Early Memoirs of Pope Benedict XVI, As Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger

How should we reflect on the memoirs of Cardinal
Ratzinger in the years before he would be crowned Pope
Benedict XVI?
Cardinal Ratzinger was the rare erudite theologian who
never lost the simplicity of a child in his wonderment both
of ideas and of people and nature. His theology was both
intellectually profound and was internalized in his soul, his
humanity was expressed through his intellect while his
childlike humility was lived through his faith.

At the end of our talk, we will discuss the sources
used for this video. Feel free to follow along in the
PowerPoint script we uploaded to SlideShare. Please,
we welcome interesting questions in the comments.
Let us learn and reflect together!

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As a young man, the
young Ratzinger
remembers that “the
Church year gives time its
rhythm, and I experienced
that with great gratitude
and joy already as a child,
indeed, above all as a
child.”

Throughout his life he had a childlike love
of the faith. Young Ratzinger remembers,
“I received the complete missal for every
day of the year. Every new step into the
liturgy was a great event for me. Each
new book I was given was something
precious to me, and I could not dream of
anything more beautiful.” “This
mysterious fabric of texts and actions
had grown from the faith of the Church
over the centuries. It bore the whole
weight of history within itself, and yet, at
the same time, it was much more than
the product of human history.”
Cathedral at Aachen, built by Charlemagne, 800 AD

Ratzinger was a teenager through the traumatic
years of World War II, though his rural family did not
suffer as much deprivation and bombing as did the
Germans who lived in the cities. His family were
devout Catholics who abhorred Nazism.

Ratzinger rues,
“My father was
one who with
unfailing
clairvoyance saw
that a victory of
Hitler’s would not
be a victory for
Germany but
rather a victory of
the Antichrist that
would surely usher
in apocalyptic
times for all
believers, and not
only for them.” Raising a Flag over the Reichstag, Battle of Berlin, May 1945

One of the themes of this channel is that the lessons
learned from the traumatic World War II experience
greatly influenced the calling of the Second Vatican
Council and its many reforms, as well as the
American Civil Rights legislation, both of which
happened in the Sixties.

France, Western Front in World War I
Ratzinger observes that
the first World War also
caused a change in
theological outlooks. He
remembers, “with its
million dead, with all the
horrors that technology
made possible as an
instrument of war, the
First World War was
experienced as the
collapse of the liberal
dogma of progress.”

Ratzinger continues, “Under the
shock of this experience, people
now turned again to what previously
had been looked upon as
superseded: namely, the Church, the
liturgy, the sacraments, and this not
only in the Catholic sphere but
especially in the Protestant world.
Karl Barth’s Epistle to the Romans
became a declaration of war on
liberalism and a manifesto of a new
and consciously ecclesial theology.” Cologne Cathedral, Germany, is a
UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Cardinal Ratzinger tells
us, “I was born on Holy
Saturday, April 16,
1927.” “I was baptized
immediately on the
morning of the day I was
born with the water that
had just been blessed.”
“To be the first person
baptized with the new
water (of Easter) was
seen as a significant act
of Providence.”
Joseph Ratzinger’s Youth
Birthplace of Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger in Marktl, Bavaria, Germany

His early years were not easy for his
family, he recalls that “unemployment
was rife; war reparations weighed
heavily on the German economy;
battles among the political parties set
people against one another; endless
illnesses visited our family. But there
were also many beautiful memories of
friendship and neighborly aid,
memories of small family celebrations
and of church life.”

Ratzinger continues: “The
inability of the German republic
to create political stability and
hence engage in convincing
political action became apparent
even to a child in the turbulent
clash of the parties. The Nazi
Party gained ever stronger
ascendancy by declaring itself the
only alternative to the
threatening chaos.”

When Ratzinger was still a child, Hitler
became chancellor of the Reich, the
Fuhrer, in 1933. The younger Ratzinger
remembers: “The Hitler Youth and
League of German Girls were
introduced, and my brother and sister
were obliged to participate in their
activities. It mortified my father to have
to work now for a government whose
representatives he considered to be
criminals,” though the local police were
largely unaffected.

The young Ratzinger
remembers that the Nazi
regime initiated “the
practice of spying and
informing on priests
who behaved as
‘enemies of the Reich.’”
“My father had no part
in this. On the contrary,”
in his position as a
policeman, “he would
warn and aid priests he
knew were in danger.”
Heinrich Himmler with Gestapo at Mauthausen camp

The battle against Catholic parochial schools began,
few were willing to support these institutions,
many older German resented the clergy. Many
German Christians were conflicted and torn
between their support of the church and their
support for the totalitarian Nazi state.

His father was able to retire when he turned
sixty in 1937, the family then bought an old
farmhouse at the edge of town. Our young
Ratzinger recalls, “the house came with a big
meadow where two enormous cherry trees
grew as well as apple, pear, and plum trees.
The property was bounded on one side by a
grove of oak trees that you could reach by
taking only a few steps, and you could
wander for hours in an endless pine forest.”
Young Ratzinger observed that “an
education in Greek and Latin antiquity
created a mental attitude that resisted
seduction by a totalitarian ideology.”
Landscape with a Mill, by Cölestin Brügner, 1872

The Reich introduced a new type of school that eliminated the study of
these ancient languages and cultures, but they permitted those students
already on the classical track to continue, knowing this would disappear
once these students graduated.
The pastor urged him to enter a minor seminary, which he entered in
Easter of 1939. But the war interfered, when Hitler invaded Poland later
that year, the minor seminary was declared a military hospital, but the
school was able to relocate several times, using different facilities. The
Nazis murdered many Polish Priests, but did not harm many German
priests, even permitting them to serve as chaplains in the military
services.

September 1939 Hitler invades
Poland.
The long bloody war that all
Europe expected finally
commenced. In September
1939 the Nazis invaded Poland,
imprisoning and murdering
many Polish Catholic priests.
Franco declares Spain to be a
neutral country in WWII, and
does not persecute the Jews.
Hitler invades Poland

After that, France was invaded, then the Balkans,
but the announced invasion of Britain was delayed,
then indefinitely postponed.

Blitzkrieg, Invasion of France

Young Ratzinger recalls, “I will never
forget that sunny Sunday in 1941 when
we received news that Germany had
launched with her allies an attack against
the Soviet Union on a front reaching
from the North Pole to the Black Sea. On
this day my class had arranged a little
boat trip on a neighboring lake. The
outing was fine, but the news about this
new extension of the war hung over us
like a nightmare and spoiled our joy.”
After the invasion was underway, every
day the newspaper announced another
local soldier’s death at the front.

When Joseph Ratzinger reached military age in 1944, he
was drafted into the military service in a work detail since
he was studying to be a priest. When the front started
approaching, rather than being transferred into a combat
unit, for some reason the members of the work detail
were given their civilian clothes and were sent closer to
home on the railways. When the end seemed near after
Hitler committed suicide around April 1945, Ratzinger
decided to abandon his unit and return home.

American troops cross the Siegfried Line into Germany.

Theological Studies After the War
The plaque reads: "Emergency Program Berlin
– with the help of the Marshall Plan,“ 1948
Marshall Plan Poster

After the war, young Ratzinger continued his
theological studies, although many seminaries
continued to serve as military hospitals, and the
destruction and destitution of Germany meant that
many libraries were either destroyed or inaccessible
and scholarly books were scarce.
Our young Ratzinger discusses books and ideas as if
they were best friends.

Ratzinger remembers, “We found the philosophy
of personalism reiterated with renewed conviction
in the great Jewish thinker Martin Buber.”
THIS VIDEO PLANNED FOR 2023

Ratzinger continues, “This encounter with
personalism was for me a spiritual
experience that left an essential mark,
especially since I spontaneously associated
such personalism with the thought of St
Augustine, who in his Confessions had
struck me with the power of all his human
passion and depth.”

Ratzinger continues, “By contrast, I had difficulties in penetrating the
thought of St Thomas Aquinas, whose crystal-clear logic seemed to
me to be too closed in on itself, too impersonal and ready-made.”

Later Cardinal Ratzinger developed a love-hate relationship with the
historical-critical method of biblical interpretation. This method seeks to
interpret Scripture afresh, seeking the original meaning of the text using
modern linguistic tools, archeology, and other scientific and historical
tools. Later, when under his direction the 1994 Pontifical Biblical
Commission issued the Vatican Decree on Biblical Interpretation, he
expressed his preference for the patristic interpretation, and cautioned
against the uncritical use of the historical-critical method of
interpretation, although he validated its value as a secondary method in
interpreting Scripture. Our video on this Decree has an expanded
discussion of the historical-critical method.

https://youtu.be/6jwUNScn_sM
In his memoirs, the young Ratzinger notes that “the candid
questions from the perspective of the liberal-historical method
created a new directness in the approach to Sacred Scripture
and opened up dimensions of the text that were no longer
perceived by the all-too-predetermined dogmatic reading.”

Young Ratzinger’s theological studies in Munich
centered around the daily celebration of the Holy
Mass, and he attended a series of lectures on the
liturgy.

Pope Pius XII celebrates Mass in the Vatican.

Ratzinger recalls that his prior impressions of
the liturgical movement were that it
“concentrated too much on forms and
historical origins and had a remarkable
coldness,” but at Munich he fell in love with
the beauty of the liturgy, viewing liturgy as
the “living element of theology, without
which it would shrivel up.” But he warns, “I
was not able to foresee that the negative
sides of the liturgical movement that would
afterward reemerge with redoubled
strength, almost to the point of pushing the
liturgy toward its own self-destruction.” Munich Cathedral

Likewise, the young Ratzinger
notes that “dogma was conceived,
not as an external shackle, but as
the living source that made
knowledge of the truth possible in
the first place. The Church came
to life” “in the liturgy and in the
great richness of the theological
tradition.”
Munich Cathedral

Although during the time of his studies the historical
method was favored, it has its weaknesses.
Ratzinger gives as an example the doctrine of Mary’s
bodily assumption into heaven. When all the
theological faculties were consulted for their
opinion, one of the Munich professors proved that
the doctrine was unknown before the fifth century,
which meant that in an historical sense, it could not
be proven to be part of the church tradition.

Assumption
of the Virgin
Mary Into
Heaven
Left,
Domenichino,
1620
Right,
Peter Paul
Rubens, 1618

https://youtu.be/f0gQ_Y9tROo
But Ratzinger argues that this is only true “if you understand tradition strictly
as the handing down of fixed formulas and texts, which was the position of
their professors. But if you conceive of tradition as the living process whereby
the Holy Spirit introduces us to the fullness of truth and teaches us how to
understand what previously we could not grasp, then subsequent
‘remembering’ (cf. Jn 16:12-13,4) can come to recognize what it had not
caught sight of previously and yet was already handed down in the original
Word.” This is similar to Yves Congar’s understanding of tradition.

Ratzinger describes how Henri de Lubac’s most
significant work, Catholicism, affected his faith.

Ratzinger remembers that
Lubac’s book “gave me a new
and deeper connection with
the thought of the Fathers
but also a new way of
looking at theology and faith
as such. Faith had here
become an interior
contemplation and, precisely
by thinking with the Fathers,
a present reality.”

And Henri de Lubac was definitely part of the “back
to the sources” movement in Catholicism that
matured during the Second Vatican Council.

Young Ratzinger continues, “In this book
one can detect a quiet debate going on
with both liberalism and Marxism, the
dramatic struggle of French Catholicism for
a new penetration of the faith into the
intellectual life of our time. De Lubac was
leading his readers out of a narrowly
individualistic and moralistic mode of faith
and into the freedom of an essentially
social faith, conceived and lived as a we – a
faith that was also hope, affecting history
as a whole, and not only the promise of a
private blissfulness to individuals.”
Women, Go into Cooperatives, 1918

Reviewing the contents of this book on Amazon
reveals that the Appendix includes excerpts from
several dozen works of the Church Fathers, we will
cut a future video on this book that Cardinal
Ratzinger admired so greatly.

The Disputation of the Sacrament, Raphael, 1510

Ordination and the Flying Lark in Cathedral
When he was among forty
candidates were ordained
to the priesthood in 1951,
Professor Ratzinger
remembers that “at the
moment the elderly
archbishop laid his hands
on me, a little bird,
perhaps a lark, flew up
from the high altar in the
cathedral and trilled a
little joyful song.”
Cathedral at Munich

Which reminds us of Psalm 84, which echoes Priest
Ratzinger’s love of liturgy:
How lovely is thy dwelling place, O Lord of hosts!
My soul longs, yea, faints for the courts of the Lord;
my heart and flesh sing for joy to the living God.
Even the sparrow finds a home,
and the swallow a nest for herself,
where she may lay her young at thy altars,
O Lord of hosts, my King and my God.
Blessed are those who dwell in thy house,
ever singing thy praise!
Allegory of Air,
by Jan van Kessel
the Elder, 1661

Priest Ratzinger was an assistant
pastor of a church in Munich for a
little over a year, he remembers it
had a unique mix of parishioners,
“the greater portion of the parish
lay in a residential suburb in which
intellectuals, artists, and high
government officials lived; but
there were also rows of houses
belonging to employees and
people who worked in small shops,
as well as butlers and maids, who
in those days belonged to the
wealthier households.”
The Freising Cathedral's pipe organ
Organ of the Cathedral at Munich

The young priest Ratzinger gave religious
instruction, celebrated two Masses each
Saturday, regularly heard confessions during
the week, and served at baptisms,
weddings, and funerals. Priest Ratzinger
remembers, “the work with the children in
the school, and the resulting association
with their parents, became a great joy to
me, and the encounter with different groups
of Catholic youth also quickly generated a
good feeling of community.” It was with
great sadness that he agreed to be assigned
to teach at a seminary, as he greatly missed
the human touch of pastoral ministry.
Let the Little Children Come unto Me, Carl Bloch, 1800

His Doctorate and Life as a Professor

Sometimes brilliant and original thinkers sometimes have problems
passing the grade with their doctoral dissertations, and Joseph Ratzinger
faced the possibility that he would be denied his professor’s chair. There
was lively debate among the professors who heard his dissertation, he
was awarded his doctorate after he quickly and brilliantly answered the
objections raised and held his own in the public lecture where he
presented his views, which were vigorously debated by the attending
professors.
His doctoral dissertation reflected on how St Bonaventure viewed
revelation, which was a key topic in the Second Vatican Council.
Professor Ratzinger teaches us that St Bonaventure and other
theologians in the High Middle Ages did not view revelation as do
modern theologians.

Last Communion
of St Bonaventure,
by José Juárez,
1600’s
St Bonaventure,
by Vittore Crivelli,
1400’s

Professor Ratzinger observes that when
we moderns refer to revelation, we are
“referring to the revealed contents of the
faith,” “even referring to Sacred Scripture
as revelation.” But in the High Middle
Ages “revelation is always an action.
Revelation refers to the action in which
God shows Himself.” Where there is no
one to perceive revelation, no re-vel-ation
has occurred, because no veil has been
removed. By definition, revelation
requires a someone who apprehends it.”
Transfiguration of Jesus, by Raphael, 1520

Here is the kicker, as Professor Ratzinger
elaborates: “These insights, gained through my
reading of St Bonaventure,” influenced “the
conciliar discussion on revelation, Scripture, and
tradition” in Vatican II. “Because, if St Bonaventure
is right, then revelation precedes Scripture and
becomes deposited in Scripture but is not simply
identical with it. This in turn means that revelation
is always something greater than what is merely
written down. And this again means that there can
be no such thing as pure Sola Scriptura (“by
Scripture Alone”), because an essential element of
Scripture is the Church as an understanding
subject, and with this the fundamental sense of
tradition is already given.” Vision of St Bonaventura, by Domenico Vaccaro

In other words, the sculptor gives life to his
sculpture, so you cannot say that the sculpture is
equal to the sculptor. The statue is not equal to its
maker. Tradition precedes Sacred Scripture;
tradition, with help from the Holy Spirit, breathes
life into Sacred Scripture.

Michelangelo’s David Sculpture

A procession of Cardinals enters St. Peter's in Rome, opening the Second Vatican Council, by Franklin McMahon
Pope John XXIII Calls Vatican II Council
Pope John XXIII called the Second
Vatican Council in 1958, the first
session met in 1962. Professor
Ratzinger remembered that
Vatican II “reanimated and
intensified to the point of euphoria
the atmosphere of renewal and
hope that had reigned in the
Church and in theology since the
end of the First World War despite
the perils of the National Socialist
Era” of the Nazi regime.

https://youtu.be/ALZozpbSrM4
Professor Ratzinger remembers: “The Pope had given only
a very wide-ranging description of his purpose in calling a
council, and this left the Fathers with an almost unlimited
freedom to give things concrete shape. The Pope’s view
basically amounted to this: The faith, while remaining the
same in its contents, was to be proclaimed to our era in a
new way.” “We were no longer to condemn but to apply
the ‘medicine of mercy.’”

Ratzinger’s study of St Bonaventure’s
understanding of revelation influenced the
conciliar decrees. Professor Ratzinger
teaches us: “Revelation, or God’s approach
to man, is always greater than what can be
contained in human words, greater even
than the words of Scripture.” “Scripture is
the essential witness of revelation, but
revelation is something alive, something
greater and more: revelation arrives and is
perceived.” “Revelation is not separable
from the living God, and it always requires a
communication with a living person.”
St Bonaventure inspired to write, by
Rebecca Dulcibella Orpen, 1890

Ratzinger’s Experiences After Vatican II

Ratzinger’s memoirs were written twenty years after Hans Kung’s
permission to teach Catholic theology was revoked, though he retained
his professorship in a newly formed ecumenical theology department,
and he was also never defrocked, he remained a Catholic priest in good
standing until the time of his death. In these memoirs Professor Ratzinger
remembers how Hans Kung vigorously supported his appointment to a
chair in dogmatic theology in his University of Tubingen. Ratzinger and
Kung were personal friends as well as academic colleagues who often
debated with each other. Pope Francis was likely floating the possibility of
rehabilitating Kung, but the backlash was too great.

A worrying theological development that occurred
during this time was the growing influence of
Marxism. Ratzinger really does not explain how this
came about, perhaps a contributing factor was that
the communists were leaders in the French
Resistance, fighting alongside many Catholics during
the brutal Nazi occupation. That is my personal
speculation.

Some of my coworkers in Miami were Cubans and
Russians who lived and worked under communism, they
view it as an ideology that seeks to make the lives of
ordinary people as miserable as possible. Communism
subverts the Christian message by first appropriating it,
then distorting and falsifying their false concern for the
poor and disadvantaged. This discredits any political
movement in the United States that also voices their
concern for the poor and disadvantaged, unfortunately.

Women, Go into Cooperatives, 1918
Dictatorship of the Proletariat, 1918

The Bolshevik by Boris Kustodiev, 1920
Professor Ratzinger was likewise
distrustful, he states that “the
destruction of theology through
its politicization as conceived by
Marxist messianism was
incomparably more radical
precisely because it took biblical
hope as its basis but inverted it
by keeping the religious ardor
but eliminating God and
replacing Him with the political
activity of man. Hope remains,
but the party takes the place of
God,” leaving a “totalitarianism
that practices an atheistic sort of
adoration ready to sacrifice all
humanness to its false god.”

This historical attitude has since disappeared, as
North Korea is the last and only Stalinist nation
remaining.

President George W Bush and Mrs Laura Bush celebrate 81st birthday of Pope Benedict XVI at White House, 2008
Archbishop Ratzinger

Professor Ratzinger saw himself as a scholar, not as
an administrator, though he as quite fond of his brief
time serving as a parish pastor. He was surprised
when he read the letter pressed into his hand by the
apostolic nuncio appointing him as archbishop of
Munich and Freising.

Professor Ratzinger
remembers, “I was allowed to
consult my confessor on the
matter,” “who had very realistic
knowledge of my limitations,
both theological and human. I
surely expected him to advise
me to decline. But to my great
surprise he said without much
reflection, ‘You must accept.’”

Archbishop Ratzinger ends his memoirs with a
description of his episcopal motto and the episcopal
symbols he selected.

Ratzinger recalls, “as my
episcopal motto I selected the
phrase from the Third Letter
of John, ‘Co-worker of the
Truth.’” “In today’s world the
theme of truth has all but
disappeared, because truth
appears to be too great for
man and yet everything falls
apart if there is no truth.”
Dodo and seashells, by Gillis d'Hondecoeter, 1627

Archbishop Ratzinger chose as one
symbol the shell. He remembers a
legend about “St Augustine who,
pondering the mystery of the Trinity,
saw a child at the seashore playing
with a shell, trying to put the water
of the ocean into a little hole. Then
he heard the words: ‘This shell can
no more contain the waters of the
ocean than your intellect can
comprehend the mystery of God.’”
Saint Augustine, by Carlo Cignani, 1600’a

Archbishop Ratzinger chose as his second
symbol the bear. He retells the story: “On
the way to Rome, a bear tore St
Corbinian’s horse to pieces. The saint
reprimanded the bear sternly for its
crime and as punishment loaded on it
the pack that the horse had been
carrying. The bear had to haul the pack
all the way to Rome, and only there was
it released by the saint.”
Professor Ratzinger observed that he
“had chosen the life of a scholar, but God
had chosen to make him into a ‘draft
animal’, a good, sturdy ox to pull God’s
cart in this world.” St Corbinian, Miracle of the Bear, by Jan Polack, 1489

We know the reference, St Thomas Aquinas was also
called the Dumb Ox.

St Thomas girded
by angels with a
mystical belt of
purity, by Diego
Velázquez, 1632
Triumph of St
Thomas Aquinas,
"Doctor Communis",
between Plato and
Aristotle, Benozzo
Gozzoli, 147, Louvre

Archbishop Ratzinger is reminded of St
Augustine’s commentary on Psalm 72, he
mentions these verses in particular:
“I was stupid and ignorant,
I was like a beast toward thee,” O God.
“Nevertheless, I am continually with thee;
thou dost hold my right hand.”

We couldn’t follow St Augustine’s commentary on
these verses, but quite often you need to study the
entire psalm to grasp its meaning. We are planning a
future video on this Psalm to discover why
Archbishop Ratzinger is so fond of this Psalm.

Archbishop Ratzinger teaches us that
“this psalm from the wisdom tradition
shows the straits of faith that comes from
the absence of earthly success. When you
stand on the side of God, you do not
necessarily stand on the side of success.”
“When the psalmist stands in before God,
in the presence of God, he grasps the
ultimate insignificance of material wealth
and success and recognizes what is truly
necessary and what brings salvation.”
St Corbinian travels to Rome and is made a bishop.

DISCUSSION OF THE SOURCES
We found Joseph Ratzinger’s Milestones to be very readable, he is an easier read
than Yves Congar, IMHO.
Of all the books he mentioned in his Milestones, we have already cut a video on
Yves Congar’s book on Scripture and Tradition.
Soon we will cut a video series on St Augustine’s Confessions, and we are as
enthusiastic about this work as is Cardinal Ratzinger.
On our bookshelf was Martin Buber’s I and Thou, and based on Cardinal Ratzinger’s
recommendation, we will make a video on this book sooner rather than later. And
also based on his enthusiasm, we also plan to do a video on Henri de Lubac’s book
on Catholicism.
We also have a book review video on our sources for our videos on the history and
decrees of Vatican II.

To find the source of any direct
quotes in this blog, please type in
the phrase to the search box in
my blog to see the referenced
footnote.
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Early Memoirs of Pope Benedict XVI, As Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger

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Early Memoirs of Pope Benedict XVI, As Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger