1. Nerve Cell restoring Burcu ÖZAY 060090301 Begüm ÜZEL 060090313 Candan Ece DURMUŞ 060090327

2. Nerve cell : neuron

3. Nerve cell The basic unit of the nervous system is a highly specialized cell, also known as a neuron. It's main purpose is to transport messages from one part of the body to another in the form of nerve impulses. Because of their highly specialized function, neurons have certain special characteristics.

4. Nerve cell

5. Neural network

6. synapse

7. synapse

8. synapse

9. communicaton

10. Electric zap

11. Welcome site

13. Diseasesduetonervecelldamageordeath

15. NervecellDamageDemyelination- MultipleSclerosis (MS) When demyelination occurs, the nerve impulses can no longer travel smoothly throughout the nervous system. The destruction of the myelin is shown by scars or lesions along the axons. It has been found that sometimes even the axons can become damaged or destroyed as well.

16. NervecellDamageDemyelination- MultipleSclerosis (MS) Whatcausesdemyelination:Iftheoligodendrocytes (producetheMyelinsheath) aredamagedonlypartialremyelinationmayoccur. Little is knownaboutthemechanismsinvolved in thisprocess. Theimmunesystemmayplay a role in demyelinationassociatedwithsuchdiseases, includinginflammationcausingdemyelinationbyoverproduction of cytokinesaresecretedbytheglialcells) . Thereareglialcellscalledastrocytes. Theseareresponsibleforthescartissuewhichforms in place of themyelin. Thescarsorlesionsalongtheaxoncannotperformthewaythemyelindoes. cytokin

18. Treatmants Inducing nerve cells to grow new connections with other cells, thus improving communication between remaining healthy cells. a protein called “WAVE-1″ regulates the growth of structures called spines that ultimately connect nerve cells. This technique is especially good for Alzheimer’s disease

19. Treatmants Prolactinhormone, which increases in the body during pregnancy, is directly responsible for the formation of new myelin in the brains and spinal cords of pregnant mice. Further, when non-pregnant mice with MS-like lesions were injected with prolactin, their myelin was also repaired. Thissolution is goodespeciallyfor MS disease. Prolactinsecretingcells

20. Treatmants Scientistsbelievethatdamage can be reversedbyreplacinglostcellswithnewonesderivedfromcellsthat can matureintonervecells, calledneuralstemcells. Researchers can thentransplantculturedstemcellsintothebrain of an animal model andallowthebrain'sownsignalstodifferentiatethestemcellsintoneuronsorglia. Alternatively, thestemcells can be inducedtodifferentiateintoneuronsandgliawhile in theculturedish, beforebeingtransplantedintothebrain.

21. OursolutIon

22. OursolutIon Our future application is about nogogene.This gene belongs to the family of reticulon-encoding genes. Reticulons are associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, and are involved in neuroendocrine secretion or in membrane trafficking in neuroendocrinecells.There are three isoforms: Nogo A, B and C. Nogo-A has two known inhibitory domains including amino-Nogo, at the N-terminus and Nogo-66, which makes up the molecules extracellular loop. Both amino-Nogo and Nogo-66 are involved in inhibitory responses, where amino-Nogo is a strong inhibitor of neurite outgrowth, and Nogo-66 is involved in growth cone destruction.No-go Decay

23. OursolutIon A major field of research in the "RNA field" is the quality control of mRNA production.Remember from the central dogma:DNA=>RNA=>ProteinWhen "genes are activated", what is really going on is that a DNA segment (i.e. the gene) is copied into RNA, that is then processed to form messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus. But what happens if the mRNA is misprocessed? Or what happens if a gene acquires a mutation resulting in aberrant mRNAs? The eukaryotic cell has various mechanisms to deal with any bad mRNA.

24. OursolutIon As we see this nogogene.We should stop this gene.So our future application is about blocking this gene.We created a experiment, we are going to take out the damaged gene then we need to find out the trigger nogo for to put down.Whenever we get those genes we will put these to petri cub for to enhance them.After we restore these damaged cells we have to put them back as soon as possible for application.

25. Some of pointsthatwehavemantioned in ourpresentation (Nervecellrestoring) withourhandmadenervecell model.

26. Structure of NerveCell cytokin NOGO gene axon nucleus myelinsheat demyelinatedarea dendrites

27. NerveCellDiseases-DemyelinationEffect of Cytokin Ourimmunitysystemtraetsthedemyelinatedarealike a scarfandoverproducescytokin . Cytokinstickstothedemyelinatedarea but it doesn’twork in thewaymyelindoes. Itinterruptstheelectrycityflow.

28. OurSolutionBlocking NOGO gene Blocking NOGO gene allowsthenervecelltogenerate. Soifwecouldblockthis gene therewill be no damagednervetissuesanymore.

29. Linksthatweused http://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/c/Chemical_synapse.htm http://www.bem.fi/book/02/02.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_regeneration http://www.tutorvista.com/science/nerve-cell-structure-and-function http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/Print_Version http://pages.towson.edu/bdevan/Brain%20transplant%20follow-up%20articles/Langston%20et%20al,%201999%20-%20evidence%20of%20active%20cell%20degeneration%20in%20human%20MPTP%20exposure.pdf http://eyedocnews.com/003408-can-stem-cells-be-used-to-treat-optic-nerve-damage/ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/02/070221071152.htm http://esciencenews.com/dictionary/nerve.cell.damage http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090403173542AACbJgh http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron http://www.alzinfo.org/08/alzheimers/reversing-nerve-cell-damage http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Adult_neurogenesis http://www.ucalgary.ca/news/feb2007/ms-hormone/ http://www.biotech-weblog.com/50226711/nerve_and_brain_cell_damage_reversal.php