from gamma-radiation induced damages by Centella asiatica, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
Explore this journal, Volume 61, Issue 7, July 2009, 941–947 Pages. [Internet] Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1211/jpp.61.07.0014/full
•Radha Sharma, Jaimala Sharma, Modification of gamma ray induced changes in the mouse hepatocytes by Centella asiatica extract: in vivo studies, Phytotherapy Research Explore this journal,
Volume 19, Issue 7, July 2005, 605–611 Pages. [Internet] Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.1684/full
•Lythgoe B, Tripett S. (1949) Nature 163: 259- 260.
•Cesarone MR, Laurora G, De Sanctis MT, Belcaro G., Activity of Centella asiatica in venous insufficiency, Minerva Cardioangiol. 1992 Apr; 40(4):137-43. [Internet] Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1528498
•Romika Dhiman, Neeraj Aggarwal, Kamal Rai Aneja, and Manpreet Kaur, In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Spices and Medicinal Herbs against Selected Microbes Associated with Juices,
International Journal of Microbiology, Volume 2016 (2016), Article ID 9015802, 9 pages. [Internet] Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijmicro/2016/9015802/
•Gnanapragasam A, Kumar Ebenezar K, Devaki T, Protective effect of Centella asiatica on antioxidant tissue defense system against adriamycin induced cardiomyopathy in rats, Life Sciences, 17
December 2004, Vol.76(5):585–597. [Internet] Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0024320504008380
•Thanigaivel S, Durgadevi H, Balasubramaniam J, Mythily V, Elanchezhiyan M, Comparative evaluation of the anti-Hepatitis B virus activity of Centella asiatica and Camellia sinensis (green
tea), BMC Infectious Diseases, May 2014, 14:P21. [Internet] Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2334-14-S3-P21
•Jun Liu, Ting He, Qian Lu, Jing Shang, Hongbin Sun, Luyong Zhang, Asiatic acid preserves beta cell mass and mitigates hyperglycemia in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats,
Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews Explore this journal, Volume 26, Issue 6, September 2010, 448–454 Pages. [Internet] Available from:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dmrr.1101/full
•Maulidiani, Abas F, Khatib A, Perumal V, Suppaiah V, Ismail A, Hamid M, Shaari K, Lajis NH, Metabolic alteration in obese diabetes rats upon treatment with Centella asiatica extract, J
Ethnopharmacol. 2016 Mar 2; 180:60-9. [Internet] Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26775274
•Devi UK, Swarup A. Evaluation of Clinical Efficacy of Menotab in Alleviating Symptoms of Menopausal Syndrome: Phase III Open Clinical Trial. Antiseptic. 2001; 98:87–9.
•Savitha Sekhar Nair, Vinaya Shetty, and Nadikere Jaya Shetty, Relative Toxicity of Leaf Extracts of Eucalyptus globulus and Centella asiatica against Mosquito Vectors Aedes aegypti and
Anopheles stephensi, Journal of Insects, Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 985463, 7 pages. [Internet] Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/archive/2014/985463/
•Dhingra D, Parle M, Kulkarni SK. Memory enhancing activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn in mice. J Ethnopharmacology 2004; 91(2-3):361-365. [Internet] Available from:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874104000455
•Kosuri kalyan chakravarthi, Ramakrishna avadhani, Rao sudarshanram narayan, Effect of glycyrrhiza glabra root extract on learning and memory in wistar albino rats, International journal of
pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, vol 4, issue 4, 2012.
•Cronin H, Draelos ZD. Top 10 botanical ingredients in 2010 anti-aging creams. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2010; 9(3):218-225.
•Zuidhoff HW, Rijsbergen JMV. Whitening Efficacy of Frequently Used Whitenning Ingredients, C&T 2001; 116(1):53-59.
•Chaudhuri S, Ghosh S, Chakravarty T, Kundu S, Hazra SK. (1978) J. Indian Med. Associ. 70: 177 - 180.
•Ahshawat MS, Saraf S, Saraf S. Preparation and characterization of herbal creams for improvement of skin viscoelastic properties. International Journal of Cosmetic Science 2008; 30(3):183-
193.
•Yang Y, Wang S, Bao YR, Li TJ, Yang GL, Chang X, Meng XS, Anti-ulcer effect and potential mechanism of licoflavone by regulating inflammation mediators and amino acid metabolism, J
Ethnopharmacol. 2017 Mar 6; 199:175-182. [Internet] Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28159726
•Baker ME. Licorice and enzymes other than 11hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: An perspective, Steroids 1994; 59:136-141.
•Mohammad M, Saleem NM, Mohammad AAW,, Al-Tameemi JA, Sulaiman GM. Biological study of the effect of licorice roots extract on serum lipid profile, liver enzymes and
kidney function tests in albino mice. African Journal of Biotechnology 2011:10(59); 12702-12706.
•D Zhang, B Liu, B Cao, F Wei, X Yu, GF Li, H Chen, LQ Wei, PL Wang, Synergistic protection of Schizandrin B and Glycyrrhizic acid against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by
inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad2 pathways and overexpression of NOX4, Int Immunopharmacol. 2017 May 2; 48:67-75. [Internet] Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28476015