The document provides an overview of wind energy and wind measurement techniques. It discusses how wind forms due to solar heating of the atmosphere and typical global wind patterns. It then covers various anemometer types used to measure wind speed and direction for assessing wind resources and calculating energy production. The document also reviews specifications for cup anemometers and wind vanes commonly used on meteorological towers. Finally, it outlines the process of installing a meteorological tower, including mast types, instrument placement heights, and safety procedures.

1. 11
Welcome to the world of wind energy
Dr. D. V. Kanellopoulos
OPWP Renewable Energy
Training Program
11-14 December 2016
Muscat, Oman
Wind Potential

2. 22
Solar radiation powers up the wind

3. 33
Surface air temperatures on earth for January

4. 44
Global Surface Winds
latitude Predominate
wind
direction
60-90 N NE
30-60 N SW
0-30 N NE
0-30 S SE
30-60 S NW
60-90 S SE

5. 55
Energy from the wind
•Air density depends on temperature and
barometric pressure.
•The larger the diameter of the wt, the
larger the gain.
•High speeds yield more energy Betz limit, named
after german
aerodynamist
Albert Betz

6. BL=16/27
BL=0.593
TIP SPEED ratio, λ
Power
coefficient
%
Cp

7. The tip-speed ratio, λ, or TSR for WTs is the ratio
between the tangential speed of the tip of a blade and the actual velocity of the wind,
The tip-speed ratio is related to efficiency, with the optimum varying with blade design.
Higher tip speeds result in higher noise levels and require stronger blades
due to large centrifugal forces.
The tip speed of the blade can be calculated as
ω times R, where ω is the rotor rotational speed in radians/second,
and R is the rotor radius in meters.
Tip speed ratio, λ

8. Cp vs wind speed for
various pitch angles
Cp vs TSR(λ) for
various pitch angles

9. Earth’s climatic zones
Meteorological parameters vary
These affect wt performance and certification

10. Measuring wind speed & wind direction
Wind speed
Estimate the
AEP in
kWh,
MWh,
GWH
Wind directions
Design wind
farm layouts in
order to
maximize
energy output,
minimize wake
losses and land
or sea use

11. Duration of wind measurements for safe AEP calculations ?
It cannot be less than a full year. More years reduce uncertainty in estimating AEP for the life
time of a project which is 20years.
Minimum duration period is normally obligatory by the regulatory authorities(e.g. RAE in GR)
Malin Head Met station in Ireland

12. Duration of wind measurements for safe AEP calculations ?
8.8
m/s
ok E

13. Anemometers or wind sensors
1846-Thomas Romney Robinson, Ireland
John Patterson, a Canadian weatherman
3 cup 1926

14. U m/s V m/s
W m/s
The wind vector, in reality. Most measurement
measure only the horizontal wind speed magnitude.
The horizontal wind comprises of the U and V
components of the true wind. This is used for
site evaluation.

15. Anemometers types
Rotating cup anemometers
Total cup anemometer.
No power needed!
Hand anemometer.
Battery needed.

16. Anemometers types
Rotating propeller anemometers
Hand anemometer.
Battery needed.
vane anemometer

17. Anemometers types
Rotating propeller anemometers
a U-V-W anemometer
a W anemometer, suitable for any angle

18. Anemometers types
Ultrasonic anemometers

19. Acoustic resonance anemometers
Anemometers types

20. Anemometers types
Hot wire anemometers

21. Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV), also known as laser Doppler
anemometry (LDA), is the technique of using the Doppler shift in
a laser beam to measure the velocity in transparent or semi-transparent fluid
flows. The measurement with LDA is absolute, linear with velocity and
requires no pre-calibration.
Anemometers types
Laser Doppler anemometers

22. Anemometers types
Thermal Field Variation anemometers, TFV
This Design Idea describes a method by which you can detect and assess air or liquid
fluid flow using an externally heated semiconductor diode. Airflow across the heated
diode reduces its temperature, causing a variation in the diode's voltage drop. This
principle is similar to that used in hot-wire anemometers.

23. Anemometers types
Pressure tube anemometers

24. Technical specifications for cup anemometers
For site assessment and measurement of
power performance of wind energy power
plants.
Class A, B and S accredited according to
IEC 61400-12-1 (2005-12) ISO 17713-1,
Measnet: Classcup
Technical Data
Meas range 0,3...75 m/s
Meas. instability
(w/o calibration)
0,3...50 m/s < 1% of meas. value
or < 0,2 m/s
Survival speed 80 m/s (min. 30 minutes)
Permissible
Ambient condit.
-50…+80 °C, all occurring
situations of relative humidity (incl.
dew moistening)

25. Technical specifications for cup anemometers
Output signal
Form rectangle
Frequency 1082 Hz @ 50 m/s
Amplitude is supply voltage, max. 15 V
Load R > 1 kΩ (Push-pull output with 220 Ω in
series)
C < 200 nF (corresp. to length typical cable <
1km)
Linearity Correlation factor r between frequency and
wind speed
y= 0,0462*f+0,21 typical
r > 0.999 99 (4…20 m/s)
Starting
velocity
< 0,3 m/s
Resolution 0,05 m wind run
Distance
constant
<3m (acc. To ASTM D 5096 – 96), instrument
respond to 63.2% of speed change

26. Anemometers types
Wind direction sensors, wind vanes
Artistic traditional wind
vanes on house rooftops

27. Anemometers types
Wind direction sensors, wind vanes
Ice free wind vane

28. Technical specifications for wind vanes

29. Anemometers types
Combined type anemometers, nick named “airplane” anemometers
Used
extensively
in the 80’s
and 90’s in
Greece to
verify sites

30. Anemometers types
Combined type anemometers
Not used for verified wind
resource measurements

31. Anemometer towers
H m AGL or ASL
H minimum
= or > than 10 m

32. Anemometer towers

33. Anemometer towers

34. Anemometer towers, with and without guy wires

35. Other necessary meteorological instrument
used for wind resource evaluation,
barometric pressure sensor

36. Other necessary meteorological instrument
used for wind resource evaluation, thermometer
•Minimum
•Mean
•Maximum

37. Data Loggers, the “brain” of the measuring system

38. Data Loggers, the “brain” of the measuring system

39. Put your hard hats on.
Lets put up one wind measuring system

40. Installation of a meteorological tower for wind energy evaluation
How height we need the
measurements?
How many intermediate heights
are necessary?
Tubular or lattice towers?
Team qualifications?
Must follow standards in order
to be accepted by permit
procedure in the future

41. Installation of a meteorological tower for wind energy evaluation
Ground preparation
A 1:5000 scale map will give an indication of a suitable place,
eye verification absolutely necessary. Permission will be
necessary prior to erecting the tower.
For a 60 m mast, areas in red must be cleared from vegetation if necessary
90 m
63 m
46 m

42. Installation of a meteorological tower for wind energy evaluation
Ground preparation
Final
stage of
anchor
Final stage of
anchor in solid
rock

43. Installation of a meteorological tower for wind energy evaluation
Ground preparation
A 6.5 t hydraulic jack
Mast base

44. Installation of a meteorological tower for wind energy evaluation
Mast types
Tubular type,
e.g. D=152 mm
Latice, e.g.
L=500 mm

45. Installation of a meteorological tower for wind energy evaluation
Ground preparation
Mast
alignment

46. Side arm, L=2500 mm
Installation of a meteorological tower for wind energy evaluation
How far do we place the instruments?

47. Installation of a meteorological tower for wind energy evaluation
Instrument placements
Top mast layout

48. Installation of a meteorological tower for wind energy evaluation
Instrument s in place on top of the met mast

49. Installation of a meteorological tower for wind energy evaluation
Area needed, personnel placements prior to erection

50. Installation of a meteorological tower for wind energy evaluation
Erecting the mast
At 30 degrees angle
At 45 degrees angle
Final position