3. LEARNING
OBJECTIVE
Definition of human cell
Basic structure of human cell
Structure and transport mechanism of cell membrane
Structure and function of cell organelles
Replication, transcription and translation process
Structure, function, and process of the DNA & RNA
Difference of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell
5. QUESTIONS
What is the definition of human cell?
What are the main substances of human cell?
What are the structure and function of cell membrane and cell
nucleus?
What are the structure and function of cell organelles?
How the cell interact with the other cell?
What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic?
How and what function of cell metabolism?
What is structure, function and process of DNA & RNA?
6. WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF HUMAN CELL ?
Human cell is an eukaryotic cell
that is the basic living unit of the
human body that contain
organized physical structure
called organelles and every
organelles have their own
structure and function to carry
out life process.
1.
(Guyton Hall.1996)
7. WHAT ARE THE MAIN
SUBSTANCES OF
HUMAN CELL?
Human cell
Water
Ions
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
2.
(reference: Hall, John. E.2011. Guyton and Hall Textbook Medical Physiology.13th edition.philadelphia.Elsevier.p
11-12)
8. WHAT ARE THE
STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION OF
CELL
MEMBRANE AND
CELL NUCLEUS?
3.
55%
13%
25%
4% 3%
Membrane cell consist of :
Protein Cholesterol Phospolipid
(Hall, John. E,. 2011)
9. The stucture of membrane cell is a
double layered lipid made of
phospolipid and cholesterol.
Gives form
to cell
Separates
the cell’s
internal
structures
from the
extracellula
r
environmen
t.
Controls
passage of
materials
into and out
of cell.
Participates
in
intracellular
communicat
ion.
FUNCTION :
10. N U C L E U S
• Genetic information
• Assembly of ribosome
subunit
• Structural process
• Control centre of the cell
• Functional system of the
cell
• Nucleus source of genetic
data
FUNCTION
STRUCTURE
11. WHAT ARE THE
STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION OF CELL
ORGANELLES?
4.
Organelles Ribosome
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi Apparatus
Mitocondria
Lysosome
Peroxisome
Cytoskeleton
Campbell, Neil A. Jane B. Reece.2010.Biology.8th Edition.Jakarta:Erlangga
13. STRUCTURE :
Membrane : Single, contains
receptors for entry of
selected proteins
Component : Network of
branching sacs Ribosomes
associated
Protein synthesis and processing
FUNCTION :
ROUGH ER
14. STRUCTURE :
Membrane : Single; contains
enzymes for synthesizing
phospholipids
Component : network of
branching sacs Enzymes for
synthesizing lipids
Lipid synthesis
FUNCTION :
SMOOTH ER
15. STRUCTURE :
Membrane : Single ; contains
receptors for products of rough
ER
Component : Stack of flattened
cisternae
Protein processing
FUNCTION :
GOLGI APPARATUS
16. STRUCTURE :
Membrane : Double : inner contains
enzymes for ATP Production
Component : Enzymes that catalized
oxidation-reduction reaction
ATP synthesis
ATP production
FUNCTION :
MITOCONDRIA
18. STRUCTURE :
Membrane : Single;Contains
transporters for selected
macromolecules
Component : Enzymes that catalized
oxidation reactions Catalas
(procesess peroxide)
Oxidation of fatty acids ethanol, or
other compounds
FUNCTION :
PEROXISOME
19. STRUCTURE :
Membrane : None
Component :
• Actin filaments
• Intermediate filaments
• Microtubules
Structural supports; movement
of materials;
in some species, movement of
whole cell
FUNCTION :
CYTOSKELETON
20. HOW THE CELL INTERACT WITH THE OTHER
CELL?
Cells communicate through
any of four basic
mechanisms, depending
primarily on the distance
between the signaling and
responding cells
5.
Autocrine signaling
Paracrine signaling
Endocrine signaling
Synaptic signaling(Fox,E.2006)
21. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC?
Reference: Khan, Firdos Alam.2011.Biotechnology fundamentals.USA;CRC Press.
FEATURE PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE
Size Small, in µm range Variable size, upto 40µm in
diameter
Genetic material Circular DNA present in cytosol as
free materia
DNA in the form of linear
Chromosome present in well
defined double membrane nucleus,
no direct connection with cytosol
Replication Single origin of replication Multiple origin of replication
Genes No intron Presence of intron
organelles No membrane bound organelles Membrane bound orgelles with well
defined function
Cell walls Very complex cell wall Except Fungi and plant, eukaryotic
cells are devoid of a thick cell wall
Ribosome 70S 90S
Transcription and Translation Occurs together Transcription in nucleus and
translation in cytosol
6.
24. HOW AND WHAT
FUNCTION OF
CELL
METABOLISM?
ATP is composed of the nitrogenous base
adenine, the pentose sugar ribose, and
three phosphate radicals. ATP is
considered a high energy bond as it has
12,000 calories of energy per mole of ATP.
To release ATP as energy, a phosphoric
acid radical is split away to form
adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and as ATP
runs out, ADP recombine with phosphoric
acid to form new ATP. This ATP can be
formed in two places: cytoplasm and
mitochondrion.
7.
25. CONT…..
As carbohydrate is converted into glucose and
glucose into pyruvic acid through glycolysis,
energy is released. However, this accounts for
only 5 percent of overall energy. The rest of 95
percent is formed in mitochondria. The pyruvic
acid derived from carbohydrates, fatty acids
from lipids, and amino acids from proteins I is
eventually converted into acetyl-coenzyme A
(CoA).
Hall, John E.2011. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 13th Edition.Philadelphia:Elsevier
26. WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE,
FUNCTION AND PROCESS OF
DNA & RNA?
8.
27. D
N
A
STRUCTURE :
1. Composed of polynucleotides
• Have a phospate group
• Deoxyribose sugar
• A nitrogen containing bases
(adenine, thymine, cytosine, and
guanine)
2. Has a double helix that is
formed by hidrogen bonds
between polynucleotides
FUNCTION :
• Stores an organism genetic material in
the nucleus
• Replicate it self when dividing
• Provides code or template for the
particular squencing of amino acids that
bond together and make protein.
28. R
N
A
STRUCTURE :
1. Composed of polynucleotides
• Have a phospate group
• Ribose sugar
• A nitrogen containing bases
(adenine, uracil, cytosine, and
guanine)
2. Has a single stranded
3. Moves out nucleus to
perform protein synthesis
29. SYNTHESIS PROTEIN
Hall, John E.2011. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 13th Edition.Philadelphia:Elsevier
30. Semiconservative Replication
DNA replication involves separation of
the two original strands and production
of two new strands with the original
strands as templates. Each new DNA
molecule contains one strand from the
original DNA and one newly synthesized
strand. (Campbell,2010)
REPLICATION
31. TRANSCRIPTION
1
.
CHAIN INITIATION
The major contributor in this process is the
enzyme RNA polymerase. This enzyme recognize
and then attach to the promoter, which is a
sequence of nucleotide ahead of the initial gene.
This process is very important in initiating RNA
formation. Then, the RNA polymerase unwinds 2
turns of DNA helix and seperates the unwound
portion of the two strands. As the enzyme does
this, it adds a new activated RNA nucloetide to
form RNA strands. This addition is done by the
formation of hydrogen bond between the end
base of DNA strand and base of RNA.
32. 2
.
CHAIN ELONGATION
Then, the RNA polymerase breaks
3 phosphates radicals which
forms high energy phosphate
bonds that is used to link the
reamining phosphate with ribose
at the end of RNA chain.
33. 3. CHAIN TERMINATION
At the end of DNA gene, it
encounters the chain
terminating sequence that
break away newly formed RNA
from the DNA strand. The
weak hydrogen bond of RNA
break away from the DNA
template, and RNA is finally
released to the cytoplasm. This
process explains why the code
in DNA is transmitted in
complementary form in RNA
chain.
34. TRANSLATION
In molecular biology and genetics, translation is
theprocess in which cellular ribosomes create
proteins. In translation, messenger RNA (mRNA)
decoded by a ribosome to produce a specific amino
acid chain, or polypeptide.
35. CONCLUSION
Human cell is an eukaryotic cell that is the basic living unit of the
human body that contain organized physical structure called
organelles and every organelles have their own structure and function
to carry out life process.
The main substances of the cell are : water, ions, proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates.
The organelles of the cell are : ribosome, rough ER, smooth ER, golgi
apparatus, mitocondria, lysosome, peroxisome, cytoskeleton.
