2. Linking cassava research and industry
Hernan Ceballos
Introduction: a remarkable crop
Starches and flour
Animal and human nutrition
Ethanol
Concluding remarks
3. The plant
Roots:
Unique starch properties
Low protein
Yellow roots: carotenes
Foliage:
“A tropical alfalfa”
100 US$/t in Vietnam
Stems:
Planting material
9. Commercial planting in
sub-humid environment
Commercial planting
in acid-soil environment
Commercial planting in
sandy low fertility soils
Commercial planting
near rice fields
10. This map could be used to indicate strength of markets for cassava
Strong markets lead to adoption of technologies which reduce yield
gap. “The best agronomist is a good price for cassava…” (J. Cock)
Impact, in other words, depend on the strength of markets.
11. All industrial uses of cassava require
High dry matter (starch) content
Continuous supply year round
Early bulking?
12. Evolution of dry matter content (≈ starch
content) in Rayong 60
25
30
35
40
Drymattercontent(%)
10
M
11
A
12
M
13
J
14
J
15
A
16
S
17
O
18
N
19
D
MAP
Month
Return of rains
in the
Caribbean coast
of Colombia
Rayong 60 does not recover
DMC even 4 months after
arrival of rains
However, in Southern
Brazil clones have been
developed to recover DMC
13. Dry matter content (%) in two dates of harvest (before /after rains)
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Dry matter content (%) in March
Drymattercontent(%)inMay
µ = 26.5%
µ = 31.5%
15. Age
(months)
FRY
(t ha-1)
DMY
(t ha-1)
HI
(0-1)
DMC
(%)
Roting
(%)
8.5 19.7 7.0 0.62 35.6 1.13
9.5 20.1 6.8 0.60 33.9 1.15
11.0 25.0 8.9 0.55 35.6 0.75
12.5 28.5 10.7 0.58 37.8 0.78
14.0 32.8 12.1 0.54 36.9 1.31
16.5 38.7 14.5 0.55 37.4 1.07
Average 27.5 10.0 0.57 36.2 1.03
SE of Mean 0.84 0.31 0.00 0.19 0.52
Results of breeding for better response in DMC for
delayed harvests (beyond 12 months after planting)
16. Ground penetrating radar
New technologies will allow non-destructive monitoring of
root growth through the season
17.
18. Linking cassava research and industry
Hernan Ceballos
Introduction: a remarkable crop
Starches and flour
Animal and human nutrition
Ethanol
Concluding remarks
24. Needs of the starch industry
High dry matter (starch) content
Continuous supply year round
Variation in functional properties
25. Starch is typically made of
two glucose polymers.
Their proportion & relative
length of their chains
affect the functional
properties of the starch:
alpha 1-4
Amylopectin
alpha 1-4 and
alpha 1-6 glycosidic
bonds
Only alpha 1-4
glycosidic
bonds
Amylose
alpha 1-6
INTRODUCTION: Starch
Until recently, we only
worked with “generic”
cassava regarding
functional properties
Retrogradation
Syneresis
Gel clarity
Thermal properties
Viscosity, etc.
Commercial
applications
28. Source: Sánchez et al., (2009) Starch/Stärke 61:12-19
Average 20.7 %
No amylose-free
starch found
Amylose content (%) in starches from more than 4000 accessions of the
cassava germplasm collection at CIAT (iodine-colorimetric determination)
In search of novel cassava starch types
No high-amylose
Starch found either
Waxy starch
proved to be
very appealing
to the starch
industry
0%
amylose
Resistant
Starches
(diabetic
People)
Eco-Tilling
≤60%
amylose
29. Needs of the flour industry
High dry matter (starch) content
Continuous supply year round
Special peel characteristics
Functional properties ?
30. Peeling implies an
important cost in flour
production
There is large
variation in peel
thickness
Easier to
peel
Do we need
to peel?
More flour
per kg root
33. Linking cassava research and industry
Hernan Ceballos
Introduction: a remarkable crop
Starches and flour
Animal and human nutrition
Ethanol
Concluding remarks
41. Cassava foliage a “tropical alfalfa”. Excellent for
animal feeding(100 US$/T in Vietnam)
42. Silage of cassava roots and foliage for swine feeding
at a large scale
Some adaptive research to determine the
right proportion of roots and foliage, as
well as in the preparation of the silage, is
still needed
43. Linking cassava research and industry
Hernan Ceballos
Introduction: a remarkable crop
Starches and flour
Animal and human nutrition
Ethanol
Concluding remarks
45. Deforestation, time spent looking for wood
Unaccounted social impact: time invested by women and
children to gather fuel wood or the need to go to the market to
purchase it (or charcoal). Cooking often accounts for 90% of
energy demand for millions of households in Africa
46. Smoke & indoor air pollution
lead to thousands of early deaths
(particularly women and children)
Indoor air pollution (IAP) is responsible for > 1.6 million deaths
and 2.7% of the global burden of diseases (as DALY)
It has been estimated IAP is equivalent to smoking 2 packages
of cigarettes per day
Women and children are the most severely affected. Replacing
solid fuel can enhance welfare of 2.5 billion people.
47. Charcoal or wood burning also has negative environmental
effects related to 18% CO2 emissions and deforestation
48. Clean cooking fuel also implies
less time cooking and better
cooked food
51. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)
of very high gravity (VHG) cassava starch slurry
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Glucose(g/100mL)
Highest rate of hydrolysis for Small Granule Cassava (5G160-13)
Lesser use of enzyme for same rate of hydrolysis.
Waxy cassava starch (AM206-5)
Normal cassava starch (MTAI-8)
Small granule: structural & physico-chemical characteristics
Time (hours)
52. Linking cassava research and industry
Hernan Ceballos
Introduction: a remarkable crop
Starches and flour
Animal and human nutrition
Ethanol
Concluding remarks
53. High fresh root productivity and high/stable DMC
a common requirement for most value chains
55. A gradual change has taken place in
the last decade at CIAT
We abandoned the idea of “generic”
cassava varieties that were supposed
to be good for all and every end-use
Research can (and must) meet the
specific demands from different
value chains specialized clones
new cultural practices
56. Clear understanding of the needs
from the industry is fundamental
Collaboration between research and
processing institutions feasible, easy
and very productive
Cassava can respond to the needs
from the industry. Breeding is the
bridge. This presentation shows how
efficient the process can be