Terms in translation studies

1. TERMS IN
TRANSLATIONS
STUDIES
BY
BUHSRA TABASSUM
UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT

2. BORROWING:
• The use of source language item in the target
language typically there are cultural items such
as french Baguette or Russian rouble which do to
exist in the source text or which are used to give
a foreign character to the target text.

3. CALQUE:
• The process where by the individual elements of an
source language item are translated literaly to produce
target language equivalent e.g ministere des finances(
ministry of finance)

4. CATAPHORA:
• The use of the linguistic item to refere forward to
sub sequent element in the text for example: ( in
his speech the king said…… )
Category shift:
• A translation at a different rank in the target
language e.g (source text word by target text
group)

5. COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS:
• A branch of linguistics which studies the role of
such mental processes as inference in the
reasoning necessary for processing text.
Coherence:
• A standard which all well-formed texts must
meet and which stipulates that the grammatical
and lexical relationships “hang together” and
make overall sense as text.

6. ACCEPTABILITY:
• Acceptability is the text receiver attitude in the
communication.
• Acceptability in the sense that text receiver accept a
language configuration as a cohesive and coherent
text capable of utilization.
• Sentences to be judged grammatically or
ungrammatically.

7. COHESION:
•Cohesion is "the glue that sticks a sentence to
another in a paragraph or a paragraph to another in
a text."
•Cohesion describes the way in which a text is tied
together by linguistic devices, such as And so we
see . . . , Additonally . . . , Therefore . . . , However
. . . and On the other hand . . .

8. COMPONENTIALANALYSIS:
Breaking down of lexical items into their basic
meanings components.
Componential analysis is the analysis of words
through structured sets of semantic features, which are
given as “present”, “absent” or “indifferent with
reference to feature”
For example : man = [+ male], [+ mature] or
woman = [– male], [+ mature]
boy = [+ male], [– mature]

9. CONTEXT:
The multi-layered extra-textual environment
which exerts a determining influence of the
language used.
The ideology of the speaker on the other hand
would form part of the context of culture.
Whether the translation is in written form, orally
done or as subtitlingdubbing etc.
It is divided into two parts.

10. CONTEXT OF CULTURE:
Cultural context looks at the society the characters
live in and at how their culture can affect their
behavior and their opportunities.
Think about where and when each text is set.
The most powerful forces in a society
include religion, gender roles, attitudes towards sex
and marriage, social status/class, job
opportunities/emigration, (wealth/poverty), politics,
authority figures, stereotypes/ethnic identity.

11. CONTEXT OF SITUATION:
The Context of Situation is the “environment in
which meanings are being exchanged” and is
comprised of three elements:
Field: refers to what is happening.
Tenor: refers to who is taking part.
Mode of Discourse: refers to what part the language
is playing.

12. CO-TEXT:
The other lexical items that occur before and after a
word.
Contrastive analysis:
Analysis of two or more different languages with the
aim of identifying places.

13. CORPUS:
• An electronically readable database of naturally product
texts (i.e text which have been written for genuine
communicative purpose and not invented for analysis )
which can be analysed for word frequency, collocation,
etc by computer.

14. CROSS-CULTURAL PRAGMATICS:
• The study of culturally different ways of using
language , and of different expectations among
different members of linguistics communities
regarding how meaning is negotiated.

15. IDEOLOGY:
• A body of ideas that reflects the beliefs and interests of an
individual, a group of individuals, a societal institution, etc
and that ultimately finds expression in language.
Animate Agency:
• Use of non-human agent or ‘doer’ of a process or action, e.g
Tears coursed down her cheeks.

16. INDIRECT TRANSLATION
• A precondition for the intelligibility of texts involving
the dependent of one text upon another. Horizontal
intertexuality involves direct reference to another text.
Vertical intertexuality is more an allusion and can refer to
mode of writing.

17. INTRALINGUAL TRANSLATION
• Translation with in the same language (e.g paraphrase or
rewording)
Kinship terms:
• Terms that are used to describe blood or family relations
with in a group.

18. LEVEL SHIFT:
• A shift between source text grammar and target text lexis, or
vise versa.
Intertexuality:
• A precondition for the intelligibility of texts,involving the
dependence of one text upon another. Horizontal intertexuality
involves direct reference to another text. Vertical intertexuality
is more an allusion and can refer to a mode of writing.

19. INTERLINGUAL TRANSLATION:
• Translation between two different languages.
Interpreting:
• Spoken translation sometimes also called interpretation.

20. Pragmatics Meaning:
The domain or purpose for which utterance are used
in real contexts.
Procedure:
It sees the translations procedure.
Process of translation:
What happens as the translator works on a
translation.

21. Product:
The Finished TT resulting from the
translation process.
Propositional Content:
What is involved in saying
something that is meaningful and can
be understood.

22. Rank:
Term used by Hallidayto refer to different
linguistic units,namely morpheme word and
sentence.
Reception:
The reaction TT receives from its readers.
Published reviews are one instance of reception
in the SL culture.

23. Register:
The set of features which distinguishes one stretch
of language from another in terms of context,relating
to language users .
Resemblance:
The relationship between ST and TT segment
achieved through adherence to relevant.

24. Re-Writing:
Meta linguistics processes,including
translation,which can be said to reinterpret,alter or
generally manipulate text to serve a variety of
ideological motives.
Purpose:
The intention behind the production of a text.

25. Schema/Schemeta:
A global pattern representing the underlying
structure which accounts for the organization of a
text. A schemata story for example,may consist of
a number of episodes,each of which would include
events and reactions.

26. Script:
It’s a global pattern realized by units of meanings that
consists of events and actions related to particular
situations. For example, A text may be structured around the
“restaurant script” which represents our knowledge of how
restaurant work: waiters,waitresses,cooks,tables where
customers sits,pursue menu and their meals and pay the bill
at the end.
Semantics:
Sees the meaning of words.