1. How Are YOUR Notes?
• What do you write down?
What’s important?
• When you read a lot of specific
information, how do you pick
out what is important?

2. How Are YOUR
Notes?
• Question: What about dates?
– Be able to put major events in order
– Be able to compare what is going on in 2 different
regions at the same time
• Question: What about names?
– Major leaders who changed the course of a countries
history are important
– Know major accomplishments/impact
• Question: What about specific events?
– Know the general themes (civil wars, disruptions,
many groups wanting power…etc)

3. • What should I do during lectures with my
notes?
– Mark all underlined/colored phrases emphasized
by PowerPoint or teacher
– If you do not have these in your notes, write
yourself a note to the side to add them
– If you didn’t take notes for the quiz, take short
notes of the main ideas, go home and flesh them
out with more detail

4. New Nations in Africa
Main Idea: After WW2, African leaders throw off
colonial rule and created independent countries
Why it matters now? Today, many of those
independent countries are engaged in building
political and economic stability

5. Setting the Stage
• Africa was unwilling
to return to colonial
domination after
WW2
• European
imperialists left
Africans unprepared
to deal with
independence

6. Background to Independence
• African middle class emerged
(many went abroad for
college)
• Inspired by what they saw
abroad (ie: Harlem
Renaissance)
• Negritude movement= a
movement to celebrate
African culture, heritage and
values (black consciousness)
• Many African fought alongside
Europeans in WW2- made
them unwilling to accept
colonial domination

7. Ghana(British Colony)
• Gold Coast- first African colony south of
Sahara to receive independence (1957)
• Kwame Nkrumah-
– studied in US
– organized strikes and boycotts
– Ghana’s first prime minister and later
president for life
– took on costly projects  hurt
economy
– inspired by Marcus Garvey (Africa
ruled by Africans)
– while in China, army and police took
power
• Power shifted between civilian and
military rule
• First open elections- 2000

8. Kenya(British Colony)
• 2 black self government
movements:
• Jomo Kenyatta- Kikuyu
(Kenya’s most populous
ethnic group), nationalist,
condemned Mau Mau
• Mau Mau- secret society
of Kikuyu land owners
who were kicked out of
their land
– Goal= scare the white
farmers out of their land

9. Kenya
• Independence- 1963
• Result- 10,000 black Kenyans
100 white Kenyans killed
• 1st President- Kenyatta
– Worked hard to unite the
various ethnic groups
• 2nd President- Daniel arap
Moi
– Faced major opposition,
strikes forced Moi to make
Kenya more democratic, his
government was corrupted

10. Congo (Belgium Colony)
• Independence- 1960
• Name change- Zaire (from 1965-
1997)
• First prime minister- Patrice
Lumumba
– Ruled a divided country
• Leaders in Congo
– Moise Tshombe- declared parts of
Congo independent
– Mobutu Sese Seko- overthrew
Lumumba and turned him over to
Tshombe (later murdered)
– Tshombe was overthrown by
Mobutu

11. Mobutu Comes to Power
• Mobutu ruled Zaire (Congo)
– Zaire had the resources to
become one of the richest
countries in Africa but under
Mobutu’s rule it became one of
the poorest
– Overthrown in 1997 by Laurent
Kabila who banned all political
parties
• Promised free elections in 1999,
never came
• By 2000, civil war had broken
out

12. Algeria (French Colony)
• = France’s principal
overseas colony
• Many French colonists
had been there for years
and didn’t want to give
up their land
• France claimed to offer
full citizenship rights to
colonial subjects
(assimilation)

13. Algeria
• FLN (Algerian National
Liberation Front)- intention
to fight for independence
– French sent over troops to
fight the FLN
• Charles de Gaulle- French
WW2 hero, made President,
concluded Algeria could not
be held by force
– Feared rebellion would
spread, so France let go of
many of his possessions in
Africa
• Independence- 1962

14. Algeria
• First Prime
Minister/President- Ahmed
Ben Bella, leader of FLN,
overthrown by his chief of
staff
• FIS- Islamic Salvation Front,
led riots against “secular”
government
• Civil War- Islamic militants
and government, continues
till today
• Talks of a peace conference

15. Angola (Portuguese Colony)
• Portuguese- first into Africa, last out
• Accounts of other African countries
receiving independence inspired them
• Portugal spent tons of $ to keep
colonies and many Portuguese at
home didn’t agree
– Portuguese withdrew- 1975
• Lack of preparation for independence
led to many outside groups
(Communists, Cubans, Soviets, South
Africa, US) becoming involved
• Bloody civil war continued into 2000’s

16. Section 2: Democratic Challenges in
African Nations
• Main Idea: As the recent histories of Nigeria
and South Africa show, ethnic and racial
conflicts can hinder democracy
• Why it matters now? As Nigeria struggled with
democracy, in 1996 South Africa adopted a bill
of rights that promotes racial quality

17. Colonial Rule Hampers Democracy
• Colonial rule did little to prepare
the African colonies for
independence
• Europeans ignored ethnic &
cultural divisions
• No sense of national identity
• Europeans developed colonies for
their profit and never expected to
help the African countries
develop
• Not educated

18. Short Lived Democracies
• When Europeans left,
rival groups fought
each other for power
• Military dictatorships
usually replaced
democracies

19. Nigeria Erupts in Civil War
• Nigeria- former British
colony, won
independence in 1960
• Africa’s most
populated country and
one of its richest

20. A Land of Many Peoples
• 3 major ethnic groups and
other smaller ones lived in
Nigeria
– Muslim (Hausa-Fulani)
– Christians and animists
(Igbo)
– Yoruba were a farming
people
• Federal System= power is
shared between the state
governments and central
authority (like US)….each
group had their own state

21. War with Biafra
• Nigerian civil war
• Igbo (largest ethnic group in Nigeria)
were persecuted and fled and the
eastern region of Nigeria seceded
from Nigeria and declared itself a
new nation Biafra
• Igbo were outnumbered and
outgunned
• Martial Law= temporary military rule
in Nigeria
• 1970, Biafra surrendered, Nigeria was
reunited
• Result: several million Igbo died,
most from starvation

22. Nigeria’s Struggle for Democracy
• Military governed most of
1970’s
• 7th largest oil producer
• Tried to return to federal
system, with strong central
govt. and 19 regional units
• 1979, returned to democracy
• 1983, military overthrew
civilian govt.
• 1999, elected first civilian
president in 20 years

23. South Africa under White
Rule
• Under British and Dutch
rule, South Africa was
racially divided
• Small white minority
ruled a large black
majority
• 1910, gained
independence from
Britain
• New constitution
denied rights to blacks

24. Apartheid Segregates Society
• 1948, new party promotes
Dutch South African
nationalism
• Apartheid= complete
separation of the races
• Segregation of schools,
hospitals and neighborhoods
• 75% of population was black,
but only 13% of the land was
given to them to live on

25. Blacks Protest
• Black South Africans resisted
white minority rule
• ANC- African National Congress
to fight for their rights,
organized strikes, boycotts
• Nelson Mandela- one leader of
ANC
• Outbreaks, deaths…led to state
of emergency in 1986

26. South Africa Moves Toward
Democracy
• Desmond Tutu- led
economic campaigns
against apartheid
• He called for other nations
to impose trading
restrictions on South Africa
• South Africa was banned
from Olympics
• Tut was Nobel Peace Prize
in 1984 for his nonviolent
methods

27. First Steps
• New President: F.W. de Klerk
• Goal: Transform South Africa
and end its isolation
• Accomplishments: legalized
ANC, release Mandela from
prison, repealed apartheid laws,
first universal elections in 1994
where all races could vote
• Mandela is election President
(later stepped down in 1999,
but democracy continued)

28. New Constitution
• 1996, new
constitution
• Included bill of rights
modeled after US
B.o.R’s
• Forbid discrimination
of minorities
• Right to travel freely
(previously denied to
blacks)