Presented by Himlal Baral of the Center for International Forestry Research at the 3rd Asia-Pacific Rainforest Summit, on 23–25 April 2018 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

1. Himlal Baral, CIFOR
Yogyakarta, 21 – 22 April
2018
Growing energy and restoring land:
Potentials of bioenergy production from degraded
and underutilized land in Indonesia

2. Outline
• Degraded land – global and Indonesia
• Restoration goal/targets and financing requirement
• Bioenergy as an opportunity
• Current research activities
• Key messages
Photo: CIFOR

3. Global area of degraded land
Gibbs and Salmon 2015. Appl Geog

4. Degraded land in Indonesia
Source: Critical Areas Map of Forestry Planning Agency/ICCC, 2014
Defn: an area or a land that has declined
function in productivity, hydrological purpose,
low carbon content, low biodiversity level, and
low vegetation cover due to loss of soil organic
matter, which make the soil is physically,
chemically, and biologically infertile. ICCC, 2014
(land cov., slope, potential erosion, land
productivity, land management)

6.  TARGETS BY 2030:
 7.1 access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services
 7.2 increase the share of renewable energy in the global
energy mix
 7.3 double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency
 7.4 enhance intl cooperation to facilitate clean energy research
and technology, including renewable energy, energy
efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and
promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean
energy technology
 7.5 expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying
modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing
countries,

7. Growing interest on bioenergy
• 30% rise in global energy demand to 2040 (IEA, 2016)
• Hundreds of millions of people will still left in 2040 without
basic energy services (IEA, 2016)
• The Paris Agreement on CC – ‘transformative change in the
energy sector’ is key to reach the agreement
• SD is not possible without access to sustainable energy – SDG 7
• National goal/target related to renewable energy including
bioenergy… e.g., Indonesia 23% by 2025…
• Avoiding bioenergy competition for food crops and land

8. KEY ISSUES WITH FIRST GENERATION BIOENERGY
• Food, Fuel and Environment trilemma
• Low net energy balance
• LULC – related issues
• Water, Erosion, Herbicide and pesticide
Source: www.actripity.com

9. Forest landscape restoration and bioenergy linkage
‘‘Bioenergy is renewable energy made
available from materials derived from
biological sources.”
“a planned process to regain ecological
integrity and enhance human well-being in
deforested or degraded landscapes”...
(Rietbergen-McCracken et al., 2007)
Produces biomass for
bioenergy production
Justifies the cost
for restoration

10. Key questions…
Q1: How can sustainable bioenergy be developed to avoid the food-energy-
environment trilemma with alternative feedstocks while restoring degraded
landscapes?
Q2: What are the most promising species to achieve efficient bioenergy
production from degraded land in Indonesia? Species characters,
productivity and additional environmental values?
Q3: What are the socio-economic and environmental outcomes of energy
plantation on degraded land?

11.  Component I: Reviewing/mapping policies, land availability, species suitability, potential
productivity, community perceptions – opportunities and challenges
 Component II: Establishing research/demo trial of key bioenergy species (trees not
herbaceous plants) in degraded peatland in C Kalimantan
 Component III: Laboratory/chemical analysis – fuel/energy productivity/efficiency and
suitable business model for smallholders/SMEs
 Stakeholder engagement and capacity building: work with local/national partners –
universities and community groups
 Potential for scaling up these activities and linking to restoration of degraded land for
biomass production
Project activities/components...
Review/stakeholders
perception
Action research/ field
trial and learning
Laboratory/chemical
analysis, Business model
Potential for scaling up Photo: CIFOR

12. Van Oort et al. (2015) Ecosystem services
Approaches and tools

13. Critical
land
Conservatio
n area
Non-protected area
Yes
No
Protected
area
Land
Cover Map
Available
Licensed to a
concession
Site
available
Suitability
analysis
Growth place
suitability attribute
Landsyste
m map
Biophysics attributes
Bioenergy
species
Yield
estimation
Productivity rate
Potential
Bioenergy
in Indonesia
Tree species
Type of
biomass
Adaptation to
unfavorable conditions
References
Calliandra
colothyrsus
wood Acidic soil (pH 4.9-5.3)
and drought
Palmer et al., 1994; Orwa, et al.,
2009
Calophyllum
inophyllum L
seeds Saline and waterlogged
areas
Ong et al., 2011; Agoramoorthy
et al., 2012; Leksono et al., 2015
Pongamia pinnata seeds Saline soil and
waterlogged areas
Scott et al., 2008; Miyake, et al.,
2015
Reutealis trisperma seeds Sloping areas (15% - 40%) Herman et al., 2013; Restuaji and
Santoso, 2014
Gliricidia sepium wood Acidic soil (pH < 5.5) Mainoo and Ulzen-appiah, 1996;
Bhattacharya et al., 2003
Five tree species capable of adapting to marginal lands

14. • 4 key species –Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum); Kemiri sunan (Reutealis
trisperma); Gamal (Gliricidia sepium); Kaliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus)
• Additional species: Lauceana leucocepahala, and Pongamia piannata
• Site suitability, intercropping potential, N2 fixing, social/community preference

15. Project location – Buntoi, Pulang Pisau, C Kalimantan
• Availability of large area of degraded
and marginal land
• Pilot project on bioenergy listari
• Community interest – alternative
opportunity to use marginal land

16. Spatial analysis of degraded land in Indonesia
- Not critical lands
- Potentially critical lands
- Protected lands
- Forests
- Swamps
- Estate crops
- Buildings
- Water
Maps
- Slightly critical lands
- Critical lands
- Very critical lands
- Non-protected lands
- Underutilized lands
- Slope
- Soil pH
- Soil salinity
- Soil depth
- Rainfall
- Temp.
- Altitude
Included Excluded
Critical land
Conservation
area
Land system
Land cover
and use
Step1:DegradedlandsinIndonesia
- Rice fields
- Fishponds
- Mining
Degraded
lands in
Indonesia
Suitability
to grow
biofuel species
Selecting
species with
higher energy
Step 2: Suitability of degraded lands to grow biofuel species

17. Available degraded lands for biofuel production
- About 16.8 million hectares
- Dominant in Kalimantan and Sumatra
Wiraguna et al in prep

18. Suitable lands for various biofuel species
(1) Kaliandra (2) Gamal
(3) Nyamplung (4) Malapari
(5) Kemiri sunan
Wiraguna et al in prep

19.  Monoculture  Mixed Crops
0
50
100
150
200
0 5 10
Plantheight(cm)
Months
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 5 10
Plantheight(cm)
Months
0
5
10
15
20
0 5 10
Diameter(mm)
Months
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 5 10
Diameter(mm)
Months
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 5 10
Leafnumbers
Months
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 5 10
Leafnumbers
Months
• Initial results indicate potentials of agroforestry
system
• Further investigation is required to identify yield,
returns etc.

20. Site-specific species selection for bienergy production

21. PYC INTERNATIONAL
ENERGY CONFERENCE 2017
Mentawai
Prosperity
Bamboo Farming
Employment
Power Plant
Electricity Access
Lighting and
other productive
activities
Partnership, scaling
up and impacts
Source: CPI

22. Clean Power Indonesia
First Light on First Bamboo Biomass
Power Plant in Asia Pacific
Saliguma Village, Siberut Island,
Mentawai Regency, West Sumatra Province
INDONESIA
Source: CPI

24. Interim conclusions and the way forward…
Opportunity to restore the degraded land while
producing sustainable bioenergy and supporting rural
livelihoods…
• Avoids conflicts between food, fuel and environment
• Create jobs opportunities in rural areas – production
processing
• Improve energy security
• Contribution to several SDGs
• Further work/investigation is required to answer
some emerging issues…(ES trade-offs,
tenure/governance, market… )

25. The way forward…
• Identification/delineation of degraded and/or abandoned
land suitable for energy crops
o Clear definition of degraded land, tenure, existing use,
yield
• Engagement of all stakeholders at early stage
• Research and development
o Right trees in the right place, silviculture, management
etc.
• No bioenergy crops in food production areas / no
conversion of natural forests for bioenergy plantings…

26. Ongoing activities (2018-2020)
• Continue field trial – growth yield monitoring of various bioenergy tree
species
• Bioenergy and ecosystem services trade-offs, synergies and interaction
• Life cycle assessment (LCA)
o evaluate climate effects of bioenergy decision via calculation of net GHG savings
• Bioenergy value chain and inclusive business model
o Finance, market knowledge, organizational and tech capacities
• Governance issues - land tenure/ access rights
o Tenure security, legal and regulatory framework, gender and equity related
issues

27. Concluding comments
• Vast amounts of deforested and degraded land in Indonesia
and globally – deliver limited benefits to human and
nature;
• Restoration of degraded land for biomass production
provides opportunities to reduce poverty, improve
food/energy security, mitigate climate change and protect
the environment;
• CIFOR-NIFoS collaborative research on bioenergy on
degraded land stimulating discussion among wide range of
stakeholders such as, govt, private sector including
potential investors, smallholders and community groups –
opportunity to restore and use degraded land;
• Lessons are applicable to SEA and globally.

28. cifor.org
blog.cifor.org
ForestsTreesAgroforestry.org
THANK YOU