Contents History 4º ESO

1. Oscar González García

2. Mis presentaciones tienen tan solo una finalidad didáctica y sin ánimo de lucro,
estando disponibles en Internet para todo aquel que las encuentre útiles. Salvo en
casos excepcionales, no cito las fuentes escritas ni audiovisuales que utilizo por
razones de economía de espacio y tiempo; de igual forma, no requiero que se cite
lo que yo elaboro.
Sin embargo, si algún autor reconoce sus textos o imágenes en mis trabajos y
considera que debe ser citado, no tiene más que ponerse en contacto conmigo e
incluiré su nombre donde sea necesario.
Gracias y disfruten de la Historia…
Prof. Oscar González García – IES Ornia (La Bañeza) 2017/2018

3. What are we going to study?
ORDEN EDU 362/2015 de 4 de mayo – currículo ESO CyL
CRITERIOS DE EVALUACIÓN
1. Describir los hechos relevantes
de la revolución industrial y su
encadenamiento causal.
2. Entender el concepto de
“progreso” y los sacrificios y
avances que conlleva.
3. Analizar las ventajas e
inconvenientes de ser un país
pionero en los cambios.
4. Analizar la evolución de los
cambios económicos en
España, a raíz de la
industrialización parcial del
país.
ESTÁNDARES DE APRENDIZAJE
EVALUABLES
1.1. Analiza y compara la
industrialización de diferentes países de
Europa, América y Asia, en sus distintas
escalas temporales y geográficas.
2.1. Analiza los pros y los contras de la
primera revolución industrial en
Inglaterra.
3.1. Compara el proceso de
industrialización en Inglaterra y en los
países nórdicos.
4.1. Especifica algunas repercusiones
políticas como consecuencias de los
cambios económicos en España.
Bloque 3. La Revolución Industrial

4. What are we going to study?
ORDEN EDU 362/2015 de 4 de mayo – currículo ESO CyL
CRITERIOS DE EVALUACIÓN
5. Conocer los principales avances
científicos y tecnológicos del siglo
XIX, consecuencia de las
revoluciones industriales.
ESTÁNDARES DE APRENDIZAJE
EVALUABLES
5.1. Elabora un eje cronológico,
diacrónico y sincrónico, con los
principales avances científicos y
tecnológicos del siglo XIX.
Bloque 4. El Imperialismo del siglo XIX y la Primera Guerra Mundial

5. 1. THE BEGINNING OF THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION: GREAT BRITAIN
The Industrial Revolution was the process through which technological advances led
to dramatic economic changes. Agriculture became less important than industry, and
industrial capitalism emerged. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in
about 1750. It is considered to be a revolution because it affected every sector of the
economy and transformed society. It was caused by a series of interrelated factors
which emerged simultaneously in Great Britain.
• Population growth: Increases in food production and advances in hygiene and
medicine led to a growth in population.
• The Agricultural Revolution: in 18th century Europe agricultural production
increased and crops became more varied due to numerous improvements:
• Family-owned farms were replaced by extensive agricultural holdings that
were more profitable.
• The beginning of the mechanisation of agriculture.
• Animal and mineral fertilisers were widely used.
• The development of crop rotation: Norfolk system.
1. 1. The causes of the Industrial Revolution.

6. • Increased trade: Great Britain dominated trade routes in the Atlantic an Indian
Oceans, so that, foreign trade increased. Domestic trade also grew due to an
increase in demand, the absence of internal custom duties and the improvements to
roads and waterways.
• Technological advances: machines started to carry out work tasks and to
substitute manual work.
James Watt invented the modern steam engine in 1769. It used coal, abundant in
Great Britain, as a fuel, and the steam power became the source of energy that drove
the new machines. The steam engine could be used for many tasks on agriculture,
industry, mining and transport.

7. Favourable political and social
structure: Great Britain’s allowed
the bourgeoisie to participate in
the government and political
decision-making since the 17th
century revolution.
As a result, this social group was able
to promote measures that advanced
its economic interests, such as laws
to liberalise industrial production.

8. • Population growth: encourage production because there was an increased
demand for food and manufactured products. There were also more workers
available to work in the factories.
• The agricultural improvements: enabled population growth and industrial
development because it was possible to produce enough food for the growing
population, as well as raw materials and capital to invest in industry.
• Increase trade encourage industrial development because the profits from trade
were invested in industry.
• Mechanisation meant that products could be produced more quickly and in
greater quantities. It also meant that products were cheaper to produce.
1. 2. The consequences of the Industrial Revolution.

9. Answer the questions:
• Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great
Britain and not elsewhere?
• Look at the crop rotation diagrams. How did
that system increase the number of harvest?
What were the benefits of the Norfolk system
compared to the Three-yeas system?
• In your opinion, which of the causes of the
Industrial Revolution was the most crucial?
Explain your answer.

10. • The textile industry:
The invention of spinning machines and mechanical weaving looms caused and
increased in production.
John Kay´s Flying Shuttle (1733) allowed to produce cloth more quickly, so more
threads were needed…
James Hargreaves´ Spinning Jenny (1765) and Richard Arkwright´s Water Frame
(1767) produced various threads at the same time…
The application of steam energy arrived with Edmund Cartwright´s Power Weaving
Loom (1785) in order to produce fabric from cotton thread.
Prices were reduced because production costs were lower than before.
The large size and the expense of the new mechanical looms brought about the birth
of factories: large buildings were needed to house the machines and workers. A new
way of working developed: the division of labour, in which each worker was
responsible for a different part of the production process.
1. 3. Key elements of industrialisation.

11. • The iron and steel industry:
Its development was facilitated by the use of coal as a source of energy. This produces a
lot of heat, so it was used to melt large quantities of iron in blast furnaces. Iron and
steel were used to make ploughs, rails, steam machines, weapons, bridges, buildings…
The Bessemer converter allowed foundries to transform iron into steel in large
quantities, as well as producing a better quality product.

12. • The transports revolution:
The early part of the Industrial
Revolution saw improvements
made to roads and canals.
However, it was the use of steam
engine on trains and ships that
really changed transport.
The first passenger railway line
was built in England and joined
the cities of Manchester and
Liverpool (1830). Over the next
few decades lines were built
throughout continental Europe
and reduced the cost of
transporting goods.
The first steamboats began
operating in the US in 1807, and in
1847 there were ships that
could cross the Atlantic in 15
days.

13. 2. INDUSTRALIZATION IN THE REST OF
EUROPE
During the 19th century, the
Industrial Revolution spread
from Great Britain to other
countries, such as Germany,
Belgium and France. This
expansion took place because
these countries had:
• ABUNDANT RESERVES OF
IRON AND COAL
• GROWING POPULATION THAT
DEMANDED MORE GOODS
• WELL-DEVELOPED RAILWAY
NETWORKS TO FACILITATE
TRANSPORT
• CAPITAL FOR INVESTMENT
IN INDUSTRY
Outside of Europe, the first countries to
industrialize were the United States and Japan

14. It began later than in other European countries and it was a slow process because of
various specific problems:
• The domestic demand was limited: the most of the population was formed by
poor peasants who couldn´t afford to buy manufactured goods.
• Poor quality of coal and lack of local technology: machinery had to be
imported from other countries.
• No capital for investment in industry: investments came from France and Great
Britain.
Industrialization in Spain

15. Answer the questions:
• What factors promoted industrialisation in
Europe?
• Were the factors that promoted industrialisation
in other countries present in Spain? What
problems delayed industrialization in Spain?
• Look to the European railway map and answer:
a) Which country had the most developed
network?
b) What is the relationship between industrial
regions and the railway network?

16. At the end of the 18th century, a new type of social organisation emerged in Europe and
replaced the traditional estates system of the Ancien Regime. In this new class-based
society, people’s social status depended on their work and their personal wealth
rather than on their family background.
• Society was divided into three groups: upper class, the middle class and the
working class.
• People’s social class was determined by their profession and wealth.
• Society was open, so people’s social class could change if their personal situation
changed.
• In theory, all citizens were now equal under the law, without special privileges.
• In practice, there were great economic inequalities.
3. THE CLASS-BASED SOCIETY

18. Industrialization brought increased wealth and higher standards of living for the
wealthy bourgeoisie.
On the contrary, the working class suffered terrible working and living conditions…
• Wages were too low to support a family, so women and children had to work as
well, but their salaries were even lower than men´s.
• The working day was extremely long and exhausting: discipline was very strict
and people had to work between 14 and 16 hours a day.
• Lack of safety and hygiene in the workplace: illnesses and accidents were
common, especially in the mines.
• Workers had no rights: they didn´t receive a wage if they didn´t work and they
could be dismissed at any time without compensation. They didn´t have right to
protest or strike, or even to meet and discuss their conditions.
4. 1. Industrial working conditions.
4. THE ORIGIN OF THE WORKING-CLASS
MOVEMENT

19. The difficult conditions that the working class suffered led to protest against the
factory owners, who opposed worker´s demands that would reduce their profits. In
addition, economic liberalism allowed the bourgeoisie to carry out their businesses
without restrictions.
In the early 19th century the proletariat in Great Britain began to organise itself:
• Luddites (1811): workers protested by destroying machines as they felt they
were being replaced by them. They were punished by death penalty.
• Trade Unions (1830s): associations of workers in the same industry which
offered mutual assistance in the case of accident or injury and demanded better
working conditions. They tried to use strikes as a way of fighting and were
declared illegal.
• Chartist movement (1838/48): they demanded to the Parliament (People´s
Charter), political reforms such as universal manhood suffrage and salaries for
members of parliament (MPs). This would make it possible for workers to
participate in politics. The petitions were rejected. illnesses and accidents were
common, especially in the mines.
4. 2. The origins of working-class politics.

21. • Utopian socialism: it was an ideological current that opposed capitalism and
aimed to improve working conditions through education and negotiation with the
middle class.
Charles Fourier
suggested
reorganising
society into
perfect
communities
which he called
“phalanxes”, that
would operate as
cooperatives
where the
workers would
live and work
together.
Robert Owen put
his socialist and
humanitarian
ideas into practice
in Scotland in
around 1800,
when he created a
cooperative
system of working
in his textile
company, New
Lanark Mills, and
also reduced
working hours.Charles Fourier

22. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published in 1848 a book called The Communist
Manifesto. They promoted the destruction of capitalism and the establishment of a
communist society throughout:
• Class struggle: the proletariat needed to organise themselves and fight against
the bourgeoisie in order to gain political power.
• The dictatorship of the working classes: once they control the political power,
the working classes would organise a new social and political order based on…
• The communist economy: in which private property of the means of
production would be socialised: they would be owned by the State, that would
control, plan an organise how the means of production would be used, and all
economic activity would be collective.
• The communist society: finally, the class-based society would disappear because
everybody would have the same relationship with the means or production.
Society would be equal and without classes and states.
4. 3. Marxism

23. Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels
and
The Communist
Manifesto

24. Anarchism, promoted by Pierre Joseph
Prudhon and Mikhail Bakunin, also supported
the overthrow of capitalism via a social
revolution, but with different principles:
• Individual freedom: people had to fight
against any authority or institution that
limited freedom, such as the state and the
church.
• Direct action: each citizen should
represent him or herself, so anarchists
rejected political parties and elections.
• Abolition of private property: society
would be organised into independent
communes. The means of production
would be owned collectively and decisions
would be taken by popular assemblies.
4. 4. Anarchism

25. Marxists and anarchists advocated the need to unite
the working class around the world in order to fight
capitalism.
In 1864 the International Worker’s Association
was created (the First International) which
united marxists, anarchists and trade unionists.
The Association was dissolved in 1876 due to the
differences that arose between marxists and
anarchists. Socialist parties began to be created.
In 1889, socialist leaders founded the Second
International or International Socialist in Paris. Its
purpose was to coordinate the programmes and
actions of the various socialists parties.
The Second International created some of the
symbols of the labour movement, such as the
workers’ anthem and May Day (Workers’ Day)

26. Answer the questions:
• Does our present-day society have the same
characteristics as the 19th century class-based
society? Explain your answer.
• What happened to 19th century workers if they
had an accident or became ill? How is this
different to what happens to workers today in
these situations?
• Compare and contrast the marxists and the
anarchists. On what did they agree, and in which
areas were the biggest disagreements?

27. 4. 6. The working class movement in Spain
Luddite-style protests in Cataluña,
centre of the textile industry.
Strong presence of violent anarchists
movements. The Confederación
Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) was
founded in 1910.
Establishment of the Partido
Socialista Obrero Español
(PSOE 1879) and the Unión
General de Trabajadores (UGT
1888)
Set up of Sociedades de Socorro
Mutuo, associations of workers to
protect themselves and help each
other.
Bonaplata´s factory attack 1835

28. 5. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

29. Oil was first extracted in the USA in the
19th century. It was used as fuel for the
internal combustion engine, which led to
the invention of the car. This had a huge
impact on society even nowadays.
Henry Ford invented the family car and
its use spread rapidly. Diesel engines
were incorporated into ships, increasing
their capacity and speed
The new metals of this Second Industrial
Revolution were stainless steel and aluminium.
The chemical industry advanced in Germany
and new fertilisers, pharmaceuticals and other
chemical products were made.
Mass production of steel and reinforced
concrete enable the construction of the first
skyscrapers.
Extractions of oil
Henry Ford. El Ford T

30. Glossary
Industrial capitalism: it is an economic system in which a small social group, the
bourgeoisie, owns the property of production goods, while the workers, without
property, are employed in exchange for a wage.
Factories: large buildings needed to house the new big machines and workers.
Division of labour: working system in which each worker was responsible for a
different part of the production process.
Proletariat: The proletariat is the class of wage-earners in a capitalist society
whose only possession of significant material value is their labour-power (their
ability to work).
Means of production: all the resources needed to carry out an economic activity,
such as capital, machines, raw materials and workers.