This Report deals with the mini project of lines of force around the magnet

1. A
Project Report
On
Magnetic Lines Of Force
Submitted by:
Janhavi Sanap (47)
Siddesh Shelar (48)
Chaitanya Shimpi (49)
Arti Sonawane (50)
Shradha Sonawane (51)
Jay Thakur (52)
Pradip Vavare (53)
Department of Computer Science
Guided By:
Prof. Prashant Mahale
Department of Computer Science
Sandip Polyechnic, Nashik-422213
2017-18

2. Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
Dist-Nasik
CERTIFICATE
This is certified that project report entitled “Magnetic Lines of
Force”, being submitted by Janhavi Sanap, Siddhesh Shelar,
Chaitanya Shimpi, Arti Sonawane, Shradha Sonawane,
Pradip Vavre & Jay Thakur to Maharashtra State Board of
Technical Education, Mumbai during the Academic Year 2017-
18 and that we have been guided by Prof. Prashant Mahale for
the said work from time to time and found it to be satisfactory
success.
And that, in the case of Joint Project his contribution was
proportionate.
The said work has been assessed by us and we are satisfied
that the same is up to the standard envisagedfor the levelof the
course.
And that said work may be presented to the Internal
Examiner.
Date:
Place: Nasik
Sign of Lecturer Sign of Head of Principal
Department

3. Acknowledgement
We are pleased to acknowledge Prof. Prashant Mahale
for their valuable guidance during the course of this project
work.
We extend our sincere thanks to F.Y. H.O.D., Prof. Sachin
Jadhav and H.O.D. of Computer Department Prof. Ganesh
Gaikwad who had continuously thought about the student’s
improvement in their studies.
We are also grateful to other members of SANDIP
FOUNDAION team who have co-operated with us regarding
many issues.
We would also like to thank ‘askIItians’(www.askiitians.com)
for writing the very useful information on Magnetic Lines Of
Force under open source banner which greatly helped us in
writing the visualization part.
Last but not least, Prof. Santosh Kumarkaran supervisor of
Physics Lab also co-operated with us nicely for the smooth
development of this project.
Janhavi Sanap
Siddesh Shelar
Chaitanya Shimpi
Arti Sonawane
Shradha Sonawane
Jay Thakur
Pradip Vavare
[i]

4. Abstract
The magnetic field lines or lines of force are the imaginary
lines introduced by Michael Faraday to visualize magnetic
field. Lines of force are graphical representation of a field.
The lines of force are the path along which an isolated unit
North Pole would move along in the field. And in this area
of path only the magnet can attract or repel the metal.
[ii]

5. Contents
Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [i]
Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[ii]
1. Introduction
1.1 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Project Practical Significance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Relevant Course Outcome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Practical Learning Outcome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.5 Relevant Affective Domain Related Outcome. . . . . 2
2. Maximum Theoretical Background 3
2.1 What are magnetic lines of force? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Direction of magnetic lines of force-Physics. . . . . 5
2.3 Magnetic lines of force emerge from North
Pole. Why? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.4 Do Magnetic Lines of force never cross each
other? Does the magnetic lines of force
change the direction at any point? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Line of Force 7
3.1 Views of faraday. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 Views of Maxwell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3 Tube of force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4 Magnetic curves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4. Magnetic Field and its lines 12
4.1 What are magnetic field lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2 Properties of magnetic field lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5. Experiment Intake 15
5.1 Aim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.2 Resources required. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.3 Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

6. 5.4 Precautions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6. Advantages, Disadvantages, Future Scope,
Conclusion 17
6.1 Advantages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
6.2 Disadvantages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.3 Future Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
6.4 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

7. Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Overview
his report discusses the reason behind the force of
attraction and force of repulsion of metal with
magnet. It is based on the small part of magnetism.
This is a part of FYCO group, Sandip Polytechnic, Nasik, &
aims at the research of the reason behind the attraction or
repulsion between magnet and metal in the particular area
around magnet. Magnet has given the great platform to the
machine which runs with the help of concept of
magnetism.
1
T

8. 1.2 Project Practical Significance
Magnetism plays an important role in electrical and
electronic engineering because without it, component
such as relays, solenoids, inductors, chokes, coils,
loudspeaker, motors, generators, transformer & electricity
meters etc, would not work.
1.3 Relevant Course Outcomes
Apply the principles of electricity and magnetism to solve
engineering problems.
1.4 Practical Learning Outcome
Use thinner iron filings to get the proper magnetic lines of
force for magnet.
1.5 Relevant Affective Domain Related Outcome
We learn about magnetic lines of force in details. We asked
for help from teachers, friends, relatives and used the
Internet.
2

9. Chapter 2
Maximum Theoretical Background
Magnetic Line of Force is an important topic of the
basic physics which deals with the development in
electrical and electronic field. Here first we shall define
magnetic lines of force and then discuss various concepts
related to it.
2.1 What are magnetic lines of force?
To describe the phenomenon related to magnets, lines are
used to depict the force existing in the area surrounding
the magnet. These lines are called the magnetic lines of
force. These lines do not exist actually, but are imaginary
lines that are used to illustrate and describe the pattern of
the magnetic field. As Shown in the figure below, the
magnetic lines of force are assumed to originate from the
north pole of a magnet, then pass through the surrounding
space and then arrive at the South Pole. Then these lines
travel inside the magnet from the South Pole to the North
Pole and hence complete the loop.
The force that one magnet exerts on another can be
described as the interaction between one magnet and the
magnetic field of the other. A convenient method to
describe magnetic field around a magnet is to draw
magnetic field lines around it.
3

10. Lines of force are the line in any field the tangent of which
at any point gives the field direction at the point and its
density gives the magnitude of the field. Hence, magnetic
lines of force are basically the lines of force which
represent the direction of the magnetic field. The
imaginary path traced by an isolated (imaginary) unit
north pole may also be defined as a line of force.
They don’t have any origin or end and do not interact
because if they do so then it would mean two value of
magnetic field at a single point, which is not possible. At
the poles of the magnet the magnetic field is stronger
because the lines of force there are crowded together and
away from the poles the magnetic field is week i.e.
magnetic field intensity depends on the number of lines of
force. The number of magnetic lines of force passing
through unit normal area is defined as magnetic induction
4
N S

11. whereas the number of lines of force passing through any
area is known as magnetic flux.
The lines of force can emerge out of the north pole of
magnet at any angle and these can merge into the South
Pole at any angle.
2.2 Direction of magnetic lines of force—Physics
The direction of magnetic lines of force at any point gives
the direction of the magnetic force on a north pole placed
at that point.
2.3 Magnetic Lines of force emerge from North Pole.
Why?
The direction of magnetic line of force is the direction of
force on a North Pole,so the magnetic lines of force always
begin on the North Pole of a magnet and ends on the South
Pole of the magnet. When the iron fillings are sprinkled
around the magnet, then they set themselves in the
magnetic lines of force. Hence, the line drawn from the
south pole of the compass to its north pole shows the
direction of the magnetic field.
5

12. 2.4 Do magnetic lines of force never cross each other?
Does the magnetic lines of force change the direction
at any point?
It is not so that the magnetic field lines can’t cross but
whenever such a situation arises, the field strength has to
be zero. A magnetic Field Line is a path that points in the
directionof the magnetic field at ever point along it. If two
field lines cross, then it would mean that the magnetic
field points in two different directions at one place. But
since there is only of the magnetic field points at any place
at any moment, hence this does not happen.
6

13. Chapter 3
Line Of Force
A line of force in Faraday’s extended sense is synonymous
with Maxwell’s line of induction. According to J.J.
Thomson, Faraday usually discusses lines of force as
chains of polarized particles in a dielectric, yet sometimes
Faraday discusses them as having an existence all their
own as in stretching across a vacuum. In addition to lines
of force, J.J. Thomson-similar to Maxwell-also calls them
tubes of electrostatic induction, or simply Faraday tubes.
From the 20th century perspective, lines of force are
energy linkage embedded in a 19th century unified field
theory that led to more mathematically and
experimentally sophisticated concepts and theories,
including Maxwell’s equations, electromagnetic waves,
and Einstein’s relativity.
7

14. Lines of force originated with Michael Faraday, whose
theory holds that all of reality is made up of force itself. His
theory predicts that electricity, light, and gravity have
finite propagation delays. The theories and experimental
data of later scientific figures such as Maxwell, Hertz,
Einstein, and others are in agreement with the
ramifications of Faraday's theory. Nevertheless, Faraday's
theory remains distinct. Unlike Faraday, Maxwell and
others (e.g., J.J. Thomson) thought that light and electricity
must propagate through ether. In Einstein's relativity,
there is no ether, yet the physical reality of force is much
weaker than in the theories of Faraday.
Historian Nancy J. Nersessian in her paper "Faraday's
Field Concept" distinguishes between the ideas of Maxwell
and Faraday:[5]
The specific features of Faraday's field concept, in its
'favorite' and most complete form, are that force is a
substance, that it is the only substance and that all forces
are interconvertible through various motions of the lines
of force. These features of Faraday's 'favorite notion' were
not carried on. Maxwell, in his approach to the problem of
finding a mathematical representation for the continuous
transmission of electric and magnetic forces, considered
these to be states of stress and strain in a mechanical a
ether. This was part of the quite different network of
beliefs and problems with which Maxwell was working.
8

15. 3.1 Views of Faraday
At first Faraday considered the physical reality of the lines
of force as a possibility, yet several scholars agree that for
Faraday their physical reality became a conviction. One
scholar dates this change in the year 1838. Another
scholar dates this final strengthening of his belief in
1852. Faraday experimentally studied lines of magnetic
force and lines of electrostatic force, showing them not to
fit action at a distance models. In 1852 Faraday wrote the
paper "On the Physical Character of the Lines of Magnetic
Force" which examined gravity, radiation, and electricity,
and their possible relationships with the transmission
medium, transmission propagation, and the receiving
entity.
3.2 Views of Maxwell
Initially, Maxwell took an agnostic approach in his
mathematization of Faraday's theories. This is seen in
Maxwell's 1855 and 1856 papers: "On Faraday's Lines of
Force" and "On Faraday's Electrotontic State". In the 1864
paper "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field"
Maxwell gives scientific priority of the electromagnetic
theory of light to Faraday and his 1846 paper "Thoughts
on Ray Vibrations". Maxwell wrote:
Faraday discovered that when a plane polarized ray
traverses a transparent diamagnetic medium in the
direction of the lines of magnetic force produced by
magnets or currents in the neighborhood, the plane of
polarization is caused to rotate.
9

16. The conception of the propagation of transverse magnetic
disturbances to the exclusion of normal ones is distinctly
set forth by Professor Faraday in his "Thoughts on Ray
Vibrations." The electromagnetic theory of light, as
proposed by him, is the same in substance as that which I
have begun to develop in this paper, except that in 1846
there was no data to calculate the velocity of propagation.
3.3 Tube of force
Maxwell changed Faraday's phrase lines of force to tubes of
force, when expressing his fluidic assumptions involved in
his mathematization of Faraday's theories.[6] A tube of
force, also called a tube of electrostatic
induction or field tube, are the lines of electric
force which moves so that its beginning traces a closed
curve on a positive surface, its end will trace a
corresponding closed curve on the negative surface, and
the line of force itself will generate an inductive tubular
10

17. surface. Such a tube is called a "Solenoid". There is a
pressure at right angles to a tube of force of one half the
products of the dielectric and magnetic density. If through
the growth of a field the tubes of force are spread
sideways or in width there is a magnetic reaction to that
growth in intensity of electric current. However, if a tube
of force is caused to move endwise there is little or no drag
to limit velocity. Tubes of force are absorbed by bodies
imparting momentum and gravitational mass. Tubes of
force are a group of electric lines of force.
3.4 Magnetic curves
Early on in his research (circa 1831), Faraday calls the
patterns of apparently continuous curves traced out in
metallic filings near a magnet magnetic curves. Later on he
refers to them as just an instance of magnetic lines of force
or simply lines of force. Eventually Faraday would also
begin to use the phrase "magnetic field".
11

18. Chapter 4
Magnetic Field and Magnetic Field
Lines
Similar to how an electric field surrounds a charge, we can
consider a magnetic field and magnetic field lines to
surround a magnet. We know that a magnet attracts small
pieces of iron even when they are a certain distance away
from it. Thus, the magnetic force, like electric force and
gravitational force, acts at a distance. The idea of force
acting at a `distance` can be easily understood by
introducing the concept of field. We imagine a magnet as
giving rise to a magnetic field, which exists, in the whole
space surrounding it.
The phenomenon of magnetism is mediated by “magnetic
field” – i-e, an electric current or magnetic dipole creates a
magnetic field, and that field, in turn, imparts magnetic
forces on other particles that are in the fields.
All materials are influenced by magnetic field to a greater
or lesser degree.
The force that one magnet exerts on another can be
described as the interaction between one magnet and the
magnetic field of the other. A convenient method to
describe magnetic field around a magnet is to draw
magnetic field lines around it.
12

19. 4.1 What are Magnetic Field Lines?
Magnetic field lines or lines of force are the imaginary
lines introduced by Michael Faraday (1791-1867) to
visualize magnetic field. Lines of force are graphical
representation of a field. The lines of force are the path
along which an isolated unit North Pole would move along
in the field.
A simple experiment can be used to visualize the lines of
force.
 Place a magnet on a cardboard and gently sprinkle
some iron filings uniformly over it.
 The iron fillings are found to arrange themselves in a
pattern as shown in the following figure.
 The reason these iron filings form the pattern is
because each piece of iron filing becomes a small
magnet and experiences a force in a certain distance in
the magnetic field due to the magnet.
13

20. 4.2 Properties of magnetic field lines:
1. A magnetic field line is directed from north pole to
south pole outside the magnet and from south pole to
north pole inside the magnet.
2. A magnetic field line is a closed and continuous curve.
3. The magnetic field lines are crowded near the pole
where the field is strong and far from the magnet
where the field is weak.
4. The magnetic field lines never intersect each other,
otherwise if they do so there will be two direction of
magnetic field at that point, which is absurd.
5. In case the field lines are parallel and equidistant, they
represent a uniform magnetic field. The Earth’s’
magnetic field is a uniform limited space.
So to summarize, the space surrounding a magnet in
which magnetic force is exerted is called magnetic field. It
is a vector quantity that has both direction and magnitude.
The direction of magnetic field is taken by convention that
the field lines emerge from North pole and merge at the
South pole. The strength of a magnetic field can be
observed from the degree of closeness of the field lines.
14

21. Chapter 5
Experiment Intake
5.1 Aim:
To check the magnetic lines of force for the bar
magnet.
5.2 Resources Required:
1. Bar Magnet.
2. White sheet.
3. Iron Filings.
 Bar Magnet
 White Paper Sheet
Iron Filings
15

22. 5.3 Procedure:
1. Place the bar magnet vertically on the table.
2. Now place the white sheet of sufficient size on the
magnet such that magnet will be in center of white
sheet.
3. Now sprinkle the iron filing slowly and gently on the
center of the sheet such that it will fall on magnets are.
4. Now gently/slowly tap on the white sheet.
5. The iron filings will come in the magnetic lines as
shown below.
5.4 Precaution:
1. Keep away other magnetic material from the board.
2. The iron filings taken should be thin, such that it will
follow perfect path.
16

23. Chapter 6
Advantages, Disadvantages, Future
Scope, Conclusion
6.1 Advantages
 We can use bar magnet instead of other, so it is
easier to perform the practical.
 Easy to use
 Low cost, small in size, light weight
 We can see maximum lines of force around magnet
 Fault finding is easy.
6.2 Disadvantages
 If thickness of iron filings increases, then it is hard
to get proper lines of force.
 If we put more than one magnet in parallel or
series, then we are unable to see the proper lines of
force.
17

24. 6.3 Future Scope
We can learn more about lines of force in the following
ways:
 We can use different type of magnets to see the
different lines of force.
 By this we will be able to understand the concept
behind lines of force in different types of magnet.
 Different types of magnet can show different types
of lines of force.
 Using different types of magnets can help us
showing its own properties.
18

25. 6.4 Conclusion
Thus the magnetic field lines or lines of force are the
imaginary lines introduced by Michael Faraday to
visualize magnetic field. Lines of force are graphical
representation of a field. The lines of force are the path
along which an isolated unit North Pole would move along
in the field.
19

26. References
http://www.askiitians.com/iit-jee-magnetism/magnetic_lines_of_force
http://www.exploratorium.edu/snacks/magnetic-lines-of-force
http://www.britanica.com/print/article/213098
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/line_of-force
http://byjus.com/physics/magnetic-field/
http://youtu.be?cl8qxfoRlhw
http://youtu.be/vlVvpxKZe8U
20