1. DIPLOMA IN TEXTILE & APPEREL TECHNOLOGY
Sri Lanka institute of Textile & apparel
2014/2015
Name : E.C.Maduranga Ediriweera
Reg. No : DTAT-P/21/2014
Name Of Dep. : Courtaulds Clothing (pvt) ltd
Name Of Lecturer: Mr. N P P S K Pathirana
Date : 21/02/2015
2. The plant is a shrub native to tropical and
subtropical regions around the world,
including the Americas, Africa, and India.
The greatest diversity of wild cotton
species is found in Mexico, followed by
Australia and Africa. Cotton was
independently domesticated in the Old and
New Worlds.
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective capsule,
around the seeds of cotton plants of the genus Gossypium. The fiber is
almost pure cellulose. Under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will tend to
increase the dispersion of the seeds.
3. Cotton was used in the Old World at least 7,000 years ago (5th millennium BC). Evidence of cotton use has
been found at the site of Mehrgarh, where early cotton threads have been preserved in copper
beads. Cotton cultivation became more widespread during the Indus Valley Civilization, which covered
parts of modern eastern Pakistan and northwestern India. The Indus cotton industry was well developed
and some methods used in cotton spinning and fabrication continued to be used until the industrialization of
India. Between 2000 and 1000 BC cotton became widespread across much of India. For example, it has
been found at the site of Hallus in Karnataka dating from around 1000 BC.
Cotton fabrics discovered in a cave near Tehuacán,
Mexico have been dated to around 5800 BC,
although it is difficult to know for certain due to fiber
decay. Other sources date the domestication of
cotton in Mexico to approximately 5000 to 3000 BC.
4. Egyptian Cotton
Sea Island Cotton
Pima Cotton
Asiatic Cotton
American Upland Cotton
Canton Cotton
French Terry Cotton
Organic Cotton
Bamboo Cotton
and many more
5. Successful cultivation of cotton requires a long frost-free period, plenty of sunshine, and
a moderate rainfall, usually from 600 to 1200 mm (24 to 48 inches). Soils usually need to
be fairly heavy, although the level of nutrients does not need to be exceptional. In
general, these conditions are met within the seasonally dry tropics and subtropics in the
Northern and Southern hemispheres, but a large proportion of the cotton grown today is
cultivated in areas with less rainfall that obtain the water from irrigation. Cotton grows in
any part of the world where the growing season is long and the climate temperate to hot
with adequate rainfall or irrigation Cotton grows best in best climate
.
6. Organic cotton is generally understood as cotton, from
plants not genetically modified, that is certified to be
grown without the use of any synthetic agricultural
chemicals, such as fertilizers or pesticides. Its production
also promotes and enhances biodiversity and biological
cycles. United States cotton plantations are required to
enforce the National Organic Program (NOP). This
institution determines the allowed practices for pest
control, growing, fertilizing, and handling of organic
crops. As of 2007, 265,517 bales of organic cotton were
produced in 24 countries, and worldwide production was
growing at a rate of more than 50% per year
7. Most cotton in the United States, Europe, and Australia is harvested
mechanically, either by a cotton picker, a machine that removes the cotton from
the boll without damaging the cotton plant, or by a cotton stripper, which strips
the entire boll off the plant. Cotton strippers are used in regions where it is too
windy to grow picker varieties of cotton, and usually after application of a
chemical defoliant or the natural defoliation that occurs after a freeze. Cotton is
a perennial crop in the tropics, and without defoliation or freezing, the plant will
continue to grow.
Cotton continues to be picked by hand in developing countries.
8. Processing of cotton Involves:
Preparatory Processes
Spinning
Weaving
Finishing
Preparatory
process
Preparatory
process involves
ginning,
Blending,
Carding,
Combing,
Drawing
Spinning
Most spinning today is done
using Break or Open-end
spinning, this is a technique
where the staples are blown by
air into a rotating drum, where
they attach themselves to the
tail of formed yarn that is
continually being drawn out of
the chamber. Other methods of
break spinning use needles
and electrostatic forces. This
method has replace the older
methods of ring and mule
spinning. It is also is easily
adapted for artificial fibers.
9. The first industries set up in India us cotton industries. The first modern cotton
industries was set by Cawassji Dawar in Mumbai in 1854 AD.
The major centers of the cotton industries in India are following
Places-
Mumbai, Akola, Sholapur, Pune, Nagpur, Sata (Maharashtra); Ahmadabad, Surat,
Baroda, Rajkot, Bhavnagar (Gujarat); Indore, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Bhopal (Madhya
Prades Kanpur, Lucknow, Agra, Saharanpur, Modinagar, Varan; Rampur (Uttar
Pradesh); Kolkata (W. Bengal); Chennai, Coimbator Madurai (Tamil Nadu);
Ludhiana, Amritsar (Punjab); Bangalore (Kamataka); Panipat (Haryana) and Delhi.
10. The five leading exporters of cotton
in 2011 are (1) the United States,
(2) India, (3) Brazil, (4) Australia,
and (5) Uzbekistan. The largest
nonproducing importers
are Korea, Taiwan, Russia, , and
Japan.
In India, the states of Maharashtra
(26.63%), Gujarat (17.96%) and
Andhra Pradesh (13.75%) and also
Madhya Pradesh are the leading
cotton producing states, these
states have a predominantly
tropical wet and dry climate.
Top 10 Cotton Producing Countries(in million metric
tons)
Ran
k
Country 2009 2010 2011
1 China 6,377,00 5,970,000 6,588,950
2 India 4,083,400 5,683,000 5,984,000
3 United States 2,653,520 3,941,700 3,412,550
4 Pakistan 2,111,400 1,869,000 2,312,000
5 Brazil 956,189 973,449 1,673,337
6 Uzbekistan 1,128,200 1,136,120 983,400
7 Turkey 638,250 816,705 954,600
8 Australia 329,000 386,800 843,572
9 Turkmenistan 220,100 330,000 330,000
10 Argentina 135,000 230,000 295,000
— World 19,848,921 22,714,154 24,941,738
11. Cotton is used to make a number of textile products. These
include terrycloth for highly absorbent
bath towels and robes; denim for blue jeans; cambric,
popularly used in the manufacture of blue work shirts (from
which we get the term "blue-collar"); and corduroy,
seersucker and cotton twill. Socks, and most T-shirts are
made from cotton. Bed sheets often are made from cotton.
Cotton also is used to make yarn used in crochet
and knitting Fabric also can be made from recycled or
recovered cotton that otherwise would be thrown away
during the spinning, weaving, or cutting process. While
many fabrics are made completely of cotton, some
materials blend cotton with other fibers, including rayon
and synthetic fibers such as polyester. It can either be used
in knitted or woven fabrics, as it can be blended with
elastine to make a stretcher thread for knitted fabrics, and
apparel such as stretch jeans.
13. first step of cotton yarn production
for opening, cleaning and dust removal,
blending, and prepared for carding process.
CARDING
DRAWING
ROVING
RING FRAME
COMBING
BLOWROOM
14. FUNCTIONS:
Opening to the individual fibers.
Elimination of impurities
Elimination of dusk
Disentangling of neps
Elimination of short fibers
Fiber blending
Fiber orientation
Sliver formation
CARDING
DRAWING
ROVING
RING FRAME
COMBING
BLOWROOM
15. Main Parts:
1. Taker in - to open flocks out
of the feed batt, to lead them
to the dirt-eliminating parts
under the roller and to deliver
them to the main cylinder
2. Main cylinder - separate the
fibers, pull them into
somewhat parallel form.
3. Doffer - to take the individual
fibers from the main cylinder
and condense them to web
form
CARDING
DRAWING
ROVING
RING FRAME
COMBING
BLOWROOM
16. Functions:
To improve evenness of the sliver
To arrange fiber in parallel
Blending
Dust removal
Draw frame has a series of rollers (drafting arrangement) rotating at
different rates of speed.
CARDING
DRAWING
ROVING
RING FRAME
COMBING
BLOWROOM
17. to upgrade the raw material
by removing the short fibers.
Combed yarn is stronger,
more uniform, has greater
shine, smoother and purer
Functions:
Eliminate short fibers
Eliminate remaining impurities
Eliminate neps
CARDING
DRAWING
ROVING
RING FRAME
COMBING
BLOWROOM
18. Functions:
The attenuation of the sliver.
Impart protective twist in order to
increase the strength of slivers.
Winding of the roving into a
package that can be transported,
stored and used on the ring
spinning.
CARDING
DRAWING
ROVING
RING FRAME
COMBING
BLOWROOM
19. final step on producing yarn
Functions:
Attenuate the roving until required
fineness is achieved
To impact strength to the fiber strand
by twisting it
To wind up the resulting yarn in a
suitable for storage, transportation
and further processing
CARDING
DRAWING
ROVING
RING FRAME
COMBING
BLOWROOM
21. Yarns can be produces in different sizes and
texture, and also vary in other characteristics.
Performance and end use of the fabrics are
affected by these yarn characteristics.
22. Staple or filament
Single or plied or cord
Simple or complex
23. Yarns are twisted to hold the fiber together.
S Direction Z Direction
24. 1) Direct System
Weight in grams of 9000 meters of yarnDenier
Tex
Decitex
Weight in grams of 1000 meters of yarn
Weight in grams of 10000 meters of yarn
2) Indirect System
Yarn count (s) Length in hank of 1 pound of yarn (weighs)
1 hank = 840 yards
25. Introduction:
Yarn quality is influenced by various types of yarn faults which also
affects the quality of fabric produced . During the yarn manufacturing
process various types of irregularities are generated in the yarn
diameter regularly or at intervals which are known as yarn faults .
These faults are mainly categorized as below :
Frequently Occurring Faults( Analyzed by Uster Evenness Tester)
Seldom Occurring Faults( Scanned by Uster Classimat Tester)
DIFFERENT TYPES OF YARN
DEFECTS/FAULTS
