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Comparing gasoline & electric ‘fuel’ price


                                                                                           To a plug‐in Prius driver $0.31/kWh 
                $/gallon equivalent                                                        electricity costs as much as $5.00 
                                                                                           gasolinel1
                $6.00

                                                                                                                                   (Lower Use)
                                                                                                                                    $0.31/kWh
                $5.00                           Drivers of high‐MPG cars are                                                         DR Tier 4
                                                 economically indifferent to 
            F
                                                fuel choice at relatively low 
            u $4.00                                   electricity prices 
            e
            l
                $3.00
            c
            o                                                                                                                       $0.14/kWh
                                                                                                                                    EV-TOU-2
            s $2.00
                                                                                                                                  Super Off-Peak
            t                                                                                                                      (Higher Use)

                $1.00


                $0.00
                            MPG >       10                    20                 30                     40                        50
                                    Hummer                                  Honda Accord                                   Toyota Prius

                      77% of drivers cite fuel-cost savings as the #1 benefit to owning a plug-in vehicle2
1.) Assumes 3 miles/kWh; example (50/3) x $0.31 = $5.16
2.) J.D. Power, 2012 utility customer satisfaction survey                                                                                        Page 6 of 21
Fast Charge - Highest Cost
         Utility billing cost per 50-miles
         On AL-TOU in Summer1



          23‐minutes per car at 48 kW                                                                         All other times                            Hours
                                                                                       Demand
                                                                                       Charges                During On‐Peak
            $60                                                                                                                                            24
                              Average                  $46.96 gge3
                              $/kWh2                                                                          Energy
            $50                        $2.93                                                                  Total charging hrs/day
                                                                                                                                                           19

            $40                                                            For a Plug‐in Prius driver, utility billing costs can 
                                       $24                                 quickly exceed gasoline3 if site loads are not                                  14
                                                                           managed, even at high utilization rates.
            $30
                                                                         $1.52 

                                                                                                                                         $12.91 gge
                                                                                                                                                           9
            $20                                                          $12                                $1.04 

                                                                                                                                            $0.81 
                                       $23                                                                  $8                                             4
            $10                                                                                                                               $6 
                                                                         $11 
                                                                                                            $8                              $6 
              $0                       $1.61                           $1.61                               $1.61                           $1.61           (1)
                      2% utilization                    3% utilization                    5% utilization                    6% utilization
                                        30                               60                                 90                               120
                                (1 car per day)                                                                                       (4 cars per day)
                                                                Cars charged during 30‐day period
1.) Assumes AL-TOU rate as of May 2012; 90% charging efficiency and 3 miles/kWh
2.) Average $/kWh = (total utility bill / total kWh measured at meter during billing period) / total cars charged during billing period
3.) Assumes 48 MPG (e.g. 2012 Plug-in Prius) and 3 miles/kWh
4.) Assumes average of AL-TOU On, Semi and Off-Peak and includes UDC, Commodity, DWR Bond, Taxes (i.e., approximately ~$0.10./kWh) as of Jun 2012               Page 9 of 21
Level 1 - Highest Cost
         Utility billing cost per 50-miles
         On AL-TOU in Summer1



          13.2 hours per car at 1.4 kW                                                                        All other times                            Hours
                                                                                       Demand
                                                                                       Charges                During On‐Peak
            $10                                                                                                                                            24
              $9                                                                                              Energy
                                                               *Each Level 1 unit can provide
                                                                                                              Total charging hrs/day
              $8                                               one 50-mile charge each day
                                                                                                                                                           19
              $7
                                                                         Charging from standard 120V outlets is low cost 
              $6                                                         even with all demand charges...and serves the                                     14
                                                                         overwhelming majority of drivers before Noon.
              $5
                                        $2.88 gge3
              $4                                                                                                                                           9
                                                                                                      *Infeasible due to
                                       $0.18                                                           charge duration
              $3
                                     $0.70                               $0.14                             $0.12 
              $2                     $0.67                             $0.35                             $0.23                              $0.12          4
                                                                       $0.33                             $0.22                             $0.18 
                                                                                                                                           $0.17 
              $1                     $1.61                             $1.61                             $1.61                             $1.61 
              $0                                                                                                                                           (1)
                     55% utilization                   108% utilization
                                       30                                60                                90                               120
                                (1 car per day)                                                                                       (4 cars per day)
                                                                Cars charged during 30‐day period
1.) Assumes AL-TOU rate as of May 2012; 90% charging efficiency and 3 miles/kWh
2.) Average $/kWh = (total utility bill / total kWh measured at meter during billing period) / total cars charged during billing period
3.) Assumes 48 MPG (e.g. 2012 Plug-in Prius) and 3 miles/kWh
4.) Assumes average of AL-TOU On, Semi and Off-Peak and includes UDC, Commodity, DWR Bond, Taxes (i.e., approximately ~$0.10./kWh) as of Jun 2012              Page 11 of 21
Summary - costs per car                                                                 Without demand charges, utility billing cost 
         AL-TOU in Summer                                                                        per car doesn’t vary with speed or 
                                                                                                 utilization rate; only energy costs remain.


                                                                       No Load                   No New On‐                   No New 
                       4 cars/day              Utilization1
                                                                      Management                    Peak                      Demand
                                                                                                                                                        CAPEX2,3

                                                                        $0.81/kWh                 $0.46/kWh                 $0.10/kWh                 $0.14/kWh
                       Fast Charge                   6%
                                                                        $12.91 gge                 $7.38 gge                 $1.61 gge                 $2.32 gge
                                                                        $0.16/kWh                 $0.13/kWh                 $0.10/kWh                 $0.03/kWh
                       Level 2                      70%
                                                                         $2.58 gge                 $2.08 gge                 $1.61 gge                 $0.45 gge
                                                                        $0.18/kWh                                                                    $0.005/kWh
                       Level 1                      55%                                                   ‐                         ‐
                                                                         $2.88 gge                                                                    $0.09 gge




                                                                       No Load                   No New On‐                   No New 
                        1 car/day              Utilization1
                                                                      Management                    Peak                      Demand
                                                                                                                                                         CAPEX

                                                                        $2.93/kWh                 $1.55/kWh                 $0.10/kWh                 $0.05/kWh
                       Fast Charge                   2%
                                                                        $46.96 gge                $24.87 gge                 $1.61 gge                 $8.68 gge
                                                                        $0.29/kWh                 $0.20/kWh                 $0.10/kWh                 $0.08/kWh
                       Level 2                      23%
                                                                         $4.63 gge                 $3.13 gge                 $1.61 gge                 $1.35 gge


                                                                                                                                           Equipment cost can add significantly 
                                                                                                                                           to per‐car charging costs2,3
1.) Hours actively charging / 24
2.) CAPEX assumptions: $100,000 for DCFC, $15,000 for Level 2, $1,000 for Level 1
3.) Assumes: $0 O&M costs; 48 MPG; 3 miles/kWh;10 year book life; 5 Yr straight-line depreciation; 40% tax rate; 5% cost of capital; 90% charging efficiency; 365 Days available
per year and $26.43 per kW demand charge.                                                                                                                                          Page 12 of 21
How far do your employees drive to work?


Daily miles driven                                                                                                             SDG&E employee average use:
2009 National Household Travel Survey                                                                                          30 LEAFs, 2 Volts, 1 Active‐E, 1 
                          40%
                                                                                                                                   conversion (16 users)
                                                                                                                                      ~3 kWh/session
                          35%                                                                                                   Done well before “On‐Peak”
                                                                                                                                   0.3 sessions/day/EVSE
 Portion of daily trips




                          30%
                                                    The majority of people drive 
                          25%                       relatively few miles each day
                          20%

                          15%

                          10%
                                                                           Trips exceeding ½ of all-electric Nissan LEAF range
                          5%

                          0%
                                0    5     15      25     35     45     55      65     75     85      95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195
                                                                                         Daily miles driven
                                    Source: U.S. DOT, Federal Highway Administration 2009 National Household Travel Survey http://nhts.ornl.gov/2009/pub/stt.pdf




                                                                                                                                                                   Page 13 of 21
Matching charging equipment to charging time
          Hours required to recharge, at various power levels


                                         Re‐charging in the entire time you remain parked results in least cost
          Hrs.
          14                    $500 20-Amp outlet
                                                                                                                                                  Required range
                                 No monthly fees
                                                                                                                                                    80 miles
                                                                     An 80 mile charge from an outlet takes                                         35 miles
          12                                                         longer that the entire workday.
                                                                                                                                                    10 miles
          10
                                                                                  Hours parked at work
            8
                                                                     A 10 and 35 mile charge are finished 
                                                                     well before the end of the workday.
            6
                                                                                             $10,000 Level 2
            4                                                                                 Possible fees


            2                                                                                                                         $50,000 DC Fast Charger
                                                                                                                                           Possible fees
            0
                                          1.8 kW                                                    6.6 kW                                   50 kW
Assumptions: 3 miles of range per kWh, measure at utility meter; costs are illustrative – approximations of ‘all-in’ installed cost
Note: San Diego "...average regional commute…23.7 daily miles per person...” http://www.movesandiego.org/reports.html                                           Page 14 of 21
Emerging policies


          • IRS definition of “De minimis”
                    –      …so small as to make accounting for it unreasonable or impractical

          • An essential element of de minimis benefits - frequency and value
                    –      Must be occasional or unusual in frequency

          • Includes such items as (precede all with word “occasional”):
                    –      Use of photocopier
                    –      Snacks, coffee, doughnuts, etc.
                    –      Tickets for entertainment events; holiday gifts
                    –      Meal money or transportation expense for working overtime
                    –      Personal use of a business cell phone



          • Carbon credits, as per Air Resources Board
                    –      Owned by the employer
                    –      Estimated is OK – until Nov 2015 – then measurement is required (SB 1455)

http://www.irs.gov/govt/fslg/article/0,,id=184791,00.html                                              Page 16 of 21

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Zerega San Diego Gas and Electric presentation

  • 1. Comparing gasoline & electric ‘fuel’ price To a plug‐in Prius driver $0.31/kWh  $/gallon equivalent electricity costs as much as $5.00  gasolinel1 $6.00 (Lower Use) $0.31/kWh $5.00 Drivers of high‐MPG cars are  DR Tier 4 economically indifferent to  F fuel choice at relatively low  u $4.00 electricity prices  e l $3.00 c o $0.14/kWh EV-TOU-2 s $2.00 Super Off-Peak t (Higher Use) $1.00 $0.00 MPG > 10 20 30 40 50 Hummer Honda Accord Toyota Prius 77% of drivers cite fuel-cost savings as the #1 benefit to owning a plug-in vehicle2 1.) Assumes 3 miles/kWh; example (50/3) x $0.31 = $5.16 2.) J.D. Power, 2012 utility customer satisfaction survey Page 6 of 21
  • 2. Fast Charge - Highest Cost Utility billing cost per 50-miles On AL-TOU in Summer1 23‐minutes per car at 48 kW All other times Hours Demand Charges During On‐Peak $60 24 Average $46.96 gge3 $/kWh2 Energy $50 $2.93  Total charging hrs/day 19 $40 For a Plug‐in Prius driver, utility billing costs can  $24  quickly exceed gasoline3 if site loads are not  14 managed, even at high utilization rates. $30 $1.52  $12.91 gge 9 $20 $12  $1.04  $0.81  $23  $8  4 $10 $6  $11  $8  $6  $0 $1.61  $1.61  $1.61  $1.61  (1) 2% utilization 3% utilization 5% utilization 6% utilization 30 60 90 120 (1 car per day) (4 cars per day) Cars charged during 30‐day period 1.) Assumes AL-TOU rate as of May 2012; 90% charging efficiency and 3 miles/kWh 2.) Average $/kWh = (total utility bill / total kWh measured at meter during billing period) / total cars charged during billing period 3.) Assumes 48 MPG (e.g. 2012 Plug-in Prius) and 3 miles/kWh 4.) Assumes average of AL-TOU On, Semi and Off-Peak and includes UDC, Commodity, DWR Bond, Taxes (i.e., approximately ~$0.10./kWh) as of Jun 2012 Page 9 of 21
  • 3. Level 1 - Highest Cost Utility billing cost per 50-miles On AL-TOU in Summer1 13.2 hours per car at 1.4 kW All other times Hours Demand Charges During On‐Peak $10 24 $9 Energy *Each Level 1 unit can provide Total charging hrs/day $8 one 50-mile charge each day 19 $7 Charging from standard 120V outlets is low cost  $6 even with all demand charges...and serves the  14 overwhelming majority of drivers before Noon. $5 $2.88 gge3 $4 9 *Infeasible due to $0.18  charge duration $3 $0.70  $0.14  $0.12  $2 $0.67  $0.35  $0.23  $0.12  4 $0.33  $0.22  $0.18  $0.17  $1 $1.61  $1.61  $1.61  $1.61  $0 (1) 55% utilization 108% utilization 30 60 90 120 (1 car per day) (4 cars per day) Cars charged during 30‐day period 1.) Assumes AL-TOU rate as of May 2012; 90% charging efficiency and 3 miles/kWh 2.) Average $/kWh = (total utility bill / total kWh measured at meter during billing period) / total cars charged during billing period 3.) Assumes 48 MPG (e.g. 2012 Plug-in Prius) and 3 miles/kWh 4.) Assumes average of AL-TOU On, Semi and Off-Peak and includes UDC, Commodity, DWR Bond, Taxes (i.e., approximately ~$0.10./kWh) as of Jun 2012 Page 11 of 21
  • 4. Summary - costs per car Without demand charges, utility billing cost  AL-TOU in Summer per car doesn’t vary with speed or  utilization rate; only energy costs remain. No Load  No New On‐ No New  4 cars/day Utilization1 Management Peak Demand CAPEX2,3 $0.81/kWh $0.46/kWh $0.10/kWh $0.14/kWh Fast Charge 6% $12.91 gge $7.38 gge $1.61 gge $2.32 gge $0.16/kWh $0.13/kWh $0.10/kWh $0.03/kWh Level 2 70% $2.58 gge $2.08 gge $1.61 gge $0.45 gge $0.18/kWh $0.005/kWh Level 1 55% ‐ ‐ $2.88 gge $0.09 gge No Load  No New On‐ No New  1 car/day Utilization1 Management Peak Demand CAPEX $2.93/kWh $1.55/kWh $0.10/kWh $0.05/kWh Fast Charge 2% $46.96 gge $24.87 gge $1.61 gge $8.68 gge $0.29/kWh $0.20/kWh $0.10/kWh $0.08/kWh Level 2 23% $4.63 gge $3.13 gge $1.61 gge $1.35 gge Equipment cost can add significantly  to per‐car charging costs2,3 1.) Hours actively charging / 24 2.) CAPEX assumptions: $100,000 for DCFC, $15,000 for Level 2, $1,000 for Level 1 3.) Assumes: $0 O&M costs; 48 MPG; 3 miles/kWh;10 year book life; 5 Yr straight-line depreciation; 40% tax rate; 5% cost of capital; 90% charging efficiency; 365 Days available per year and $26.43 per kW demand charge. Page 12 of 21
  • 5. How far do your employees drive to work? Daily miles driven SDG&E employee average use: 2009 National Household Travel Survey 30 LEAFs, 2 Volts, 1 Active‐E, 1  40% conversion (16 users) ~3 kWh/session 35% Done well before “On‐Peak” 0.3 sessions/day/EVSE Portion of daily trips 30% The majority of people drive  25% relatively few miles each day 20% 15% 10% Trips exceeding ½ of all-electric Nissan LEAF range 5% 0% 0 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 Daily miles driven Source: U.S. DOT, Federal Highway Administration 2009 National Household Travel Survey http://nhts.ornl.gov/2009/pub/stt.pdf Page 13 of 21
  • 6. Matching charging equipment to charging time Hours required to recharge, at various power levels Re‐charging in the entire time you remain parked results in least cost Hrs. 14 $500 20-Amp outlet Required range No monthly fees 80 miles An 80 mile charge from an outlet takes  35 miles 12 longer that the entire workday. 10 miles 10 Hours parked at work 8 A 10 and 35 mile charge are finished  well before the end of the workday. 6 $10,000 Level 2 4 Possible fees 2 $50,000 DC Fast Charger Possible fees 0 1.8 kW 6.6 kW 50 kW Assumptions: 3 miles of range per kWh, measure at utility meter; costs are illustrative – approximations of ‘all-in’ installed cost Note: San Diego "...average regional commute…23.7 daily miles per person...” http://www.movesandiego.org/reports.html Page 14 of 21
  • 7. Emerging policies • IRS definition of “De minimis” – …so small as to make accounting for it unreasonable or impractical • An essential element of de minimis benefits - frequency and value – Must be occasional or unusual in frequency • Includes such items as (precede all with word “occasional”): – Use of photocopier – Snacks, coffee, doughnuts, etc. – Tickets for entertainment events; holiday gifts – Meal money or transportation expense for working overtime – Personal use of a business cell phone • Carbon credits, as per Air Resources Board – Owned by the employer – Estimated is OK – until Nov 2015 – then measurement is required (SB 1455) http://www.irs.gov/govt/fslg/article/0,,id=184791,00.html Page 16 of 21