11. Compare to Cognitive Developmental
Theories
Theories of how cognitive abilities develop:
• Piaget’s assimilation, accommodation,
equilibration & stage theory
• Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development
• Continuous developing/ enriching “computer
system” (information processing)
How is social development similar? Different?
12. WHAT ARE EMOTIONS?
Emotion: feeling, or affect, that occurs in a state
or an interaction that is important to a person,
especially to his or her well-being
Emotions are influenced by biological
foundations, cognitive processes, and a person’s
experience
Social relationships provide the setting for development
Cultural variations characterize emotional development
13. EMOTIONAL REGULATION
Ability to control one’s emotions is a key
dimension of development
Emotional regulation consists of effectively
managing arousal to adapt to circumstances and
to reach a goal
Arousal involves a state of alertness or activation
Regulation of emotion gradually shifts from
external sources to self-initiated, internal sources
15. EMOTIONAL COMPETENCE
Emotional competence is linked to management
of emotions, resilience, and positive relationships
Involves developing a number of skills
Having awareness of one’s emotional states
Detecting others’ emotions
Using the vocabulary of emotion in socially and culturally
appropriate ways
Having empathetic and sympathetic sensitivity to others’
emotional experiences
Adaptively coping with negative emotions
Having awareness that emotional expression plays a role in
relationships
Viewing oneself overall as feeling the way one wants to feel
16. DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTION:
INFANCY
Primary emotions are present in humans and
other animals and in humans appear in the first 6
months
Surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, disgust
Self-conscious emotions require self-awareness,
consciousness, and a sense of “me”
Jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, guilt
Emerge after 18 months, when a sense of self becomes
consolidated
17. DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTION:
INFANCY
Emotional expression is involved in infants’ first
social relationships
Cries and smiles are among babies’ first form of
emotional communication
Basic cry, often prompted by hunger
Anger cry and pain cry
Parents can distinguish various cries of their own infant
better than those of other babies
Reflexive smile does not occur in response to external
stimuli
Social smile occurs in response to external stimuli
18. DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTION:
INFANCY
One of a baby’s earliest emotions is fear
Typically first appears at about 6 months and peaks
at about 18 months
Stranger anxiety: fear and wariness of strangers
Emerges gradually, appearing at about 6 months of age
Most frequent expression of infant fear
Separation protest: crying when the caregiver leaves
Typically displayed by 7 to 8 months
Peaks at about 13 to 15 months
19. DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTION:
INFANCY
How do infants develop emotion regulation and
coping skills?
During the first year, the infant gradually develops
an ability to inhibit, or minimize, the intensity and
duration of emotional reactions
Thumbs in mouths to self-soothe
Primary reliance on caregivers
Contexts can influence emotional regulation,
including fatigue, hunger, time of day, the people
who are around them, and where they are
22. DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTION:
EARLY CHILDHOOD
Pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt are
self-conscious emotions that appear in the
second half of the second year of life
Accompany the development of self-awareness
During early childhood, expressions of pride and
guilt become more common
Especially influenced by parents’ responses to
children’s behavior
23. DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTION:
EARLY CHILDHOOD
Among the most important changes is an
increased understanding of emotion
Between 2 and 4 years old, children increase the
number of terms they use to describe emotions
Also learn about causes and consequences of emotions
Between 4 and 5 years old, children show an increased
ability to reflect on emotions
Begin to understand that the same event can elicit different
emotions in different people; and show a growing awareness
of the need to manage emotions to meet social standards
By 5 years old, most can accurately identify emotions
produced by challenging circumstances and ways to
cope
24. DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTION:
EARLY CHILDHOOD
Emotional regulation is fundamental to the
development of social competence
Understanding others’ emotions is closely linked
Emotional regulation is an important
component of self-regulation or of executive
function
Executive function is thought to be a key concept in
the young child’s higher-level cognitive functioning
25. DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTION:
MIDDLE AND LATE CHILDHOOD
Developmental changes in emotion during
middle and late childhood:
Improved emotional understanding
Marked improvements in the ability to suppress or
conceal negative emotional reactions
Use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting
feelings
Increased tendency to take into fuller account the
events leading to emotional reactions
Development of a capacity for genuine empathy
26. DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTION:
MIDDLE AND LATE CHILDHOOD
Learning how to cope with stress is an important
aspect of children’s lives
With age, children are able to more accurately appraise a
stressful situation and how much control they have over it
Older children generate more coping alternatives to
stressful conditions and make greater use of
cognitive coping strategies
By age 10, most children are able to use cognitive strategies
to cope with stress
In families that have not been supportive and are
characterized by turmoil, children may be unable to do so
27. DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTION:
MIDDLE AND LATE CHILDHOOD
Acute stress reactions can occur if a child
experiences a disaster
Research supports the idea that the more severe the
disaster/trauma, the worse the adaptation and
adjustment—referred to as a dose-response effect
Some recommendations:
Reassure children of their safety and security
Allow them to retell events and be patient in listening
Encourage children to talk about disturbing or confusing
feelings
Help children make sense of what happened
Protect children from reexposure to frightening situations and
reminders of the trauma
28. DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTION:
ADOLESCENCE
Adolescents are not constantly in a state of
emotional turmoil, or “storm or stress”
Emotional highs and lows do increase during early
adolescence
Intensity of emotions may seem out of proportion to the
events that elicit them
Emotional mood swings may be due to not knowing how
to adequately express their feelings
Girls are especially vulnerable to depression in
adolescence
29. DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTION:
ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING
Adults adapt more effectively when they are
emotionally intelligent
Skilled at perceiving and expressing emotions,
understanding emotion, using feelings to facilitate
thought, and managing emotion effectively
Developmental changes continue through the
adult years
30. ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING:
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EMOTIONS
Older adults report experiencing more positive
and less negative emotion than younger adults
Positive emotion increases with age at an accelerating
rate
Older adults’ feelings tend to mellow
May experience less extreme joy, but have more
contentment when connected in positive ways with
friends and family
React less strongly to negative circumstances, are better
at ignoring irrelevant negative information, and
remember more positive than negative information
31. ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING:
CHANGES IN THE AGING BRAIN
Older adults experience decreased
physiological arousal of emotion due to aging
in the amygdala and autonomic nervous
system
More effective emotion regulation may be related to
this reduction in subcortical activation and also to
increased activation in the prefrontal cortex
32. ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING:
SOCIOEMOTIONAL SELECTIVITY
THEORY
Socioemotional selectivity theory suggests older
adults become more selective about their
activities and social relationships in order to
maintain social and emotional well-being
Deliberately spend more time with familiar individuals
with whom they have rewarding relationships
Motivation for knowledge-related goals declines in
middle and late adulthood
Motivation for emotion-related goals increases in middle
and late adulthood
33. TEMPERAMENT
Temperament: individual differences in behavioral
styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of
responding
How quickly emotion is shown, how strong it is, how long
it lasts, and how soon it fades away
Temperament is also described in terms of
emotional reactivity and self-regulation
Reactivity involves variations in the speed and intensity
of responding with positive or negative emotions
Self-regulation involves variations in the extent or
effectiveness of emotional control
34. TEMPERAMENT
QUESTIONNAIRE
Complete the questionnaire on your own (from
the next slide)
• Do you think this accurately reflects your
temperament? Why or why not?
• Would be a good thing to make a post about on
the Discussion Board! (wink wink)
35.
36. CLASSIFYING TEMPERAMENT
Psychiatrists Chess and Thomas identified three
basic types, or clusters:
Easy child: generally positive mood; quickly establishes
regular routines; adapts easily to new experiences
Difficult child: reacts negatively and cries frequently;
irregular daily routines; slow to accept change
Slow-to-warm-up child: low activity level; somewhat
negative; low intensity of mood
Chess and Thomas found 40% of children are
easy, 10% are difficult, and 15% are slow-to-
warm-up
37. CLASSIFYING TEMPERAMENT
Kagan looked at differences between a shy, subdued,
timid child and a sociable, extraverted, bold child
He regards shyness with strangers as a feature of a broad
temperament category called inhibition to the unfamiliar
Beginning at 7 to 9 months, uninhibited children show initial
avoidance, distress, or subdued affect
Inhibition generally shows some continuity, but a substantial
number of inhibited infants become less so by age 7
Recent research links early inhibition to later social
phobia symptoms and risk for social anxiety
38. CLASSIFYING TEMPERAMENT
Rothbart and Bates argue for three broad
dimensions to the structure of temperament:
Extraversion/surgency: approach, pleasure, activity,
smiling, and laughter
Kagan’s uninhibited children
Negative affectivity: fear, frustration, sadness, and
discomfort; easily distressed
Kagan’s inhibited children
Effortful control: self-regulation; attentional focusing
and shifting, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity,
and low-intensity pleasure
Self-regulation is linked to school readiness
39. BIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON
TEMPERAMENT
Physiological characteristics have been linked
with different temperaments
In particular, an inhibited temperament is associated
with a high and stable heart rate, high level of hormone
cortisol, and high activity in the right frontal lobe
Heredity may play a moderate role in influencing
temperament
Self-regulatory dimensions of temperament
develop and change with the growth of the
neurobiological foundations of self-regulation
40. EXPERIENCE AND
TEMPERAMENT
Caregivers’ responses may differ depending on
the gender of the baby
Certain temperamental characteristics are valued
in different cultures
Research has revealed a degree of continuity
between certain aspects of temperament in
childhood and adjustment in early adulthood
Aspects of a child’s environment can influence
the persistence of temperament characteristics
41. TEMPERAMENT:
GOODNESS OF FIT AND PARENTING
Goodness of fit: the match between a child’s
temperament and the environmental demands the
child must cope with
Some temperamental characteristics pose more
parenting challenges than others
Both the differential susceptibility model and the
biological sensitivity to context model propose
that characteristics that make children vulnerable
to difficulty also make optimal growth possible
when the conditions are very supportive
42. ATTACHMENT AND LOVE:
INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
Babies are socially oriented
Face-to-face play often begins to characterize caregiver-
infant interactions at 2 to 3 months, including
vocalization, touch, and gestures
Infants also learn about the social world through the
ability to crawl, walk, and run
Awareness of intentional and goal-directed behavior
initially emerges near the end of the first year
Cooperating with others is another key development
Social referencing: “reading” emotional cues in others to
determine how to act
43. ATTACHMENT AND LOVE:
INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
Attachment: a close emotional bond between
two people
Freud: infants attach to a person or object that
provides oral satisfaction
Harlow: contact comfort is a crucial element in
developing attachment
Erikson: the trust versus mistrust stage emphasizes
the role of physical comfort and sensitive care
44. ATTACHMENT AND LOVE:
INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
Bowlby’s phases of attachment:
Phase 1, from birth to 2 months: infants attach to
human figures—strangers, siblings, and parents alike
Phase 2, from 2 to 7 months: attachment is focused on
one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby
learns to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar people
Phase 3, from 7 to 24 months: specific attachments
develop and, with increased locomotion, infants seek
out contact
Phase 4, from 24 months on: children become aware of
others’ feelings, goals, and plans, and begin to take
these into account when forming actions
45. ATTACHMENT AND LOVE:
INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
Recent findings suggest some characteristics
of Bowlby’s phase 4 develop in phase 3 as
attachment security is taking shape
Bowlby argued infants develop an internal
working model of attachment—of the caregiver,
their relationship, and the self as deserving of
care
Influences subsequent responses to others
46. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD:
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN
ATTACHMENT
Strange Situation: an observational measure of
infant attachment, created by Mary Ainsworth
Infant experiences a series of introductions, separations,
and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger
Securely attached children use the caregiver as a secure
base from which to explore the environment
Insecure avoidant children show insecurity by avoiding
the caregiver
Insecure resistant children cling to the caregiver and
then resist the closeness
Insecure disorganized children are disorganized and
disoriented, perhaps fearful
47. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD:
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN
ATTACHMENT
As a measure of attachment, the Strange
Situation may be culturally biased
Some critics also suggest behavior in the laboratory
might not be mirrored in a natural environment
Criticisms of attachment theory:
Too much emphasis has been placed on the attachment
bond in infancy
Diversity of socializing agents and contexts is often
ignored
Is secure attachment, especially to a single caregiver,
critical?
48. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD:
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN
ATTACHMENT
Whether critical or not, there is ample evidence
that security of attachment is important to
development
Few studies have assessed attachment to mother and
father separately; but infants who are “double-insecure”
may exhibit more externalizing problems
Consistently positive caregiving over a number of years
is important in connecting early attachment with a
child’s functioning later in life
Developmental cascade model: connections across
domains over time influence developmental outcomes
49. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD:
CAREGIVING STYLES AND
ATTACHMENT
Securely attached babies have caregivers who are
sensitive to their signals and consistently
available to respond to their infants’ needs
Caregivers of avoidant or insecurely attached
babies tend to be unavailable or rejecting
Do not respond to baby’s signals and have little physical
contact with them
Caregivers of disorganized babies often neglect or
physically abuse them
50. DEVELOPMENTAL SOCIAL
NEUROSCIENCE AND ATTACHMENT
Emerging field of developmental social neuroscience
examines connections between socioemotional
processes, development, and the brain
Prefrontal cortex likely has an important role in maternal
attachment behavior
Subcortical regions of the amygdala and the hypothalamus
Hormone oxytocin and the neurotransmitter dopamine are
important to the formation of the maternal-infant bond
Oxytocin is released in the mother during breast feeding and by
contact and warmth; and can also be released in the father
Mothers’ experience of pleasure and reward influences the brain’s
dopamine circuits when caring for an infant
51. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD:
MOTHERS AND FATHERS
Fathers are able to care for infants as
sensitively and responsively as mothers
Interactions often differ
Maternal interactions with infants tend to center on
child-care activities
Paternal interactions are more likely to include play
52. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD:
CHILD CARE
Many U.S. children experience multiple caregivers
About 2 million receive formal, licensed child care
Uncounted millions are cared for by unlicensed
babysitters
Around the world, child-care policies vary in
eligibility criteria, duration of parental leave,
benefit level, and the extent to which parents take
advantage of the policies
United States allows workers to take up to 12 weeks of
unpaid leave to care for a newborn baby
53. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD:
CHILD CARE
Child-care settings in the U.S. vary extensively
Large centers with elaborate facilities
Private homes
Approximately 15% of children 5 years or
younger attend more than one child-care
arrangement
Increase in the number of child-care arrangements
is linked to an increase in behavioral problems and
a decrease in prosocial behavior
54. HIGH QUALITY CHILD CARE?
How to design high quality child care?
• What elements would you include?
• Think about ALL we have learned so far
about development!
• Draw your ideal child care situation and give
us details!
55. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD:
CHILD CARE
High-quality child care involves:
Safe environment
Access to age-appropriate toys
Participation in age-appropriate activities
Low caregiver-to-child ratio
Quality of child care matters in development
According to UNICEF, only 3 out of 10 child-care
arrangements in the U.S. meet or exceed quality
benchmarks
56. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD:
CHILD CARE
According to an ongoing study by the National
Institute of Child Health and Human Development:
Many infants are placed in child care soon after birth,
with low-income families more likely than more affluent
families to use child care
Majority of care is of unacceptably low quality; and
infants of low-income families experience a lower
quality
High-quality child care is linked to higher cognitive
academic achievement
More time in child care negatively affects development
Family and parenting influences remain significant
regardless of child care arrangements
57. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD:
CHILD CARE
Worst outcomes for children occur when both
home and child-care settings are of poor quality
Advice for parents:
Recognize the quality of your parenting is a key factor in
your child’s development
Make decisions that will improve the likelihood that you
will be good parents
Monitor your child’s development
Take some time to find the best child care
58. ATTACHMENT IN
MIDDLE AND LATE CHILDHOOD
Attachment continues to be important to
children’s development in later years
In middle and late childhood, attachment becomes more
sophisticated and includes peers, teachers, and others
as children spend less time with their parents
Secure attachment is linked to lower levels of
internalized symptoms, anxiety, and depression in
children
Higher level of emotional regulation and less difficulty in
identifying emotions
59. ATTACHMENT AND LOVE:
ADOLESCENCE
Secure attachment in adolescence facilitates
social competence and well-being
Reflected in self-esteem, emotional adjustment, and
physical health
Most consistent outcomes of secure attachment
include positive peer relations and emotional
regulation
60. ADOLESCENCE:
DATING AND ROMANTIC
RELATIONSHIPS
In the development of romantic involvement,
three stages are common:
Entry into romantic attractions and affiliations at about
11 to 13 years of age
Intensely interested in romance; develop a crush
Dating takes place in group settings
Exploring romantic relationships, 14 to 16 years
Casual dating and group dating
Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds, 17 to 19 years
More serious romantic relationships develop
Strong emotional bonds resemble adult relationships
61. ADOLESCENCE:
DATING AND ROMANTIC
RELATIONSHIPS
Early bloomers:
15% to 20% of 11- to 13-year-olds who say they are
currently in a relationship
35% who indicate some relationship experience
Late bloomers:
10% of 17- to 19-year-olds who have no experience with
romantic relationships
Another 15% who report not engaging in romantic
relationships that lasted more than 4 months
Early dating and relationships can be problematic
62. ADOLESCENCE:
DATING AND ROMANTIC
RELATIONSHIPS
Values and religious beliefs dictate when dating
begins, how much freedom is allowed, whether
dates must be chaperoned, and the roles of males
and females
Latino and Asian American cultures have more
conservative standards regarding adolescent dating
Dating may be a source of cultural conflict for
adolescents whose families come from cultures in
which dating begins at a later age
Parents place strict boundaries on dating
63. ATTACHMENT AND LOVE:
ADULTHOOD
Romantic partners fulfill some of the same needs
for adults as parents do for their children
Adults count on romantic partners to be a secure base to
return to and obtain comfort and security from them in
stressful times
Young adults who are securely attached in
romantic relationships are more likely to describe
early relationships with parents as securely
attached
64. ATTACHMENT AND LOVE:
ADULTHOOD
Adult attachment styles:
Secure attachment style: a positive view of
relationships; easy to get close to others; not overly
concerned with or stressed out about romantic
relationships
Avoidant attachment style: hesitant about getting
involved in romantic relationships; and once in a
relationship, distance themselves from partners
Anxious attachment style: demand closeness; less
trusting; more emotional, jealous, and possessive
Most adults see themselves as securely attached
and prefer having a securely attached partner
65. ATTACHMENT AND LOVE:
ADULTHOOD
Securely attached individuals:
Have a well-integrated sense of self-acceptance, self-
esteem, and self-efficacy
Are able to control their emotions, and are optimistic
and resilient
When facing stress and adversity, activate cognitive
representations of security, are mindful about what is
happening around them, and mobilize effective coping
strategies
Have better relationships with their partners than do
individuals with avoidant or anxious attachment styles
66. ATTACHMENT AND LOVE:
ADULTHOOD
Research on attachment in older adults found:
Older adults have fewer attachment relationships
than younger adults
With increasing age, attachment anxiety decreases
In late adulthood, attachment security is associated
with psychological and physical well-being
Insecure attachment is linked to more perceived
negative caregiver burden in caring for patients with
Alzheimer disease
67. ROMANTIC LOVE AND
AFFECTIONATE LOVE
Romantic love, also known as passionate love
or eros, has strong components of sexuality
and infatuation
Often predominates in the early part of a love
relationship
Today romantic attraction takes place not only
in person but also over the Internet
Increases in interracial dating?
68. ROMANTIC LOVE AND
AFFECTIONATE LOVE
Affectionate love, also called compassionate love,
involves a desire to have the other person near
and a deep, caring affection for the person
There is a growing belief that as love matures,
passion gives way to affection
Communication and sexual intimacy are more
important in early adulthood, and feelings of
emotional security and loyalty become more
important in later-life love relationships
69. ROMANTIC LOVE AND
AFFECTIONATE LOVE
Sternberg’s triangular theory of love suggests
love has three components or dimensions:
Passion: physical and sexual attraction
Intimacy: emotional feelings of warmth, closeness,
and sharing
Commitment: cognitive appraisal of the relationship
and an intent to maintain the relationship in the
face of problems
70. ROMANTIC LOVE AND
AFFECTIONATE LOVE
Collapse of a love relationship may feel tragic, but
personal development may benefit from getting over
being in love and ending a relationship
Falling out of love may be wise in some cases
Obsession with someone who betrays trust
Involvement with someone who is draining emotionally or
financially; or someone who doesn’t feel the same way
Detecting being taken advantage of is an important
step in reconstructing or ending a relationship
Hinweis der Redaktion
Development is primarily unconscious, heavy with emotion
Behavior is surface characteristic of development
Analyze symbolic meanings of behavior and deep inner workings of the mind for true meaning of development
Early childhood experiences stressed (ages 1-5)
Id, ego, and superego create personality
Defense mechanisms and repression
Anxiety and defense mechanisms
Five stages of psychosexual development
Criticisms: overemphasized sexual instincts, unconscious is more important today
Primary motive for human behavior is social; desire to affiliate with others
Developmental changes throughout life span
Experiences at all ages are important
Criticisms: stages have positive/negative poles, crisis in each stage needs resolution
Erikson’s Eight Life-Span Stages\
Ethological Theory
Bowlby
Used ideas of Lorenz
“Attachment” determines development
Positive and secure, negative and insecure
Sensitive period is in infancy
Promotes good social relationships
The systematic study of the conditions and processes producing continuity and change over time in the biopsychological characteristics of human beings. Be it over the life course, across successive generations, retrospectively through historical time, or prospectively in terms of implications for the course of human development in the future.
Disarray not in cognitive or emotional development, but in social development
This slide emphasizes the importance of social understanding and how it develops.
(Click) Relationships Are Essential
Discussion Topic: We all know relationships are important for human development in terms of bonding and nurturing. What are some ways relationships promote a formative, learning environment?
Explanation: Relationships are essential for children to develop certain social expectations and an understanding of how to interact with others. Relationships also provide a significant amount of emotional development.
(Click) Early Forms of Social Understanding
Early forms of social understanding are seen in infants, such as:
(Click) Social Referencing
In infancy, children use social referencing, which entails looking at their mother for cues regarding appropriate social behavior in unfamiliar situations with unfamiliar people. Click the “Social Referencing” link to play a video showing how important social referencing is for infants by the reactions when they do not get the social interaction.
(Click) Theory of Mind
Infants were originally thought to be egocentric and unaware of others’ internal mental states. However, infants are aware of others—their emotions, and their motivations—from a very early age. Being aware of others’ mental states is called Theory of Mind. Click the “Theory of Mind” link to play a video illustrating the differences between a 3 and 4 year old in their application of Theory of Mind.
Note: Theory of Mind (e.g., understanding goals and motivations) is observable as early as 18 months of age.
(Click) Observation & Explanation
Finally, reinforce for students that children continue to master social skills with increasing sophistication throughout development by watching adults and by adults interpreting social situations for them.
Let’s list some emotions:
Fear → feeling of being afraid
Anger → feeling angry. A stronger word for anger is rage
Sadness → feeling sad. Other words are sorrow, grief (a stronger feeling, for example when someone has died)
Joy → feeling happy. Other words are happiness, gladness
Disgust → feeling something is wrong or nasty
Surprise → being unprepared for something
Trust → a positive emotion; admiration is stronger; acceptance is weaker.
Anticipation → in the sense of looking forward positively to something which is going to happen. Expectation is more neutral.
Anger, opposite calmness (not feeling excited)
Friendship, is where people have a bond of joy and will come together and have fun
Fear, opposite courage (having courage in the face of fear)
Shame, opposite confidence (shame: how one feels about one's past bad actions or thoughts; shamelessness: one does not feel shame, but others think one should)
Kindness (benevolence), opposite cruelty (kindness: when people are good to other people)
Pity (when people feel sorry for other people)
Indignation (feeling angry because something is not fair, such as undeserved bad fortune)
Envy, jealous (pain when people have something that one wishes for oneself)
Love, a strong emotion of attachment one feels for someone else. Ranges to family, pets, friends, significant other or fictional characters.
Regulation of emotion gradually shifts from external sources to self-initiated, internal sources
With increasing age, children improve their use of cognitive strategies for regulating emotion, modulate arousal, minimize negative emotion, and cope with stress
Emotion-coaching parents monitor children’s emotions, view negative emotions as a teaching opportunity, assist them in labeling emotions, and coach them on how to effectively deal with emotions
Children are better able to self-soothe, are more effective in regulating negative affect, focus attention better, and have fewer behavioral problems
Emotion-dismissing parents deny, ignore, or attempt to change negative emotions
Linked with poor emotional regulation
Watson emphasized that parents rewarded crying and increased its incidence
Ainsworth and Bowlby stress that that you cannot respond too much to an infant’s crying in the first year of life
Some developmentalists suggest that responding to a crying infant increases a sense of trust and secure attachment
Do you know anyone with strong feelings about this? Mom? Sister? Friend?
Purpose: This slide is for the Temperament Questionnaire activity.
Notes: Define temperament and the approach/avoidance dimension
(Click): Temperament can be understood as Stable behavioral & emotional reactions that appear early & are influenced in part by genetics. It is often conceptualized as Reactivity (quickness & intensity of emotional arousal, attention and motor action) and Self Regulation (strategies to modify the reaction).
(Click): Approach and avoidance are measured in a person’s temperament as one dimension that characterizes their responses to a new object, food, person or situation. Research shows that children’s temperament consistently predicts their cognitive and social functions.