A presentation on the Panama Canal from my Caribbean and Latin American Studies course.

1. Panama Canal: Then and Now NazeemaBaboolall Brad Neumyer

2. History 1534 19th Century 1819 1904-1914

3. Cost and Limits 965 ft. 106 ft. 39.5 ft. 190 ft. $370 million $40 million $10 million

4. US Control Roosevelt Instrumental From 42,000 to 88,000 “Zonians” Racism in the Panama Canal Zone 1971 U.S. Revenue, $114,421,519 1985-1995 $460 million of revenues in 1995

5. Treaties Spooner Act of 1902 Hay-Herran Treaty of 1903 Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, also in 1903 The Carter-Torrijos Treaties of 1977

6. Transition & Dynamics The Panama Canal Treaty of 1979 Withdrawal Neutrality Intervention Pros & Cons $10 million annually, adjusted Percentage of annual tolls Profit driven incentive Panama uses U.S. currency

7. Environmental Effects Deforestation Lower rainfall rates Loss of freshwater Loss of vegetation cover

8. Future of the Canal Expansion $5.2 billion proposed Possibilities Hydroelectric conversion

9. Panamanian Control $569.7 million $6,500 9,278 employees

10. Fun Page! Famous people born in the Panama Canal Zone include John McCain and Rod Carew Each door of the locks weighs 750 tons Most expensive toll: $226,194.25 for a cruise ship in 2003 Least expensive toll: $.36, for author/swimmer Richard Halliburton Fastest trip through the canal: 2 hours 41 minutes