This document discusses research on wild and domesticated lima beans. It provides information on the origins and domestication of lima beans, including evidence that there were two separate domestication events from two different gene pools of wild lima beans in South and Mesoamerica. The document also discusses the use of different genetic markers like chloroplast DNA and nuclear ribosomal DNA to study the phylogenetic relationships between wild and domesticated lima bean varieties to better understand their evolution and domestication history. In addition, it recognizes the contributions of numerous researchers who have studied lima beans.
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Discovery of the wild progenitor of Lima bean: a contribution to local communities, phylogeographers and climatologist
1. Discovery of the wild progenitor of Lima bean: a contribution to
local communities, phylogeographers and climatologists
D.G. Debouck
12 May 2010
2. 1930 ‐ : use of F1 hybrids
doubling sustained by
genetic progress
effects of the Green Revolution
know‐how about the agronomical package
6,819,904,661 at the US Census Bureau, on 9 May 2010
arable land (FAO Stat 10 May 2010): 1,441 mi Ha in 2007 ; 1,281 mi Ha in 1961 (9 % increase)
3. agriculture as a contribution to human beings’ welfare
in this breeding cycle of 2010‐2020, to feed 6,820,000,000 plus another 680,000,000
in the next breeding cycle of 2020‐2030, to feed 7,500,000,000 plus another 700,000,000
• produce more food only on land suitable for agriculture
3 • quality and varied food, no food induced disorders
challenges
• at lower environmental cost and lower energy consumption
4. Reactions to Potential
Pests, diseases Yield kg/ Ha
Tepary bean intermed. 1,500
< 500 mm rainfall/ year
Bambara groundnut very low 2,600
Peanut suscep. 3,000
600 ‐ 900 mm rainfall/ year Pigeonpea low 4,000
Cowpea suscep. 2,800
Mungbean intermed. 2,700
Common bean very suscep. 2,500
900 ‐ 1,200 mm rainfall/ year
Soybean intermed. 5,000
Swordbean very low 4,600
Winged bean very low 2,500
> 1,200 mm rainfall/ year
Lima bean very low 2,800
after Rachie 1973
5. Strategy for increasing yield in food legumes
kg/ Ha
2,700
plan for heterosis
5 everything below
2,200
look for combining ability
4 everything below
1,700 change harvest index
3 everything below
1,200
transfer genetic resistance to diseases & pests
2
everything below
700
select the best landraces for yield stability
1 work with farmers towards adoption
time scale
after Kelly et al. 1999; Singh et al. 2007
6. An old crop known by the native peoples of the Americas
comba Guerrero tabla Cundinamarca
pecta Guerrero calentano Cauca
shiumin Veracruz torta Nariño
ishuet Chiapas tapiramo Guárico
patashete Chiapas torta Imbabura
ib, ibes Campeche layo Cajamarca
ib, ibes Yucatán pallar Lambayeque
chilipuca El Salvador pallar La Libertad
ixpanqué Suchitepéquez pallar Ica
furuna Jalapa palato Cochabamba
pois souche Haiti chorca Chuquisaca
source: Chacón & Debouck 2010
7. Hopi branch Mackie, 1943
Carib branch
McBryde 1941
origin = Guatemala
Inca branch
“in the Andes from Peru to central Argentina” : Allard 1960
“east of the Andean highlands” : Kaplan 1965
“in the interior of South America ... Amazon Basin ...
origin of large‐seeded limas” : Erickson 1982
repeated until 1992 !
8.
9. Cajamarca, Santa Cruz de Succhubamba, Mayobamba, 1580 masl, 9-VIII-1986
‘layos’
‘layos’
or ‘pallares’
or ‘pallares’
11. ECD, Loja/ Bolivar/ Chimborazo/ Azuay
‘sacha poroto’, ‘sacha porotillo’, ‘frejol de monte’
‘poroto de monte’, ‘poroto de vibora’
PER, Cajamarca/ Piura
‘layo del zorro’, ‘pallar de monte’
12. Tamaulipas
Porto Rico
Sinaloa
Pan-Neotropical range
Panama Yaracuy small- seeded : 6-10 g
sea-level – 1600 m
Caldas
Imbabura
Pacific range Junín
Cajamarca
Bení
medium- seeded : 10-14 g
400 – 1800 m
Salta
source: Debouck 2010
13. Evidence for two gene pools and two domestication events
seed storage proteins
54kD Debouck et al. 1989
Maquet et al. 1990, 1999
Gutiérrez et al. 1995
45kD Lioi 1994, 1996
Lioi et al. 1991, 1999
allozymes
Maquet et al. 1994, 1997, 1999
Lioi et al. 1998
RAPDs on gDNA
29kD Nienhuis et al. 1995
Fofana et al. 1997
RFLPs on cpDNA RFLPs on rDNA AFLPs on gDNA microsatellites on nDNA
Fofana et al. 1999, 2001 Jacob et al. 1995 Caicedo et al. 1999 Lioi et al. 2001, 2002
Lioi et al. 1998
14. In search of new markers . . .
cp DNA: from 11 non coding regions to 2 intergenic spacers atpB-rbcL and trnL-trnF
(maternal inheritance, polymorphisms across regions, PCR amplification)
works by :
Asmussen & Liston 1998, Bailey & Doyle 1997, Bakker et al. 1999, Chacón et al. 1999
Demesure et al. 1995, Dutech et al. 2000, Motta-Aldana et al. 2008, Xu et al. 2000
nuclear ribosomal DNA : 5.8 S and flanking internal transcribed spacers
works by :
Delgado-Salinas et al. 2006, Dick et al. 2003, Schaal & Olsen 2000
to solve problems among closely related species and lineages
to check the geographic distribution of allele genealogies
applied on 42 wild forms and 35 domesticated forms from the Americas
source: Chacón et al. 2010; Serrano et al. 2010
15. W26468ECU
W26721ECU
D26659ECU
D25910COL
AI D27337BOL
D26259ECU
D26498COL
D26656COL
D25981BOL
D26480ECU
Gene pool AI
W26609ECU
W25913PER
W26606ECU
(wild+domesticated )
W26348PER
W26459EC
W26608ECU
U
W26751AEC
D25983BOL
D25987BOL
D25420PER Chuquisaca, Salta
D25540ARG
D26029PER
D25909PER
MII W26629HND
W26632HND
W26515COL
W25816MEX
W25272GTM
W25233BLZ
W25222GTM Gene pool MII
W26530COL
W25912GTM
W25273ASLV
(mostly wild)
W25584ACRI
W25911GTM
W25385ACRI
W26527COL
W26628HND
W26685ARG
W26547PER
W26404ARG
W26749ARG
W26508GTM
W25294CCU
W26309COL
D25108BRA Minas Gerais, Ceará
D26002BRA
W25819COL
MI W25230MEX
D25295CUB
D26164MEX
D25289MEX
W26535MEX
cp DNA W25704MEX
D26211BRA
D26744COL
D26290ARG
non coding regions D26706COL
D25971MEX
Formosa, Sergipe, Espirito Santo
D25367SLV
Gene pool MI
2 intergenic spacers atpB‐rbcL and trnL‐trnF W26360MEX
W25228MEX
D25410ECU
(wild+domesticated)
D26745COL
D26302GTM
D27289CUB
Neighbor-Joining (PAUP, Swofford 1998) W25851MEX
D25577PER
W26518MEX
topology D25236ARG
W26631HND
D25717MEX
D26044BRA
W25713AMEX
W26704COL
0.001 D26109BRA source: Chacón et al. 2010
D25285GTM
16. Consensus tree
of ITS/ 5.8S
sequences
retrieved from
GenBank and here
generated in Lima bean
members of the Paniculati
and Andean species
= 3ary gene pool of Lima bean
nuclear ribosomal DNA
5.8 S and flanking internal transcribed spacers
most common recent ancestor 1
most common recent ancestor 2
closure of Isthmus of Panama: 3 mybp !
source: Serrano et al. 2010
18. Warm Thanks !
Ana L Caicedo Jorge Acosta AGCD
Genis Castillo Rodolfo Araya Banco de la República
César Azurdia BMZ
Maria I Chacón
Raúl Castillo CIAT
Jorge Hernández EU
Hipólito de la Cruz
Celia Lima IBPGR
Paul Gepts
ICTA
Jenny Motta Rogelio Lépiz
INIA/ INIFAP
César Ocampo Luís López
INIAA
Jorge Liñan
Martha Serrano INTA
José Muruaga IUCN
Alba M Torres
María C Menéndez USAID
Joe Tohme Raúl Ríos USDA
Orlando Toro Luís Valera World Bank