My first lecture on anatomy for B.Sc Nursing I year students. My PPT covers introductory part, the anatomical and directional terms used. Hope you like it.
2. DEFINITION OF ANATOMY
ANATOMY (ana = up; tomy = process of cutting) is the
study of the structure of an organism and the relationship
of its parts.
It is usually studied by dissection (careful cutting
apart) of body structures to study their relationships.
4. IMPORTANT BRANCHES/SUBDISCIPLINES OF
ANATOMY
EMBRYOLOGY: Study of structures that emerge
from the time of the fertilized egg through the eighth
week in uterus.
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY: Study of structures
that emerge from the time of the fertilized egg to the
adult form.
5. HISTOLOGY (hist = tissue): Study of microscopic
structures of tissues.
SURFACE ANATOMY: Study of anatomical
landmarks on the surface of body such as head or
chest
6. RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY: Study of structures
that can be seen with x-rays.
PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY: Study of structural
changes ( from gross to microscopic) associated with
the disease.
7. IMPORTANT BRANCHES/SUBDISCIPLINES OF
PHYSIOLOGY
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY (neuro = nerve): Study of
functional properties of nerve cells.
ENDOCRINOLOGY (endo = within; crin =
secretions): Study of hormones (chemical regulators
within the body) and how they control body functions.
8. CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY (cardi = heart;
vascular = blood vessels): Study of the functions of
the heart and blood vessels.
IMMUNOLOGY: Study of how body defends itself
against disease causing agents.
9. RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY (respira = to
breathe): Study of the functions of the air passages
and lungs.
RENAL PHYSIOLOGY (ren = kidney): Study of
functions of kidneys.
10. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (path = disease): Study of
functional changes associated with disease and
aging.
11. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
1. THE CHEMICAL LEVEL
2. THE CELLULAR LEVEL
3. THE TISSUE LEVEL
4. THE ORGAN LEVEL
5. THE ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL
6. THE ORGANISMAL LEVEL
12. SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY
1. INTEGUEMENTARY SYSTEM
2. SKELETAL SYSTEM
3. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
4. NERVOUS SYSTEM
5. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
6. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
13. 7. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY
8. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
9. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
10. URINARY SYSTEM
11. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
14. INTEGUEMENTARY SYSTEM
Components: Skin and its structures (hair, nails, sweat
glands and oil glands)
Functions: Protection
Regulates body temperature
Eliminates some wastes
Helps make Vit. D
Detects sensation.
15. SKELETAL SYSTEM
Components: Bones, joints and their associated
cartilages.
Functions: Supports and protects
Provides attachment for muscles
Helps body movements
Houses cells that produces blood cells
Stores minerals and fats.
17. NERVOUS SYSTEM
Components: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves snd special
sense organs (Eyes and Ears).
Functions: Generates nerve impulses to regulate
body activities
Detects changes in the body’s internal
and external environment.
Interprets to changes and responds by
causing muscular contractions or
glandular secretions.
18. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Components: Blood, Heart and blood vessels
Functions: Pumps blood.
Carries oxygen and nutrients and wastes
away from cells.
Blood components helps defends
against disease and repairs damages.
19. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNOLOGY
Components: Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen,
thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils.
Functions: Returns protein and fluid to the blood.
Carries lipids from G.I Tract to blood
Protects against disease causing
microbes.
20. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Components: Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea and
bronchial tubes leading into lungs.
Functions: Transfers oxygen to blood and carbon
dioxide from blood to air.
Regulates acid base balance of body
fluids.
Helps to produce sound.
21. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Components: Mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach,
small and large intestine, anus, and accessory
organs such as the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder
and pancreas.
Functions: Physical and chemical breakdown of
food.
Absorbs nutrients.
Eliminates solid wastes.
22. URINARY SYSTEM
Components: Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder and
urethra.
Functions: Produce, stores and eliminates urine.
Eliminates wastes
Helps maintain the acid base balance of
body fluids.
23. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Components: Gonads (testes/ovaries) and associated
organs (uterine tubes, uterus and vagina, epididymis,
vas deferens and penis)
Functions: Gonads produce gametes (sperm or
oocytes).
Gonads release hormones and regulates
reproduction.
Associated organs transports and store
gametes .
28. BODY CAVITIES
Two types of body cavities:
1. Ventral Cavity: Consist of Thoracic Cavity
and Abdominopelvic cavity.
2. Dorsal Cavity: Include Cranial Cavity and
Spinal cavity.
30. Thoracic Cavity:
a) Pleural cavities: Surrounds the lungs. The serous
membrane is called “Pleura” that contains “pleural
fluid”.
b) Pericardial cavity: Surrounds the Heart. The
serous membrane is “Pericardium”.
c) Mediastinum: Central portion of the thoracic cavity
between the lungs. It contains Oesophagus, Trachea,
heart and large blood vessels.
BODY CAVITIES
32. Thin filmy membrane that covers the wall surface
is known as “Parietal layer”.
The thin membrane that covers the organ is called
as “Visceral layer”
33. REGIONAL NAMES
Abdominal: Anterior torso below diaphragm
Acromial: Shoulder
Antebrachial: Forearm
Antecubital: Depressed area in front of elbow
Axillary: Armpit
Brachial: Arm
Buccal: Cheek (inside)
34. Calcaneal: Heel of foot
Carpal: Wrist
Cephalic: Head
Cervical: Neck
Coxal: Hip
Cranial: skull
Crural: Leg
Cubital: Elbow
Cutaneous: Skin
35. Digital: Fingers or toes
Dorsal: Back or top
Facial: Face
Femoral: Thigh
Frontal: Forehead
Gluteal: Buttock
Hallux: Great toe
Inguinal: Groin
Lumbar: Lower part of back between ribs and pelvis
36. Mammary: Breast
Manual: Hand
Mental: Chin
Nasal: Nose
Navel: Umblicus
Occipital: Back of lower part of skull
Olecranal: Back of elbow
Oral: Mouth
Orbital or opthalmic: Eyes
37. Otic: Ear
Palmar: Palm of hand
Patellar: Front of knee
Pedal: Foot
Pelvic: Lower portion of torso
Perineal: Area between anus and genitals
Plantar: Sole of foot
Pollex: Thumb
Popliteal: Area behind the knee
38. Supraclavicular: Area above clavicle
Sural: Calf
Tarsal: Ankle
Temporal: Side of skull
Thoracic: Chest
Zygomatic: Cheek
40. ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS
1. Right hypochondriac region
2. Epigastric region
3. Left hypochondriac region
4. Right lumbar region
5. Umblical region
6. Left lumbar region
7. Right inguinal/iliac region
8. Hypogastric region
9. Left inguinal/iliac region
44. It describes the position of one body part relative to
another.
Directional terms Definition
Superior (cephalic)
Towards the head or the upper part of a
structure
Inferior (caudal) Away from head or lower part
Anterior (ventral) At the front of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
At the back of the body
45. Directional terms Definition
Medial Nearer to the midline
Lateral Farther to the midline
Intermediate Between two structures
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body as
another structure
46. Directional terms Definition
Contralateral
On the opposite of the body from
another structure
Proximal
Nearer to the origination of a
structure
Distal
Farther from the origination of the
structure
Superficial On the surface of the body
Deep Away from the surface of the body
47. TERMS RELATED TO ORGANS
1. Lumen: The hollow area of the organ.
2. Central and peripheral: Central means near the center
and Peripheral means towards the boundary.
3. Medullary and Cortical: Medullary refers to inner
region of an organ; Cortical means structures found in
the outer region.
4. Basal and Apical: The pointed part is called
Apical/Apex; Basal is the base.
50. PLANES
1. Sagittal plane: Vertical plane that divides the body
surface into right and left side.
a) Midsaggital/Median plane: Passes through midline
of the body/organ and divides into right and left
sides.
b) Parasagittal plane: Does not pass through the
midline. Divides the body/organ into unequal right
and left sides.