DNA contains genetic instructions that are replicated and expressed. It consists of two strands twisted into a double helix. During replication, enzymes unwind the DNA and copy each strand, resulting in two identical DNA molecules. During transcription, a complementary mRNA copy of a gene is produced from one DNA strand. Translation then uses the mRNA to build a protein based on the mRNA's nucleotide sequence. Cell division replicates DNA and other cell contents, then separates the copies into two daughter cells through mitosis.

1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
DNA
REPLICATION

2. THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
DNA mRNA PROTEIN
Transcription
Translation
It describes the flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to
messenger RNA (mRNA) to protein

4. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
DNA REPLICATION
- DNA is made up of two strands twisted around each other in a double helix shape.
- Each strand is made up of a sequence of four chemical bases or nucleotides, represented
by the letters A, T, C and G.
- A piece of DNA contains two strands of nucleotides, twisted together to form a double helix. The
strands are complementary, which means that whenever there is an A in one strand, it will be joined
to a T in the opposite strand, and whenever there is a C, it will be joined to a G.

5. DNA
REPLICATION
- During DNA replication, the double helix unwinds. An enzyme called DNA helicase unzips the DNA so the two
strands are separated. This happens at several points along the DNA.
- An enzyme called DNA primase starts the process called primer. Then an enzyme called DNA polymerase can
only add kapag may dna primase.

6. ENZYME -molecules
that speed up the rate
of chemical reaction
HELICASE- the unzipping enzyme
-an enzyme that unzips/ separate the
double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds
between the complimentary bases
PRIMASE- the initializer
-an enzyme that synthesizes the short
RNA sequences called primer. These primer
serve as a starting point for DNA synthesis
POLYMERASE -the builder.
-an enzyme that
replicates DNA to build a
new strand
LIGASE -the gluer.
-an enzyme which
connects two strands DNA
together

8. RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied (transcribed) to
mRNA, which carries the information needed for protein synthesis.
RNA TRANSCRIPTION

11. TRANSLATION The mRNA formed in
transcription is transported
out of the nucleus, into the
cytoplasm, to the ribosome.
The process by which
mRNA directs protein
synthesis with the
assistance of tRNA is called
translation.
information in the nucleotide
base sequence of mRNA is
used to dictate amino acid
sequence of a protein

12. TRANSLATION

13. TRANSLATION

16. DIVISION CELLS
- It might be hard to believe, but at the very start of our
lives. We were a single, microscopic cell called a zygote.
Our body now contains millions of cells, which all came
about through the process of cell division.
- Cell division happens when one cell divides to form two
cells, and it is the basis of growth and repair in humans. A
single cell cannot just split itself in half to form two whole
new cells - they would essentially only be half a cell. Before
the cell divides, everything inside needs to be copied,
including all the parts of the cell like the mitochondria, as
well as the chromosomes inside the nucleus.
- A human body cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes - 46 altogether. During cell division, the DNA in the chromosomes is copied, or replicated
to form 46 pairs, double the number of chromosomes. These pairs split apart when the cell divides to form two new daughter cells, each having
the correct number of chromosomes. The splitting apart of the chromosome pairs happens during a stage in cell division called mitosis.

17. DIVISION CELLS