1.
By: Mylacia Hopkins & Shabria Baylor

2.
Introduction
 Did you know that in many types of bony fish they can
be born a male, transform into a female, and then
convert back to a male. One could also produce sperm
and eggs. These are just two of the many interesting
facts you will learn from this power point presentation

3.
Reproduction And Development
 Reproduction and development are integral factors of
life. Multicellular organisms arise through a process
that begins with the fertilized egg and ends with a new
individual (Chopin).
 The fertilized egg undergoes cell divisions to increase
the number of cells; simultaneously, the cells produced
differentiate into the organs and organs systems of the
fully formed organism (Chopin).

4.
Repro. And Development Continue
 Fertilization is the fusion of the nuclei of the egg and
sperm, and the single cell that results from this fusion
is called the fertilized egg or zygote (Chopin).
 Each of the gametes are haploid which, contains one-
half of the chromosomes
 Fertilization restores the diploid number (Chopin).
 The egg degrades the cytoplasm and organelles of the
sperm; only the chromosomes of the sperm contribute
to the fertilized egg (Chopin).

5.
Repro. And Development Continue
 Gastrulation is the folding in of the cells of the blastula
at a point called the blastopore
 Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm are the three
germ layers from which all cells, tissues and organs
develop (Chopin).
 Induction is the process during which individual cells
are "told" what they are supposed to become (Chopin).

6.
The Difference Between
Vertebrates & Invertebrates
Vertebrates Invertebrates
 Have a backbone  Do not have backbone
 Have no internal
 Have a central system
skeleton
 Internal skeleton
 Have a fluid-filled
hydrostatic skeleton

7.
Reproduction in Vertebrates
 Reproduction and development of sexual
characteristics in vertebrates are controlled directly by
the hormones produced in the gonads, estrogens,
progesterone and testosterone (King).
 Males brood the eggs until the young hatch and can
swim actively when he expels them into the water ().
 In pipe fishes and sea horses the female places her eggs
into the males pouch
 Some males can reproduce eggs

8.
Vertebrates Cont.
 Ovoviviparous Fishes
 The female retains fertilized eggs in her body
 Embryo is nourished by yolk sac
 No nutrient connection between the parent and the
developing embryos (Animal Explore).
 Viviparous Fishes
 The female retains eggs in her ovary
 Embryo is nourished by connection with the mother (Animal
Explore).

9.
Bony Fishes
 Sexual Maturity
 Fishes become sexually mature at various ages,
depending on species. In general, small species begin
reproducing at an earlier age than large species (Animal
Explore).
 Reproductive modes
 In most species of bony fishes, sperm and eggs develop
in separate male and female individuals (Animal
Explore).

10.
Bony Fish

11.
Bony Fish Cont.
 There are many factors that may influence bony fish
breeding
 Changes in the duration of sunlight
 Temperature change
 Presence of the opposite sex, currents, tides, moon
stages, and presence of spawning areas
 Reproduction in bony fishes are generally in cycles
 Some bony fishes may spawn many times in a year
 Some may reproduce once a year until they die
 Others may reproduce only once during their lifetime

12.
More Bony Fish

13.
Reproduction in Invertebrates
 Flatworms
 Production of millions of eggs
 Associated with many difficulties in dispersing the
species
 Reproductive
 Flat worm’s reproduction is asexual because they can
divide into 2 halves
 Each half grows into a separate organism.
 They possess both male and female sex organs
 The worms practice cross-fertilization

14.
Flat Worm

15.
A Insects Life Cycle
 Insects have two different life cycles
 Nymphs
 Larva
 They are different in ways and are alike in ways
 Mostly all insect go through one of the two life
cycles

16.
Nymph Cycle
 Nymphs are insects that hatch out of the egg.
 Feed off of plants, mostly roots of plants.
 These insects often eat for many years.
 Typical nymph insects look exactly like the adult except
there the young.
 Most nymph that looks like the adult will not have wings
and some will have wings.
 Nymphs usually shed skin
 Grow bigger in size
 Some nymphs may come out of the ground and shed their
last layer of skin before actually being a adult

17.
Nymph Insects

18.
Larvae Cycle
 Larva’s eggs hatches into caterpillars or larva.
 Larvae eats mostly anything it can find to eat to get
nourishment; this can go on for several years and or
several days
 Larva looks completely different from the adult
 Larva sheds its skin and it becomes a pupa this is the
last time they shed their skin

19.
Comparing Fish & Insects
Fish Insects
 Sexually  Sexually
 Created by egg and sperm  Created by egg and sperm
 Lay eggs  Lay eggs
 Some die after reproduction  Some die after reproduction
 Some fishes embryo occur  Some fishes embryo occur
outside females body outside females body
 Some fishes embryo occur  Some fishes embryo occur
inside females body inside females body

20.
Larvae Insects

21.
Contrasting Fish & Insects
Fish Insects
 Some fish have live young  Most of all insect lay eggs
 Some fish die after  Most insects go through 2
reproduction cycles after reproduction
 Some fish reproduce once in  There is simple reproduction
their life  There is complex
 Some fish reproduce annually reproduction
 Some fish reproduce many  After insect lay their young it
times a year take about 7-10 days to them
to break out of their egg

22.
Conclusion
 As you can see every living thing can reproduce and
repeat for generations and generations. The only
difference is how they reproduce. Humans reproduce
inside the mother where the sperm enters the egg. In
fish they sometimes lay eggs and then the male
releases the sperm on them. Last but not least insects
which lay eggs and go through two cycles after
reproduction. It seems like all the same process but
there are many differences.

23.
Works Cited
"Animal Explore." Bony Fishes. Discovery Cove Inc, 2011. Web. 28 Nov 2011.
<http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/info-books/bony-
fish/reproduction.htm>.
Chopin, Suzzette. "Development." Biology Refernce. N.p., 2011. Web. 1 Nov
2011. <http://www.biologyreference.com/Co-
Dn/Development.html>.
Ramel, Gordon. The Placental Mammal and Reproduction. N.p., n.d. Web.
1 Nov 2011.
<http://www.earthlife.net/mammals/reproduction.html>.
King, Peter. "Vertebrate Physiology Bio410." Reproduction. N.p., 01Jan. 2011.
Web. 1 Nov 2011.
<http://people.fmarion.edu/pking/vertphys/reproduction.html>.
Anatomy of Animals. N.p., 2011. Web. 1 Nov 2011. <http://universe-
review.ca/R10-33-anatomy.htm>.
Lense, Liquid. “Flickr.” Flickr. 2010. Web. 8 Dec. 2011.

24.
Work Cited Cont’d
Rae, Peter MM. "Flickr: Peter M M Rae's Photostream." Welcome to Flickr - Photo Sharing.
Flickr, 2 Nov. 2011. Web. 08 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.flickr.com/photos/petermmrae/with/6306747238/>.
"Google Images." Google. Freewebs.com, 13 Oct. 2010. Web. 08 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.google.com/imgres?q=flatfish>.
Whenua, Manaaki. "Insects & Spiders." Lancare Research. Insect Information, 1996-2011.
Web. 8 Dec. 2011.
Ken, Diver. "Flickr." Flickr. 2007. Web. 8 Dec. 2011.
Boyer, Massimo. "Google Images." Google. Lhsvirtualzoo.wikispaces.com. Web. 08 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.google.com/imgres?q=flatworms>.
Yongxin, Zhang. "Butterfly Larva." 123RF. 123RF, Dec. 2008. Web. 8 Dec. 2011.
Meng, Alan&Hui. "Life Cycle of A Cricket/Grasshopper." Vtaide. Web. 8 Dec. 2011.