The attached narrated power point presentation explains the various stages in a design process. The material will be useful to KTU second year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EST 200, Design and Engineering.
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Contents
• Design Process.
• Ways to Design.
• Design Process Map.
• Stages of the Design Process.
• Product Life Cycle.
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Design Process
• To design is to create a new product that
turns into profit and benefits society.
• Ability to design requires both science and
art.
• Art gained by practice and dedication to
become proficient.
• Science learned through a systematic
process, experience, and problem-solving.
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Design Process
“A sequence of events and a set of
guidelines that helps define a clear starting
point that takes the designer from
visualizing a product in his/her imagination
to realizing it in real life in a systematic
manner without hindering their creative
process”.
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Design Process
• Two ways to design.
• Evolutionary Change:
- Product allowed to evolve over a
period of time.
- Only slight improvement.
- Done if no competition.
- Limits creative capabilities of the
designer.
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Design Process
• Innovative Design:
- Emphasis on new products.
- Companies for their slice of market.
- Heavily draws on innovation.
- Creative skills and analytical ability.
- Future designs to base results on the
past.
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Design Process
• Proficient designers control evolution and
innovation so they occur simultaneously.
• Emphasis is on innovation.
• Designers to test their ideas against prior
design.
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Design Process
• Formalize the design process.
• Lean more towards addressing the
problem.
• Postpone the solution to the latter stages
than finding a solution early on and then
try to improve it.
• Design is iterative, require a series of
decisions to move the design along.
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Identifying Customer Needs
• Client Request :
- client submits a request for developing
an artifact.
- client may not express the need clearly.
- client may know only the type of product
he/she wants.
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Identifying Customer Needs
• Modified Design:
- modification of an existing artifact.
- simplicity and ease of use.
- easy to use products appeal to
customers.
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Identifying Customer Needs
• New Product:
- focus on profit for the company and
stockholders.
- every product preempted by another or
degenerates into profitless price
competition.
- New products have a characteristic
lifecycle pattern in sales volume and
profit margins.
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Identifying Customer Needs
• A product will peak out when it has
saturated the market and then begin to
decline.
• Industry to seek out and promote a flow of
new product ideas.
• Patent protection to new products.
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Market Analysis
• Locate what is already available in the
market and what they have to offer.
• Sources of information:
- Technical and trade journals.
- Abstracts.
- Research reports.
- Technical libraries.
- Catalog of component suppliers.
- Patent information.
- Online resources.
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Market Analysis
• Information gathered may reveal an
available design solution and the hardware
to accomplish the goal.
• Knowledge of existing products will save
the designer and client time and money.
• Creativity may be directed towards
generating alternatives.
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Defining Goals
• Define what must be done to resolve need(s).
• Needs should be expressed in functional
terms.
• Definition is a general statement of the
desired end product.
• Difficulties encountered in design may be
traced to poorly stated goals or hastily written
goals.
• Customer needs are not the same as product
specifications.
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Defining Goals
• Customers will offer solutions.
• Designers must determine the real needs,
define the problem, and act accordingly.
• Designer to clarify client’s design
requirements.
• Objective tree is a tool used by designers
to organize the customer’s wants into
categories.
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Product Concept –
Establishing Functions
• Recognizing the generality of the need
statement.
• Recognizing where the problem/need
stands in the whole system.
• Assess what actions the product should
perform during its lifetime and operation.
• Consider the level at which the designer is
asked to work.
• Identify functions instead of potential
solutions.
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Establishing Functions
• Remain solution neutral, no solution is
referred to at this stage.
• No fixation on a solution that the customer
provides unintentionally.
• Explore alternatives that can address the
needs and goals.
• Systematic design guides the designer to
a problem-focused design than a solution-
focused one.
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Product Concept –
Task Specifications
• Designer to list all pertinent data and
parameters that tend to control the design
and guide it towards the desired goal.
• Sets limits on the acceptable solutions.
• Not to be defined too narrowly- designer
will eliminate acceptable solutions.
• Not to be defined too broad or vague - will
leave the designer with no direction to
satisfy the design goal.
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Solution Concept –
Conceptualisation
• Starts with generating new ideas.
• Designer to review market analysis and
task specifications.
• Requires free-hand sketches for producing
a series of alternative solutions.
• Alternatives not to be worked out in detail
but recorded as possibilities to be tested.
• Alternatives to perform the functions to be
listed in an organized fashion.
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Solution Concept –
Evaluating Alternatives
• Decision to be made on which
alternative(s) to enter the next, most
expensive, stages of the design process.
• A scoring matrix forces a more penetrating
study of each alternative against specified
criteria.
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Embodiment Design
• Details not included yet - no dimensions
or tolerances, etc.
• A clear definition of a part, how it will look,
and how it interfaces with the rest of the
parts in the product assembly.
• Concept may remain the same, execution
and parts or the ‘embodiment’ of the
design can change.
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Analysis and Optimisation
• Synthesis phase of design completed
once a possible solution for the stated goal
chosen.
• Analysis phase begins – known as
detailed design.
• Solution to be tested against physical
laws.
• Manufacturability of the chosen product to
be checked to ensure usefulness.
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Analysis and Optimisation
• Iterative sequencing with the original
synthesis phase.
• Analysis requires a concept to be altered
or redefined then reanalyzed.
• Design is constantly shifted between
analysis and synthesis.
• Analysis includes estimation followed by
order of magnitude calculation.
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Analysis and Optimisation
• Estimation:
– educated guess based on experience.
• Order of magnitude analysis:
- a rough calculation of the specified
problem.
- not an exact solution.
- gives the order in which the solution
should be expected.
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Experiment
• Design on paper transformed to a physical
reality.
• Piece of hardware constructed and tested
to verify the concept and analysis of the
design as to its work ability, durability, and
performance characteristics.
• First to deal with the mock-up, then the
model, and finally the prototype when
entering the experimental stage.
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Experiment –
Techniques of Construction
• Mock Up:
- least expensive technique.
- provides the least amount of information.
- quick and relatively easy to build.
- constructed to scale from plastics, wood,
cardboard etc.
- to check clearance, assembly technique,
manufacturing considerations, and
appearance.
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Techniques of Construction
• Model:
- representation of a physical system
through a mathematical similitude.
- to predict behavior of the real system.
- four types of models : true model,
adequate model, distorted model,
dissimilar model.
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Models
• True model:
- exact geometric reproduction of the
real system.
- built to scale.
- satisfies all restrictions imposed in the
design parameters.
• Adequate model:
- to test specific characteristics of the
design.
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Models
• Distorted model:
- purposely violates one or more design
conditions.
- violation required when it is difficult to
satisfy the specified conditions.
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Models
• Dissimilar model:
- no apparent resemblance to the real
system.
- through appropriate analogies.
- accurate information on behavioral
characteristics.
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Techniques of Construction
• Prototype:
- an idea comes to life.
- constructed, full-scale working physical
system.
- most expensive experimental
technique.
- produces greatest amount of
information.
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Marketing
• Requires specific information that defines
the device, system, or process.
• Designer to put his/her thoughts regarding
the design on paper for the purpose of
communication with others.
• Communication involved in selling the
idea.
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Marketing Documents
• Report:
- detailed device description, how it
satisfies the need, how it works, detailed
assembly drawing, specifications for
construction, list of standard parts, cost
breakdown, and other information.
- ensures that the design is understood and
constructed as intended.
