Hilmar Lojewski - Desenvolvimento Sustentável_CICI2011

Curitiba-Conferência Internacional – Cidades Inovadoras 17-20 May 2011

Curitiba Conferência Internacional
Cidades Inovadoras CICI

Desenvolvimento Sustentável

Towards a sustainable urban
development of Berlin
Perspectives on innovative approaches

Prerequisites – Lessons – Examples
Hilmar von Lojewski – Senate Department for Urban Development
Department VI – Ministerial Building Affairs
1


Brazil – Berlin

Berlin’s tribute to Brazil

2


Curitiba - Berlin
Similarities?
- Yes! By size, focus on public transport, public
participation, water bodies, greenery etc.


Curitiba - Berlin
Similarities?
- Yes! By focus on public transport!

4


Outline

1. Prologue and Basics
2. The rationale – Is Berlin an innovative city?
3. What I am not talking about today…
4. The strategies and innovations
- regionwide
- citywide
- areawise
- themewise
5. The lessons learnt

5


Innovations – What is meant? (pretty broad
field of discussion…)
•Breaking with applied rules and regulations?
•Discontinuing routinized planning procedures?
•Experimenting with new hypotheses and applying
them?
so

MAKING A REVOLUTION …
… with uncertain results and open impacts?

6


Innovations – What is meant? (pretty broad
field of discussion…)
Or rather
•Referring to what has been learnt, filtering out best
practices and adding new ideas to it?

which means more

CONTRIBUTING TO EVOLUTION!

Even though the Almighty might not give us the chance
for a second try…
7


Berlin - „Basics“
Population (in 2010) 3 454 000 inh.
Inner City 1 000 000 inh.

City Area 890 km²
Central City 30 km² - 300.000 inhabitants

Land Use in %

Length of City Limits 234 km
Greatest Extension 45 km from West to East
38 km from North to South


Berlin - „The compact city“

9


Berlin - „The compact city“
Berlin –
compact city
with >1 Mio
inhabitants in
the inner city
(dog‘s head
areas)

10


Berlin – “The compact
city”
Prerequisite for any sustainable
urban development!
- Dense quarters
- Short distances
- High proportion of public
transport
- Mix of uses
- Variety of social classes and
economic wealth

11


Berlin – “The aging city?”
Prone to innovations?
- Yes! But not easy to manage
with a comparably old city
(though young in the German
context)!
- Yes! Because of high proportion
of students 150.000, creative
class, mobile population (high
ratio of mobility within the city
> 100.000 and immigration /
emigration 150.000/a vs.
140.000/a
12


Berlin – “The colourful city”
Good for innovations?
- Yes! Because of single households
(comparably easy to mobilize)
- Yes! Because of increasing
economic role of 2nd and 3rd
generation immigrants (though
risks on social and economic
integration lay still ahead)
- But – where are the experts of the
future? They should all be born
already!

13


Outline

4. The strategies
- regionwide
- citywide
- areawise
- themewise

14


Berlin – “The
innovative city?”
According to European Green
City Index – Not too bad!
- Placed 8th out of 30
European cities


Berlin – “The
innovative city?”
- Suffers from
“lack of wealth”
(low income level)
but achieves never-
theless a high
green city score


Berlin – “The
innovative city?”
- Excellent in energy efficiency
of the building stock
- Fairly good in use of water
resources, waste and land
use, air quality, CO2
emissions, environmental
governance
- Room for improvement in
production of energy
through renewable resources


Outline

4. The strategies
- regionwide
- citywide
- areawise
- themewise
5. The role of politics and policies – reactive vs.
proactive
18


… but what could also be seen as “innovative”


Kriegszerstörung und Abrisse - War Destruction and Demolition until 2001
bis 2001


Berlin
Center
around
1920


Friedrichstadt nach Kriegszerstörung und
Nachkriegsabrissen 1952


Mauerbau 13. August 1961


Die Berliner Mauer – The Berlin Wall


Potsdamer Platz mit Mauer


Fall der Mauer November 1989


Mauerfall - Fall of the Wall November 1989

Mauerabriss 1990


Mauerfall - Demolition of the Wall June 1990


Dividing a city
via land use
planning
- conflicting
planning
strategies
- diverting spatial
strategies
- polycentrality
vs. mono-
centrality

Land Use Plan West Berlin - General Plan East Berlin 1989


Uniting a city via
land use planning
- equilibrium in
development
chances
- improvement of
service provision
- polycentralic
identity
- maintaining
compactness and
mixture of uses
All Berlin Land Use Plan 1994


Reichstag


Kanzleramt


Paul-Löbe-Haus Ostansicht, Stephan Braunfels, 1999 - 2003


Hauptbahnhof


Potsdamer Platz
Städtbaulicher Wettbewerb 1. Preis Hilmer und Sattler - Städtebauliche Realisierung, Renzo Piano


Potsdamer Platz bis 2001
debis, Renzo Piani - Bürohochhaus, Kollhoff-Timmermann, - Sony, MurphyJahn


Blick in die Friedrichstraße 2000


Dorotheenstadt 2002


Friedrichstadt 1999


42


Outline

4. The strategies and innovations
- regionwide
- citywide
- areawise
- themewise

43


Regionwide innovations – Joint Berlin-Brandenburg State
Planning Agency since 1992

- Merging the regional
planning entities of two
states
- Agreeing on one regional
planning paradigm
- Accomplishing different
tasks in line with the
talents of sub-regions
and areas
- Avoiding regional
redundancies (housing,
allocation of productive
and logistics sector,
social amenities etc.)


Regionwide innovations –Cultural landscapes as action areas
for cooperative regional development

- Strengthening the
strengths in line with the
talents of cultural
landscapes
- Maintaining the inner-
regional variety of
landscapes
- Strengthening identities
instead of imposing new
„Leitbilder“


Regionwide innovations – Wholistic and interdependent traffic
network

- Preparing for a rail and
road network that is
interlinked
- Deciding on priorities
- Avoiding redundancies
- Fostering public
transport and accepting
the role of
complementary
motorized traffic


Regionwide innovations – Allocation of tasks, development
opportunities and restricitions
- Defining supra-centres,
middle-sized centres,
axial conncetions
- Relating tasks and
allocation of public funds
to the functions of the
centres instead of
spreading public funds all
over the region
- Assigning development
opportunities and
restricitions to the
different areas and
centres to avoid useless
public (and private)
investments


Citywide innovations – Priority areas
Identifying focal development areas and planning
requirements (new north-west – south-east corridor in line
with BBI-airport development)


Citywide
innovations –
Intervention
areas
Identifying future
intervention
areas at city level
and agreeing on
them politically
on a long term
basis


Citywide innovations – Climate concept
1961-1990 ca. 2100

© Copyright

© Kopf, Sebastian; Ha-Duong, Minh; Hallegate, Stephane (2008) © Kopf, Sebastian; Ha-Duong, Minh; Hallegate, Stephane (2008)

Berlin wanders to the south – Climate simulation for 12 cities



Increase of annual mean temperature
°
unteil 2050: +2.5° C
→ dry summers due to 15% less rainfall
→ increase of hot days > Urban Heat
→ wet winters by 50 % and less days
below 0
→ more extreme weather days (storm,
hail etc.)
→ striking changes in the water table
and the stormwater drainage

WWF Climate Action on 2. Sept 2009 at
the Berlin Gendarmenmarkt with brazilian
action artist Nele Azevedo


• Contribution to mitigation and adaptation to
climate change
• Scale 1:50.000 and areawise concretisations
• Integration of urban design, landscape,
architectural and technological aspects as an
integrated action plan
• Developing a climate adapted city, ensuring
healthy living conditions and a high life quality



Areas affected by bio-climate during the day



Increase of population affected by bio-climate during
the dayuntil 2050



Areas affected by bio-climate during the night



Increase of population affected by bio-climate during
the night until 2050


Mesoscale climate
measures
Stadtteilen
- Aeration strips
- Large area ventilation
- Exchange of air with
hinterland


Local scale climate
measures:
-Local aearation
strips
-Water bodies
-Green areas
-Cold air generation
zones
-Auto ventialation


Microscale climate
measures
-Building surfaces
-Roofs
-Shadowing
-Aearation of street
strips
-Street widths
-Courtyard greening


Measures according
to urban structure
-De-sealing of
surfaces
-Increasing Albedo
-Planting trees
-Greening facades
-Greening roofs



Action plan 2011 - 2025


Citywide innovations – IBA
2020 (?)
Planning and preparing for the
third International Building
Exhibition in Berlin
-Rethinking the city
-Focusing on
- the resources-oriented
city
- the integrated city
- the entrepreneurial city


Citywide innovations – IBA
2020 (?)
Planning and preparing for the
third International Building
Exhibition in Berlin
-Changing planning paradigms
-Focusing on public
participation
-Mobilizing the “capitals”
(strenghts) of the city
-Thinking rather in processes
than in projects


Citywide innovations – Planwerk Inner City
Monitoring developments and interconnecting areas

Bearbeitungsstand
Dezember 2009


Citywide innovations – Planwerk Inner City

- Uniting the inner city via generating an idea of a joint
inner city and city centre
- Bridging gaps and filling voids
- Maintaining variety of uses and density
- Taking up the qualities of the historical layout
- Generating new public spaces and green areas
- Offering investment opportunities by using the existing
infrastructure, street and public transport network

65


City centre innovation
- The existing charm of the Berlin city centre

“Fantastic, we live in a metropolis but yet like in the countryside”.


City centre innovations
- Generating new (and contradicting) ideas for the historic
city centre through creative but yet open end design
processes
- Initiating a public discussion process and raising media interest
- Preparing the ground for political decision making
Entwurf Monsigny Levigny Visualisierung, Prof. B. Albers


City centre innovations – creative and contradicting
ideas


ideas
Town hall forum, Mitte
City park

Lakeside terraces


ideas
Town hall forum, Mitte
Archaeological garden

Esplanade


City centre innovations – dialogue as a method
Incorporating external experts
and stakeholders on issues like
- New International Building
Exhibition for Berlin 2020
- Discussion of selected and
outstanding architectural
projects
- Continuous comments on
conservation issues


City centre innovations – dialogue as a method
Initiating discussions, organizing exhibitions, incorparting
the urban public scene

Hamburger
Bahnhof


City centre innovation – Interlinking the assets
- Working with the city centre’s manifold characteristics


City centre innovation – Interlinking the assets
- Working with the city centre’s manifold characteristics

Different strategies for different
sites in the historical city centre
Exhibiting original artefacts
Archaeological Windows
Reconstruction
Interpreting historical sites
(critical reconstruction)
Integration strategy – Design
by law
Old and new buildings
complement each other
Design in historical context


Theme- and areawise innovations
- Activating the assets of Berlin’s archaeological and only partly
excavated sites
- Setting the city’s
history in scene
- Generating interest
for mostly unknown locations


- Re-generating sites which were hidden for centuries
- Organizing EU-
funds for touristic
archaeological
show sites
- Raising interest of
the urban public
for the remainders
of historic Berlin


– Light and advertisement concept


Theme- and areawise innovations – The traffic
development concept II
- Introducing an
integrated mobility and
traffic management
- Overlaying the different
sectoral and areawise
strategies
- Preparing for a low-
and post-fossile age


Theme- and areawise innovations – The traffic
development concept II
- Reducing traffic
emissions (PM10,
NOx, CO2)
- Fostering
opportunities to raise
public, pedestrian
and bicycle traffic
throughout the city


Themewise innovations – Capital of e-mobility
(at least aspired…)

- Generating a national hub for e-
mobility
- Supporting start-ups and
technological research
- Facilitating recharge stations in public
space the city


Themewise innovations – Barrier-free buildings and
public space in Berlin
- Making buildings and open space accessible for really
EVERYBODY (mobility constraints apply to more than
25% of the population and the number is increasing)
- Setting norms, standards and best practices for a barrier-
free city for everybody
- Disseminating best practices
- Implementing the UN Convention



Exibitions Hotel
Ausstellungen
Accessel

Exhibitions School 83



Entrances Elevators



Staircases



Tangible models



Accesses


Themewise innovations – Energy efficiency and CO2
reduction in Berlin
1. From sarcasm to realism

„Incredible – before global warming we had to go for 2 hours to the Baltic Sea!!“
- „Berlin on the beaches“ is replaced by seriousness in taking up the
91
climate change challenge at political and most societal levels


reduction in Berlin

Application of
higher standards
for energy
efficiency
- Further reduction
of CO2 emissions
via rehabilitation of
public buildings +
housing stock
- rapid response to
available subsidiary
federal funds

92


reduction in Berlin

Increase of insulation
requirements – decrease of
heat production demand
- but: shall we really invest
in the last two percentiles
which might be technically
achievable?

93


reduction in Berlin
- Agreeing on commonly used
measurement pattern and
accessible data through energy
certificates
- Fostering comparability
- Demonstrating the effect

94


reduction in Berlin
The Sustainability Triad The Sustainability Triad

-Thinking sustainable Socio-cultural
objectives
development wholistically
-Integratinv ecological, social- Ecological
objectives
cultural and economic
objectives into project Sustainable Construction

preparation, budgeting and
political decision making
Economic
objectives


reduction in Berlin
The Life Cycle Principle
Berlin is eager to introduce the life-
cycle principle in public construction
Life cycle costs of a building, based
on the type of use, can be divided
into
- approx. 20-25 % during the
planning and construction phases
(overall construction cost I-planning)
and
-approx. 75-80 % during the phase of
use and operation.
An early consideration of use and
follow-up costs is indispensable for all
planning decisions. – But not really
loved by the treasurer...
96


reduction in Berlin
Climate protection agreements

-Companies are ready to make their own
contribution to climate protection through
improved energy efficiency, the use of
modern technologies and other additional
energy saving programmes

-The Berlin Climate Alliance is based on
this entrepreneurial sense of responsibility.
The Alliance aims at supporting the Berlin
government in reaching its climate
protection goals.


reduction in Berlin
Energy Saving Contracting in Berlin

• Negotiated contract terms: 8 to 14 years
• Baseline (original energy costs): between
€0.7 to €5.5 million
• Cut in CO2 emissions: 908 t/a to 8,300 t/a,
• Currently cumulated CO2 reduction: approx.
68,000 t/a
• Total baseline of all building pools: €44 million
(net)
• Investments incl. maintenance: approx. €70
million
• Savings in budget: €3.2 million p.a.
C40
• Guaranteed savings: €11.3 million p.a. (net) 98
Work
shop


reduction in Berlin

Pilot Project GESOBAU Märkisches Viertel
- The largest redevelopment project in the
German housing sector
- Low-interest financing through the KfW
housing renovation and CO2 building
programme
- Since the beginning of 2009, part of the
Redevelopment Programme for West Berlin
(until 2013: 13.5 m € of funding: public
spaces and social infrastructure development)
- The Märkisches Viertel residential area is
More than 13,000 flats have undergone connected to a district-heating network.
energy renovation since 2008
Estimate: reduction of carbon emissions by 20,000 t per year,
renovation at almost no cost for tenants

99


reduction in Berlin

Pilot Project HOWOGE Low Energy Building
- Facades: composite thermal insulation system
- Window: 3 layers of insulation gazing
- Ventilation: central intake / output duct system
wih rotary regnerator
- Power: energy-saving bulbs; lights in corridor
controlled by movement sensors
- Heating: state of the art control systems for
connection to district heating
- Combined heating & power station: lights the
Germany´s largest low corridors, supplies domestic installations,
energy building prepares hot water (in summer)
296 apartments in - Water-saving taps
pilot promotion
Reduces annual energy consumption by 30-50 % !

100


reduction in Berlin

Pilot Project degewo Biomass Gropiusstadt
The wood-fired cogeneration
plant translated into
numbers
• 12,000 degewo tenants supplied with • 360,000 MWh thermal energy
for 20,000 housing units and
environmentally friendly energy from the 50,000 inhabitants.
wood-fired cogeneration plant located • 100 MW fuel power
in Berlin-Gropiusstadt since May 2003. • 20 MW electrical output
• 60 MW thermal output
• Plant uses only wood, partly waste wood
• 130 MW peak load and reserve
from building constructions or boilers
packagings. • approx. 200,000 t/year wood
fuel quantity
• Fuel energy is converted into electricity • 235,000 t/year CO2 reduction
and heat in a single process which is based • Reduction of Berlin CO2
on the cogeneration principle. emissions by 0.5 %

101


reduction in Berlin
Photovoltaics in Berlin
13069

kWp
No. of plants
9159

7599
6582
5768
5268
4700
4400
3.900
1877
2.500
470 1540
1600 1183
46 86 203 300 370 650 940 1050 1319
1000
191 700 820 900
15 35 90 128 158 220 250 300 400
90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08
19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20


Outline

4. The strategies
- regionwide
- citywide
- areawise
- themewise
5. Conclusions - The lessons learnt

103



1
A policy is inevitable to achieve a joint political
understanding in the city, to acquire EU, national
and local funds to develop strategies and
concepts, not to mention implementation itself.
Based on the policy integrated strategies with a
clear implementation orientation for an area or a
sector need to be developed.
104



2
The term „integrated“ and/or
„sustainable“ urban development needs
contents and a variety of options; otherwise
we all get tired of it... – Do what works well
and shows rapid AND long lasting impact.


3
Without participation, involvement and
encouragement of owners, local community
and the economic sector sustainable urban
development becomes an academic exercise –
Use any chances to work with the local
community and stakeholders (inhabitants,
schools, economy, media).



4
Sustainable urban development can never be
based on cost recovery – it always requires in the
one or other way (direct financing, subsidies etc.)
public funds – Mobilize public funds to launch
key projects on sustainable urban development
and rehabilitation projects.



5
Also small successes and improvement activities
can already reach a lot of impact – Take any
chance to celebrate successes with the local
community jointly.


6
Opt primarily for “Public money for public
purposes” - Investment in public projects (places,
infrastructure and public buildings) trigger
following private investments 5-20x the amount of
the public money – find the right trigger points
(themes, locations, objects) to mobilize private
funds.


Thank you for your interest and see you in Berlin!

http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de
111

Hilmar Lojewski - Desenvolvimento Sustentável_CICI2011

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