Biotechnology definitions and history, biotechnology in Nepal.pptx
1. Far Western University
Faculty of Agriculture
Tikapur, Kailali
Topic : Biotechnology Definitions, History &
Biotechnology In Nepal
Prepared & compilled by :- Binod Bohara
Roll No. =14
FWU,FoA B.sc Ag.
2nd batch tikapur,kailali
2. Biotechnology
The term “Biotechnology” was coined by Hungarian
engineer Karl Eruki in 1919
Biotechnology- ‘Bio’ means life and ‘technology’
means the application of knowledge for practical
use i.e., the use of living organisms to make or
improve a product.
It is a modern discipline of science that is used for
development of superior quality products from living
organisms or substances obtained from them for
3. Other definitions for the term Biotechnology
The use of living organisms to solve problems or
make useful products.
The use of cells and biological molecules to solve
problems or make useful products.
Biological molecules include DNA, RNA and
proteins.
The commercial application of living organisms
or their products, which involves the deliberate
manipulation of their DNA molecules.
Make a living cell to perform a specific task in a
predictable and controllable way
4. MAIN FEATURES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
1. Consist two basic techniques: tissue culture and
genetic engineering.
2. Bypass sexual process in development of new
crop cultivars.
3. Overcomes the barriers of cross incompatibility in
distant crosses.
4. It helps in development of transgenic plants.
5. Rapid method of crop improvement. Tetraploid
plants obtained in one step through protoplast fusion
5. 1797: First vaccination, Edward jenner first
inoculated a child with viral vacine to protect him
from smallpox.
1830: Proteins are discovered.
1833: First enzyme is discovered and isolated
1865: Gregor Mendel discovers the laws of
inheritance by studying flowers in his garden.The
science of genetics begins
1878: The first centrifuge was developed by laval.
The term “micribe” was first used.
1883: The first rabies vaccine was developed.
History of Bio-
technology
6. 1902- Haberlandt, G – Father of plant tissue culture
published a paper on "Experiments on the culture of
isolated plant cells.
1905: The first in vivo culture of animal was
reported.
1904: Bacteria were used treat sewage for first time.
1919:The term “Biotechnology” was first used by
karl Ereky.
1927: Herman Muller discovers that radiation causes
defects in chromosomes.
1928: Fleming first discover penicillin the first
History of Bio-
technology
7. 1951: The term “genetic engineering” was first used
by jack Williamson.
1953: James Watson and Francis Crick describe the
double helical structure of DNA. They shared the
1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology with
Maurice Wilkins.
1955: The amino acid sequence of insulin is
discovered by Frederick Sanger.
1958: DNA is made in a test tube for the first time.
1960 (Kanta) : First successful test tube fertilization
in papaver.
History of Bio-
technology
8. 1971: The first complete synthesis of a gene occurs.
Discovery of restriction enzymes that cut and splice
genetic material very specifically occurs.
1981: The first transgenic animals are produced by
transferring genes from other animals into mice.
1983: The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
technique, Kary Mullis, who was born in Lenoir,
N.C., wins the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for.
1986: First recombinant vaccine is approved for
human use: hepatitis B. First anti-cancer drug is
produced through biotech: interferon.
History of Bio-
technology
9. 1987: First approval for field tests of a genetically
modified food plant: virus-resistant tomatoes.
1994: Genetically modified tomatoes are sold in the
U.S. for the first time. the discovery.
1994: cell culturing techniques were developed.
1990: The Human Genome Project — an
international effort to maps all of the genes in the
human genome — is launched.
2000: pigs were next animal clone by researcher to
help to produce organ for human. “Golden Rice”
modified to make vitamin A ,promised to help third-
History of Bio-
technology
10. 1978: Louise Joy Brown (born 25 July 1978) is an
English woman who was the first human to have
been born after conception by in vitro fertilisation
experiment (IVF)
2003:Dolly, sheep was the first successful clone
mammal
2004: The first cloned pet — a kitten — is delivered
to its owner. She is called CopyCat (or Cc for short).
2005: first test tube baby in nepal was born in march
4 , was called om mani tamang at om hospital &
research center in nepal.
History of Bio-
technology
11. The concept of was was been found in nepal from
ancient time in past people produce gundruk & sinki by
vegetable fermentation. similarly people use marcha
(yeast) to praepare chhyng & local raksi peple still using
this.
Among the modern biotechnological tools, artificial
insemination (AI) was the first tool used in Nepal
in1952 followed by tissue culture.
After establishment of National Herbarium and Plant
Research Laboratory was the first biotechnological
laboratory of Nepal for plant tissue culture
established in 1976. which deals with clonal
Bio-technology in
nepal
13. Major initiatives are sand rooting in 1988.
virus-free potato production in 1989.
DNA marker technology in 2002.
GMO testing in 2005.
2005: first test tube baby was born in march 4 ,
was called om mani tamang at om hospital & research
center in nepal.
Biotechnology Policy, 2063 (2006 A.D.)
biosafety and policy formulation in 2006.
conservation biotechnology in 2012. D
Bio-technology in
nepal
14. NEPAL AGRICULTURE RESEARCH COUNCIL
(NARC)
• Potato Research Program (PRP) with the assistance of
Swiss Development Corporation has been producing
virus-free pre-basic seeds of potato at its tissue culture
laboratories and green house facilities at Khumaltar.
• DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE BOTANY of NARC
has initiated some works on anther culture of rice and
wheat,germ plasm conservation and diagnostic facilities
using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technology.
Bio-technology in
nepal
15. Government entities like Nepal Academy of Science
(NAST), Nepal Agriculture Research council
(NARC), Central Veterinary Lab (CVL), Department
of Plant Research (DPR) are involved in
biotechnology research in Nepal.
DNA marker-based products mainly in rice, wheat
and potato have been tested and evaluated in
collaboration with IRRI, CIMMYT and CIP. After
extensive testing, IRRI bred rice varieties tolerant to
submergence (Swarna Sub-1 and Samba Masuli Sub-
1) and drought tolerant varieties (Sukha Dhan 1 to 6)
were released in Nepal. These rice varieties were
Bio-technology in
nepal
