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1. historical foundations for community corrections

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Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice

CJCJ's Executive Director Daniel Macallair, is a practitioner-in-residence at San Francisco State University (SFSU)'s Department of Criminal Justice Studies. These slides are from his Community Corrections and Sentencing course materials.

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www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Historical Foundations of Modern Criminal Law Mitigation of Punishment
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Mitigation A reason for making a punishment less severe
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Most Serious Crimes Throughout History – Crimes Against State • Treason • Witch Craft
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Punishments Throughout History • Capital Punishment • Corporal Punishment • Shaming • Banishment • Enslavement
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Ancient Origins • Code of Hammurabi • Greek Legal System • Roman Law
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Hammurabi code (1700 BC) Lax talionis (principle of retaliation)
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Greek laws and the question of severity • Draco (621 BC) • Solon (594 BC)
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Roman Law • 12 Tables (451 BC) • Organized law enforcement (27 BC) • Justinian Code (518-565 AD)
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Medieval Criminal Law Controlling Crime Through Terror
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Criminal penalties of the middle ages • Based on social status • Social control through fear and terror • Redemption and reformation not a consideration
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Punishments under Anglo-Saxon Law • Trial by ordeal • Branding • Flogging • Mutilation • Execution
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Medieval Origins of Probation: the Search for Moderation • Amercement • Benefit of Clergy • Reading of Psalm 51 • Sanctuary • Abjuration • Pleading the belly • Judicial Reprieve
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 The Age of Enlightenment and the Origins Of Modern Criminal Law The Application of Reason and the Search for Humane Laws
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 William Penn (1644-1718) English Quaker, who established Pennsylvania colony. Created Quaker Code of 1682 (Great Law) that introduced more humane treatment of criminal offenders.
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Montesquieu Published Spirit of the Laws in 1748; advocated the rule of law and the elimination of arbitrary power
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Voltaire(Francois Marie Arouet) (1694-1778) Spoke out against torture and sought conviction reversals even after people had been executed Believed fear of shame was a deterrent to crime Imprisoned in the Bastille (1726)
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 CESARE BECCARIA (1738-1794) Author of Essays on Crime and Punishments 1764 which laid the foundation for modern legal philosophy Introduced concepts of: Equality Proportionality Humane treatment
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Jeremy Bentham 1748-1832 English advocate of Utilitarianism Coined term: Hedonistic Calculus “Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do. On the one hand the standard of right and wrong, on the other the chain of causes and effects, are fastened to their throne. They govern us in all we do, in all we say, in all we think...[16]”
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Classical Criminology and Modern Criminal Sentencing • Human Beings are Rational • Deterrence is the purpose of punishment • Human beings balance pleasure with pain • Punishment should be proportionate to the crime • Sanctions should be proclaimed prior to their use • Punishments should “not embrace savage measures” • Death Penalty should be eliminated or limited
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 The American Penitentiary and the Pursuit of Humane Justice
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 John Howard (1726-1790) English prison reformer who wrote “The State of the Prisons in England and Whales. Advocated passage of the Penitentiary Act of 1779 by British Government that called for: Classifications of prisoners Prison inspections Emphasis on solitary confinement Abolishment of fees for basic needs
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 The Great American Reformers Benjamin Rush (1746-1813) Solitary Penitentiary System Thomas Eddy (1758–1827) Congregate Penitentiary System
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Edward Livingston Livingston Code (Louisiana Code) Advocated for: • Complete solitude for criminals • Opposed corporal punishment • Believed in incentives to promote change through work
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Sentencing Reform in the New Republic • Rejection of harsh European practices • Incarceration becomes a primary form of punishment • Employs combination of solitary confinement and labor • Founded on notion that criminal offender could be redeemed
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 ON THE PENITENTIARY SYSTEM IN UNITED STATES AND ITS APPLICATION IN FRANCE (1833) Alexis de Tocqueville Gustave de Beaumont
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Failures of the Penitentiary System Birth of Probation
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Society for the Alleviation of Prison Miseries IT IS WITH DEEP REGRET THE VISITING COMMITTEE FEEL THEMSELVES OBLIGED TO STATE, THEY HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO PERCEIVE ANY REFORMATION AMONG THE PRISONERS; AND THEY ARE FULLY CONVINCED, THE FOLLOWING CAUSES HAVE PRINCIPALLY, IF NOT ENTIRELY, PREVENTED THE REFORM THAT HAS BEEN SO ANXIOUSLY EXPECTED • 1ST THE UNFITNESS OF THE PRESENT BUILDING FOR A PENITENTIARY. • 2ND THE WANT OF CLASSIFICATION • 3RD THE CROWDED STATE OF THE PRISON • 4TH THE WANT OF EMPLOYMENT WHILE CAUSES SO PREGNANT WITH EVIL EXIST, IT IS VAIN TO EXPECT ANY REFORM.
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 American Incarceration after 1840 • Emphasis on harsh punishment • Forced labor to reduce prison costs • Brutal treatment and unsanitary living conditions • Inmates seen as incorrigible
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Dorothea Dix (April 4, 1802 – July 17, 1887) Prison and Prison Discipline in the United States (1845) Argued for the improved treatment of prisoners. The good system, ignorantly or viciously administered, becomes as a great an evil to the prisoner and to society, as the very worst system ever devised or tolerated.

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1. historical foundations for community corrections

  • 1. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Historical Foundations of Modern Criminal Law Mitigation of Punishment
  • 2. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Mitigation A reason for making a punishment less severe
  • 3. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Most Serious Crimes Throughout History – Crimes Against State • Treason • Witch Craft
  • 4. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Punishments Throughout History • Capital Punishment • Corporal Punishment • Shaming • Banishment • Enslavement
  • 5. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Ancient Origins • Code of Hammurabi • Greek Legal System • Roman Law
  • 6. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Hammurabi code (1700 BC) Lax talionis (principle of retaliation)
  • 7. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Greek laws and the question of severity • Draco (621 BC) • Solon (594 BC)
  • 8. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Roman Law • 12 Tables (451 BC) • Organized law enforcement (27 BC) • Justinian Code (518-565 AD)
  • 9. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Medieval Criminal Law Controlling Crime Through Terror
  • 10. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Criminal penalties of the middle ages • Based on social status • Social control through fear and terror • Redemption and reformation not a consideration
  • 11. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Punishments under Anglo-Saxon Law • Trial by ordeal • Branding • Flogging • Mutilation • Execution
  • 12. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Medieval Origins of Probation: the Search for Moderation • Amercement • Benefit of Clergy • Reading of Psalm 51 • Sanctuary • Abjuration • Pleading the belly • Judicial Reprieve
  • 13. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 The Age of Enlightenment and the Origins Of Modern Criminal Law The Application of Reason and the Search for Humane Laws
  • 14. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 William Penn (1644-1718) English Quaker, who established Pennsylvania colony. Created Quaker Code of 1682 (Great Law) that introduced more humane treatment of criminal offenders.
  • 15. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Montesquieu Published Spirit of the Laws in 1748; advocated the rule of law and the elimination of arbitrary power
  • 16. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Voltaire(Francois Marie Arouet) (1694-1778) Spoke out against torture and sought conviction reversals even after people had been executed Believed fear of shame was a deterrent to crime Imprisoned in the Bastille (1726)
  • 17. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 CESARE BECCARIA (1738-1794) Author of Essays on Crime and Punishments 1764 which laid the foundation for modern legal philosophy Introduced concepts of: Equality Proportionality Humane treatment
  • 18. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Jeremy Bentham 1748-1832 English advocate of Utilitarianism Coined term: Hedonistic Calculus “Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do. On the one hand the standard of right and wrong, on the other the chain of causes and effects, are fastened to their throne. They govern us in all we do, in all we say, in all we think...[16]”
  • 19. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Classical Criminology and Modern Criminal Sentencing • Human Beings are Rational • Deterrence is the purpose of punishment • Human beings balance pleasure with pain • Punishment should be proportionate to the crime • Sanctions should be proclaimed prior to their use • Punishments should “not embrace savage measures” • Death Penalty should be eliminated or limited
  • 20. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 The American Penitentiary and the Pursuit of Humane Justice
  • 21. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 John Howard (1726-1790) English prison reformer who wrote “The State of the Prisons in England and Whales. Advocated passage of the Penitentiary Act of 1779 by British Government that called for: Classifications of prisoners Prison inspections Emphasis on solitary confinement Abolishment of fees for basic needs
  • 22. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 The Great American Reformers Benjamin Rush (1746-1813) Solitary Penitentiary System Thomas Eddy (1758–1827) Congregate Penitentiary System
  • 23. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Edward Livingston Livingston Code (Louisiana Code) Advocated for: • Complete solitude for criminals • Opposed corporal punishment • Believed in incentives to promote change through work
  • 24. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Sentencing Reform in the New Republic • Rejection of harsh European practices • Incarceration becomes a primary form of punishment • Employs combination of solitary confinement and labor • Founded on notion that criminal offender could be redeemed
  • 25. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 ON THE PENITENTIARY SYSTEM IN UNITED STATES AND ITS APPLICATION IN FRANCE (1833) Alexis de Tocqueville Gustave de Beaumont
  • 26. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Failures of the Penitentiary System Birth of Probation
  • 27. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Society for the Alleviation of Prison Miseries IT IS WITH DEEP REGRET THE VISITING COMMITTEE FEEL THEMSELVES OBLIGED TO STATE, THEY HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO PERCEIVE ANY REFORMATION AMONG THE PRISONERS; AND THEY ARE FULLY CONVINCED, THE FOLLOWING CAUSES HAVE PRINCIPALLY, IF NOT ENTIRELY, PREVENTED THE REFORM THAT HAS BEEN SO ANXIOUSLY EXPECTED • 1ST THE UNFITNESS OF THE PRESENT BUILDING FOR A PENITENTIARY. • 2ND THE WANT OF CLASSIFICATION • 3RD THE CROWDED STATE OF THE PRISON • 4TH THE WANT OF EMPLOYMENT WHILE CAUSES SO PREGNANT WITH EVIL EXIST, IT IS VAIN TO EXPECT ANY REFORM.
  • 28. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 American Incarceration after 1840 • Emphasis on harsh punishment • Forced labor to reduce prison costs • Brutal treatment and unsanitary living conditions • Inmates seen as incorrigible
  • 29. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Dorothea Dix (April 4, 1802 – July 17, 1887) Prison and Prison Discipline in the United States (1845) Argued for the improved treatment of prisoners. The good system, ignorantly or viciously administered, becomes as a great an evil to the prisoner and to society, as the very worst system ever devised or tolerated.