Portfolio - Reading Articles

Name: Bui Bich Phuong
Class: E2

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI
University of languages and international
studies
Faculty of English Languages and Teacher
Education
Fast Tract Division

READING PORTFOLIO

Student: Bui Bich Phuong
Class: 11E2

Hanoi, 2012

Table of contents
We Topic Tittle Source
ek

READING PORTFOLIO Page 1

Class: E2

2 Literature Mart Twain webside
3 Nutrition Diet and nutrion for women webside
4 Physiology Do Teens Need Less Shut- TIME
Eye than We Think? magazine
5 Fashion Paris Fashion Week: Roland FASTION
Mouret autumn/winter 2012 magazine
6 Psychology Three Things That Maintain Psychologytoda
Anxiety y
magazine
7 Science FORENSIC
GSR: How Do You Know magazine
You're Right?

9 Business Recipe for a Successful TIME
Business: Magazine
Growing success

10 Neuroscienc Scientists Uncover Clue to SCIENCEDAIL
e Preventing, and Possibly Y
Reversing, Rare Childhood magazine
Genetic Disease

11 Oceanogragh Widespread Adaptability SCIENCEDAIL
y Coral Reefs May Be Able to
Y Magazine:
Adapt to Climate Change With
Help from Algae
12 Engineering Brian’s bridges BOOK “Don’t
throw this away!
The civil
engineering life”
13 Dedicine Discovery Provide Blueprint SCIENCEDAIL
for New Drugs That Can Inhibit Y
Hepatitis C Virut magazine

14 Marketing Marketing in china FINANCE
Magazine

WEEK 2- LITERATURE

Class: E2

Mark Twain
Source: www.the famouspeople.com/profiles/mark-twain.

Famous as Author and Humorist
Born on 30 November 1835 in Florida, Missouri
Died on 21 April 1910
Nationality United States
Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was
an American author, essayist, lecturer and humorist who wrote a series of
famous books including Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of
Tom Sawyer. Mark's first important work, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of
Calaveras County was first published in the New York Saturday Press and
became a bestseller within a short span of time. He also wrote a series of
travelogues including the bestselling The Innocents Abroad- that came in 1869-
and notable short stories such as Advice for Little Girls and The Celebrated
Jumping Frogs of Calaveras County which earned him the worldwide fame and
appreciation as a writer. Most of all, the author is known for his notable and
insightful satires that gained him reverence from both critics as well as his
contemporaries who call him the 'father of the English literature'.
Childhood & Early Life
Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born on November 30, 1835 in Florida,
Missouri in the United States. He was the sixth of seven children of his father, a
country merchant John Marshall Clemens and mother Jane Lampton Clemens
and only three of his siblings could survive into their adulthood. At age four, Mark
along with his family, moved to a port town Hannibal, situated on the bank of
world’s second largest river Mississippi.
Mark’s father John Clemens died of pneumonia in 1847, and the family was
left in financial upheaval. An eleven year old Mark took a job of typesetter in
1851, to aid the family during its hard pressed finance and began contributing
articles and humorous sketches for the Hannibal Journal a newspaper run by his


Class: E2

brother Orion. At age 18, Mark twain left this job and became a printer in New
York City.
As a child, Mark Twain received no formal schooling, but a keen learner, he
widened his circle of knowledge by finding information in public libraries. It was
his traveling to New Orleans in 1857, that he grew immensely fascinated with the
steamboats and became an apprentice cub river pilot, earning his license in
1858. While working as a successful river pilot, he developed a huge attachment
for the river, which would become a subject of his books in later life. He lost his
brother Henry in 1858, who was also working with him on the boat.
Travels and Early Career
With the outbreak of Civil War in 1861, route on the Mississippi was blocked
and he had to move to the silver mining town of the Carson City with his brother
Orion. They traveled to the Rocky Mountains and many places including the
Mormon community in Salt Lake City and ending at the silver mining town of
Virginia City, Nevada. Here Mark experimented with the work of mining but failed
miserably and finally got a job at a Virginia City newspaper, the Territorial
Enterprise. In year 1863, Mark wrote the first humorous account of his travel.
Mark next journeyed to San Francisco, where he began to work as a journalist
and lecturer. In 1867, he traveled to Europe and the Middle East and wrote a
collection of travel letters in 1869, which became known as The Innocents
Abroad. He wrote some notable short stories during this period including Advice
for Little Girls and The Celebrated Jumping Frogs of Calaveras County.
Mark Twain as a Writer
Twain as a writer initiated with humorous and light verse but embarked on
more serious and harsh subjects in his later career. His one of the important
works in this category was Huckleberry Finn, which combined humor and social
criticism. Aside from this, he wrote several travelogues and lectures. A Tramp
Abroad(1880), his first travelogue and a satirical account of his travels to


Class: E2

Germany, Italy and the Alps, was a sequel to his early work Innocent abroad and
was next followed by The Prince and the Pauper in 1882. Mark wrote his first
important work, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County In year 1865,
which was first published in the New York Saturday Press and became a
bestseller within a short span of time. Yet many of his work were suppressed,
censored or banned in America for various reasons. In 1888, Mark Twain was
awarded the Master of Art degree from Yale University.
Later Life
Towards the end of his life, Mark Twain traveled and lectured actively. During
this period he lost money in many bad investment schemes like mining and
printing machines thus acquiring a huge debt. In 1895, he set off on a world tour
to Australia, Canada, India and New Zealand and only returned when he was
able to pay off the debt. Though he suffered from many losses in his personal
life, he never lost his sense of humor and talent as a writer. Meanwhile, he had
written the famous series Tom Sawyer Abroad in 1894 followed by Tom Sawyer,
Detective in 1896. Mark suffered from yet another emotional set back when his
daughter Susy died of meningitis in 1896. Olivia’s death in 1904 and Jean’s
death in 1909 further deepened his pain and left him in the depth of despair.
In 1901, Yale University awarded him an honorary Doctor of Letters degree for
his literary efforts and he received the same award from Oxford University in
1907. The same year, he published two books- A Horse’s Tale and Christian
Science. Now a celebrated novelist and much more admired author, he enjoyed
a huge section of followers and wrote around thirty books, essays and short
stories. He was also a guest of the then American president Theodore Roosevelt
at the White House. After the death of his wife and daughter Susy, Mark moved
to his home in Redding, Connecticut in 1908.
Death
Mark Twain died of a heart attack on 21 April 1910 in Redding in Connecticut


Class: E2

and now rests at the Woodlawn Cemetery in Elmira, New York, where his wife
and other children were buried. He was survived by his daughter Clara.
*****

I. The reflection on the article
This article is very excellent, I think, because the writer shows quite enough
interesting and exact information about one of the famous authour on literature - Mark
Twain: his life from the childhood to adutlhood until death, his career, his family and his
achievements. The article’s instruction is very clear with 5 main ideas: Childhood &
Early Life, Travels and Early Career,Mark Twain as a Writer , Later Life , Death.
The reporter gives quite many examples to make clear the achievements of Mark
Twain. He makes reader feel so interested and attracted in the article. Moreover, he
presents information very clear that helps readers can understand and reach the main
content of each paragraph as well as the whole article. He uses a large range of
vocabulary and sentence structure. I can learn so much from his idiosyncrasy, for
instane how to present information about a famous person and how to make impression
on reader.

II. Vocabulary and structure:
1. pen name (n): a name used by a writer instead of their real name.
ex. he’s better known by his pen-name Mark Twain
2. bestseller(n): a product, usually a book, which is bought by large number
of people.
ex. it has been on the New York Times best-seller list for thirty-seven weeks.
3. notable (adj): deserving to be noticed or to receive attention; important
ex. with a few noable exceptions, everyone gave something.
4. be known for sth (n): be famous for sth
insightful (adj): showing a clear understanding of a person or situation.
ex. one particular author seems to be more insightful than the rest.


Class: E2

5. satire(n): a way of criticizing a person, an idea or an institution in which
you use humour to show their faults or weaknessesl a piece of writing that uses
this type of criticism.
ex. the novel is stinging satire on American politic.
6. comtemporary (adj): belong to the same time
ex. we have no comtemporary account of the battle.
7. merchant (n): a person who beys or sells goods in large quantities,
especially one who imports and exports goods/ a person who likes a particular
activity.
ex. - he is a speed merchant
- Venice was once a city of rich merchants.
8. port town (n): a town with a harbour, especially one where ships load and
unload goods.
ex. He lived in a port town.
9. pneumonia (n): a serious illness affecting one or both lungs that makes
breathing difficult.
ex. He died of pneumonia.
10. be left in financial upheaval ( mất khả năng tài chính): a big change in
finance that causes a lot of confusion, worry and problem.
ex. after his father had died, his family was left in finacial upheaval.
11. immensely (= extremly, very much) fascinated (= very interested)
ex. I’ve always been immensely fascinated by his ideas.
12. apprentice (n): a young person who works for an employer for a fixed
period of time in order to learn the particular skills needed in their job.
(v): to make sth an apprentice.
ex. has was apprenticed to his uncle as a carpenter.
13. travelogue (n): a movie/ film, broadcast or piece if writing about travel.
ex. he has just published a travelogue


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14. censor (v): to remove the parts of a book, film/ movie. etc. that are
considered to be offensive, immoral or a political threat.
ex. the news reports had been heavily censored.
15. sequel (n): a book. film/ movie, play, etc. that continues the story of an
earlier one.
ex. A sequel to the hit movie “ Madagascar” will be published next time.
16. to died of sth = died because of (a reason)
17. meningitis (n): a serious disease in which the tissues surrounding the
brain become infected and swollen, causing severe headache, fever ad
sometimes death.
ex. his is suffering from viral meningitis.
18. despair (n): the feeling of having lost all hope.
idom: be the depair of sb: yo make sb worried or unhappy, because they can
not help.
ex. my handwriting was the despair of my teachers
19. embarked on/ upon sth: to start to do sth new or difficult
ex. she is about to embark on a diplomatic career.

WEEK 3 - NUTRITION
Diet and nutrion for women
Source:
http://www.helpguide.org/life/healthy_eating_women_nutrition.htm

Tip 1: Eat to control cravings and boost energy


Class: E2

Your diet has a major effect on your food cravings, your stress levels, and your
energy throughout the day. By making smart food choices and developing
healthy eating habits, you’ll find it much easier to stay slim, control cravings, and
feel energetic all day long.
• Eat breakfast. Get your metabolism going in the morning by eating a
healthy breakfast. Studies show that people who eat breakfast tend to weigh less
than those who skip it. A solid breakfast provides energy for the day.
• Eat regularly. Going too long between meals can make you feel irritable
and tired, so aim to eat something at least every 3-4 hours. Support your body’s
natural cycle of energy by eating a substantial breakfast, a nutritious lunch, a
snack around 2 pm (to compensate for the body’s natural low point that occurs
around 3 each afternoon), and a light early dinner.
• Cut the junk. The ups and downs that
come with eating sugary snacks and simple
carbohydrates cause extreme swings in energy
level and mood. Cutting out these foods can be
tough, but if you can resist for several days,
your cravings will subside.
• Focus on complex carbohydrates.


Class: E2

such as baked potatoes, whole-wheat pasta, brown rice, oatmeal, whole grain
breads, and bananas boost your “feel-good” serotonin levels without a crash.
They also provide plenty of fiber, so you feel full much longer.

Tip 2: Get plenty of good carbs
You may think that they key to losing weight or avoiding weight gain is cutting
out carbohydrates. But carbs, like fats, are a vital part of a healthy diet. They give
you the fuel you need to get through your day, fight fatigue, and stay feeling full.
The key is to choose
Complex carbohydrates—the “good carbs”—have not been stripped of their
fiber and nutrients. Because they’re rich in fiber, they keep you full longer and
help with weight control. Good sources of complex carbs include whole grains
such as whole grain brown rice, stone ground whole wheat, millet, or quinoa, as
well as beans, other legumes, fruit, and vegetables.
Simple carbohydrates—the “bad carbs”—have been stripped of their fiber and
many of their nutrients. Simple carbs lead to a dramatic spike in your blood
sugar, followed by a rapid crash. These carbs are much less efficient at filling
you up and keeping you energized. Simple carbs include white flour, white rice,
and sugary foods.
Complex carbohydrates:
• Leave you full and satisfied
• Are packed with nutrients
• Provide long-lasting energy
Simple carbohydrates:
• Leave you hungry for more
• Are mostly empty calories
• Provide only short-lived energy


Class: E2

Tip 3: Don’t cut out the fat!
Many women have been led to believe that dietary fat is unhealthy and will
contribute to weight gain. But fats are a necessary part of a healthy diet. What
really matters are the types of fat you eat.
Women need healthy fats in their diet to look and feel great
• Healthy fats boost your brain power and mood. Fats are essential to
healthy brain function. They put you in a good mood and keep you mentally
sharp.
• Healthy fats promote healthy pregnancies. When you’re pregnant, both
you and your growing baby need healthy fat to feel your best. Fat is especially
important to your baby’s developing brain and nervous system.
• Healthy fats contribute to lifelong beauty. Fats are essential for vibrant,
glowing skin, hair, and nails. A lack of healthy fats in your diet can lead to dull,
flaky skin, brittle nails, and dry or easily-damaged hair.
• Healthy fats help control cravings. Because fat is so dense in calories, a
little goes a long way in making you feel full. Small amounts of good fats like nuts
or seeds make great satisfying snacks.
• Fats lower the glycemic index of foods, easing the spike in blood sugar
that results from eating carbohydrates.
• You need fat in order to absorb certain vitamins. Many important
vitamins—including vitamins A, D, E, and K—are fat-soluble, meaning you need
fat in your system in order to absorb them.
*****

This article provides us with useful advices about diet and nutrition for women
which help them keep the fit and have a perfect body. This article talk about the
tips of diet anf nutrition for women.


Class: E2

- Tip 1: eat to control cravings and boost energy.
- Tip 2: eat plenty of good crads
- Tip 3: don’t cut to fat
To make each tip clearer, he gives some supporting ideas and examples. After
reading this article, I get more knowledge and know how to keep fit in right way
and what a food nutrion is . I realise that I have had incorrect opinion about diet
nutrion. I think, like me, many people, especially women feel interested in it
because of its value.
Bases on the article, you can see that the writer has a clear range of
knowledge about nutrition

II. Vocabulary
1. metabolism (n) : a chemical processes in living things that change food,
etc. into energy and meterials growth ( sự trao đổi chất)
ex: The body’s metabolism is slowed down by extreme cold.
2. serotonin (n): a chemical in the brain that affects how messages are sent
from the brain to the body, and also affects how a person feel. ( C12H22N20).
3. fiber (n): the part of food that help to keep a person heathy by keeping the
bowels working and moving other food quickly through the body
ex: Dried fruits are especially high in fiber.
4. quinoa : a South American plant, grown for its seeds, uses as food and to
make alcoholic drinks, the seeds of the quinoa plant.
ex. Quinoa is a plant that are growth a lots in Andes area.
5. craving (n):a strong desire for sth
ex: He has a craving to see the world.
*****


Class: E2

WEEK 4 - PHYSIOLOGY
Do Teens Need Less Shut-Eye than We Think?
- By Alexandra Sifferlin -
Source: TIME magazine,
Date: Feb 21th 2012

Between extracurricular activities, homework and late-night Facebooking,
many teens aren’t catching the nightly sleep’s hours they need. Or are they?
Although national guidelines recommend that teens get at least 8.5 hours of
sleep a night — a bar that few teens actually meet — a new study suggests that
they may not require as much shut-eye as we thought, at least not if performance
on standardized tests is any measure.
In their report published in the current issue
of the Eastern Economics Journal, researchers
from Brigham Young University analyzed a
nationally representative sample of 1,724
students and compared the amount of sleep
they reported getting to their standardized test
scores. Sixteen-year-olds scored best on only
7 hours of sleep a night, it turns out. For 12-
year-olds, the optimal amount of sleep was
slightly over 8 hours, and for 10-year-olds it
was about 9 hours.
“If your kid’s not getting nine hours of sleep, maybe you don’t have to worry so
much,” study author and Brigham Young University economist Mark Showalter
told MSNBC, especially if he’s not actually sleep deprived.
MORE: 10 Risky Behaviors More Common in Sleepy Teens


Class: E2

So where does the nine-hours standard come from? The researchers believe
the current sleep recommendations date back to a 1970s Stanford University
study of teens and their sleep patterns. In that study, teens were brought to a lab
a few days a year for three years and told to sleep as long as they wanted. But,
of course, how much teens want to sleep and how much they need to sleep are
two different things.
“We couldn’t find much scientific empirical backing for the common
recommendations,” Showalter told MSNBC. His findings fall in line with a
separate study published in Pediatrics last week that looked more than 100 years
of reported sleep duration in kids. That study concluded that no matter how much
sleep kids have historically gotten, it was always assumed that they weren’t
getting enough. The study also found that sleep recommendations have always
been pretty subjective.
Healthland’s Bonnie Rochman reported:
In reality, there is almost no evidence about how much sleep kids truly need to
function their best. “We think for no particularly good reason that kids need more
sleep than they’re getting,” says [senior author Tim Olds, a professor of health
sciences at the University of South Australia in Adelaide]. “Every so often a group
of blokes get together and say, What do you recommend, boys? Should we push
it up to 9 hours, 15 minutes? It really is like that, honestly. It’s an arbitrary public-
health line in the sand that people draw.”
MORE: A History of Kids and Sleep: Why They Never Get Enough
That being said, it’s entirely likely that teens aren’t getting enough sleep — it’s
just that there isn’t good scientific evidence of that. But while chronic lack of
sleep has been tied to many ill health effects, including increased risks of
depression and weight gain, it looks like getting less than a full 9 hours shouldn’t
hinder test scores. No more excuses, teens.


Class: E2

Nowadays, most of teens don’t spend enough time on sleeping, although they
know it’s useful for their health . This article gives us much useful information
about sleep. For instance, Chronic lack of sleep has been tied to many ill health
effects. It helps us know more about importance of getting enough sleep that is
very neccesary for teens. After reading this article, I see that it’s necessary for
myself to spend at least a half of hour sleeping in the noon as well as sleeping
gets enough 8 hours per day to good for my health. The reporter persuades
reader with many examples, evidences ( particular figures, quotations),
especially, quotation the ideas opinion of both researchers, scientists and
teens. However, I think the main ideas of this article are not very clear which
make reader feel confused to realize main content of each part.

II. Vocabulary and sentence structure
1. extracurricular (adj): not part of the usual course of work or studies
at a school or college.
Ex. Schools and colleges often hold extracutticular activities to help students
enlarge their knowledge.
2. shut-eye (n): sleep ( imformal)
Ex: According to reporter, teens may not require as much shut-eye as we
thought.
3. standardized (v): to make objects or activities of the same type
have the same features or qualities, to make sth standard.
Ex: Teacher should give students standardized lesson to make them better.
4. optimal = optimum (adj): the best possible, producing the best
possible result.
Ex: we aim for optimal efficiency in all our operations.
5. bloke = man (n)
Ex: He seems like a nice bloke.


Class: E2

6. chronic (Adj): having had a disease for a long time
7. duration (n): the length of time that sth lasts or continues
Ex: His house was used as a hospital for the duration of the war.
8. arbitrary (adj): (of an action, decision, etc): not seeming to be
based on reason, system or plan and sometimes seeming unfair.
Ex: The choice of players for the team seemed to be completely arbitrary.

WEEK 5 - FASHION

Class: E2

Paris Fashion Week: Roland Mouret
autumn/winter 2012
- Lisa Armstrong -
Source: FASHION magazine
Date: March 2nd 2012

Mouret debuted his first line of shoes at his Paris Fashion Week show today.
In order to qualify as a global fashion brand, a label
must sell more than clothes. Accessories are a given.
After more than ten years in the business, Roland
Mouret, the British based designer who brought us the
Galaxy and Moon dresses, as worn by every celebrity
from Rachel Weisz and Keira Knightley to Cameron
Diaz, revealed his own world of shoes in Paris today.
"I know how to drape fabric but I had to learn a
whole new subject in the form of engineering," said
Mouret backstage.
"One of the hardest things is finding good factories. The best are in Italy and
France, but often working at full capacity for big names".
Mouret's shoes are being manufactured by Robert Clergerie, a middling
sized French shoe label that enjoyed considerable success in the 1980s doing
masculine-styled shoes for women, but which waned recently, as shoes became
higher and sexier.
Earlier this year Clergerie announced its new designer: Roland Mouret. His
first collection for the brand, with a strong 1940s feel, but with contemporary
proportions (i.e. lots of height) will arrive in stores in late summer. The
partnership also enables him finally to have a separate shoe collection, under his


Class: E2

own name - also high, also with (concealed) platforms, and with a heel shape
and last that spell out the initial R when viewed from the side.
But can an ingenue bring anything new to footwear?
"Comfort," he retorts, "It's to do with balance, the angle of the last - not just the
heel. I've spent a lot of time listening to what women want," he says, "and they're
not giving up on heels any time soon. But they're tired of suffering".
The other step towards brandifation is to hire a lavish venue - and
transform it. Mouret did that too as he clad the ornately gilded walls of the Hotel
Intercontinental's ballroom with rough wooden planks.
"It's supposed to evoke what you do to a precious building when you want to
protect it in a war,' he explained.
If it looked more like a Club Med ski chalet , that suited the first few outfits
perfectly, since they featured faint tracings of reindeer or fawn prints and came in
an icy blue shade which could have been Wallis Simpson blue, but which Mouret
said was Dior blue (don't say he's auditioning for that job too).
Mouret's silhouette has loosened considerably since the suction-packed
hourglass of the Galaxy and Moon, but it's still tailored and intensely feminine,
with loving attention paid to a woman's rear. "You have to be really confident
about your tush to wear that", observed one front rower as a Dior blue dress, with
a zip right up the back, sashayed past. Either that or invest in Spanx.
*****

Roland Mouret, the British based designer who brought us the Galaxy and
Moon dresses, debuted his first line of shoes at his Paris Fashion Week show.
The article talk about Mouret’s shoes, its history and features. This article gives
reader more information about designer Mouret and his shoes label in New York
fashion week. After reading this artcle, I get more interesting information about


Class: E2

fashion in the world which I have seemed to care of before. I think, readers,
especially women will feel so interested in this article because it mentions about
fashion which is a popular and interesting topic. However, I don’t like it so miuch
because the writer’s expression is not very good, it’s not have clear ideas. There
fore, it’s hard for me to find the main ideas of each paragraph.

II. Vocabulary and structure:
1. manufactured (v) : to make goods in large quatities, using machinery
ex: this company manufactures the equipments use to make contact lenses.
2. brand (n): a type of product made by a particular company.
Ex. Which brand of toothpaste do you use?
3. drape (v) to cover or decorate sth/sb with metarial/
4. fabric (n): a material made by weaving wool, cotton. Silk,etc, used for
making curtain, clothes, etc. and for covering furniture.
Ex. Some silk fabric will drape beautifully.
5. masculine (adj): having qualities or appearance considered to be typical
of men, connected with or like men
ex. He was handsome, strong and very masculine.
6. contemporary (Adj): belonging to the same time.
Ex. He was contemporary with the dramatist Congreve
7. proportion (n): the relationship of one thing to another in size, amount,
etc.
ex.
8. platform (n): the flat surface raised above the level of ground or floor,
used by public speakers or performers so that the audiences can see them.
Ex. Coming onto the platform now is tonight’s conductor, Bich Phuong
9. initial (adj): happen at the beginning, first.
Ex. In the initial stage (= at the beginning) of the campaign


Class: E2

10. retort (v): to reply quickly to a comment, in an angry, offended or
humorous way.
Ex. Sam retorted that it’s my fault as much as his.
11. ingenue (v): an innocent young woman, especially in a film or play.
Ex. Can an ingenue bring anything new to footwear?
12. gilded (adj): cover with a thin layer or gold or gold paint
ex. He bought a gilded picture frame.
13. lavish (adj): large in amount, impressive, usually costing a lot of money.
Ex. They live in a lavish lifestyle.
14. venue (n): a place where people meet for an organized event, for
example, a concert, sporting event or conference.
Ex. The band will be playing in 20 different venues in UK
15. fawn (adj) : light yellowish-brown in color.
Ex. Chicken’s feather is fawn.
16. silhouette (n): a shape of a person’s body or of an object
ex. The dress is fitted to give you a fattering silhouette.
17. intense (adj): having or showing very strong feeling.
Ex. She is intense about everything.
18. arrive in stores: phân phối đến các cửa hàng
ex. Pizza is arrives in stores in my town from factory.
19. evoke (adj): bring a feeling, a memory or an image into your mind.
Ex. This song evoked the memories of her youngth.
20. sashay: to walk in a very confident but relaxed way , especially in order to
be noticed.
Ex. I watched her as she sashayed across the room.


Class: E2

WEEK 6 – PSYCHOLOGY
Simple strategies for handling anxiety and stress
Source: Psychologytoday Magazine
Date: March 19, 2012

Three Things That Maintain Anxiety
- Patrick B. McGrath, Ph.D.-
How many times have you had the same conversation with someone over and
over again, and then became frustrated again and again because they did not
follow your advice? I hear about this happening all of the time actually. I hear
about it from therapists that I train who tell me how frustrating it is to work with
anxious patients.
Now, I will agree that it can be frustrating to work with some anxious patients,
but it does not have to be. In fact, some of the best therapy in the world was
designed to treat anxiety disorders. So, treating stressed and anxious people is
not all that difficult if you know what you are doing.
So, I am going to let you all in on a little secret - I am going to tell you what to
do to overcome your stress and anxiety. It is just a few simple steps and you will
be able to make great strides in helping yourself to overcome your fears. And, if
you need any extra help from a therapist, that is fine too, as I will also tell you
where to find good help.
Instead of talking about what is stressful or what is leading you to feel anxious,
you would be better off stopping these three behaviors:
1. Avoidance: If you avoid what it is you fear, you will teach yourself that
the only way to be safe is to avoid what you fear. This is a recipe for disaster,
because you will just avoid more and more things over time instead of learning
how to handle what it is that bothers you.


Class: E2

2. Reassurance Seeking: If all you do is ask everyone you know if
everything will be OK, you will never learn how to handle things on your own.
This is also a tricky scheme, because if someone tells you that everything will be
OK, and then it turns out not to be, you can blame them for it not turning out well
because they lied to you and told you that everything will be OK.
3. Distraction: If you do have to face whatever it is you fear and you
distract yourself from it, then you never actually learn how to handle it and you
maintain your fear and convince yourself that the only reason you are safe is
because of the distraction that you did.
These three things are actually called safety seeking behaviors, and they are
all performed in order to feel good right now instead of feeling good later on. That
may sound like a good thing, but it really is a very poor way of coping because
people soon become so reliant on these coping strategies that they live only to
feel good in the moment and do not do what they need to do to be well in the
long run. In future posts we will break the safety seeking behaviors down more in
depth and talk about how to overcome them.
If you are in need of help with stress, or are seeing someone and do not feel
that you are making progress, I suggest looking at the "Find A Therapist".
***

I. The inflection on the article:
This article discusses about the simple strategies for handling anxiety and
stress. Writter didn’t directly tell about how to handle, on the other hand, he
pointed three wrong behaviors of almost people, these are avoidance ,
reassurance seeking and distraction. With each behavior, he gives interesting
supporting ideas. From those points, he advices readers should avoid those
things. According to me, this article is a good one. I enjoy the way that reporter
shows his ideas which is quite clearly and makes article be coherent. However,


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the range of vocabulary is not very varied. I think it would be better if writer chose
words more careful to make it more interesting.

II. Vocabulary and structure
1. therapy = psychotherapy (n): the treatment of metal illness by discussing
sb’s problem with them rather than by giving them some drugs.
The treatment of a physical proplem or an illness.
Ex. I went to therapy because my doctor suggested it.
2. Reassurance (n): the fact of giving advices or helps that takes away a
person’s fears or doubts
Ex. Teenagers need love, encouragement and reassurance from their parents.
3. recipe for sth: a method or an idea that seems likely to have a particular
result.
Ex. What is her recipe for success.
His plan are a recipe for disaster.
4. seek (v): to look for sth/sb/ try to obtain or achieve sth.
Ex. People who are unemployed and actively seeking work.
5. reliant (adj): needing sth/ sb in order to survice, be successful, etc.
Ex. The survice has become heavily reliant on government supports


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WEEK 7 – SCIENCE
Issac Newton
Source: http://www.universetoday.com/82052/issac-newton-inventions/

Sir Issac Newton is best know for his laws of motion. Many people’s
knowledge of his scientific contributions stops there. Issac Newtons inventions
contributed a great deal to our current understanding of subjects from optics to
theology and how early scientists were able to view their world.

In mathematics Issac Newton inventions
included laying the ground work for
differential and integral calculus. His work
was based on his insight that the integration
of a function is merely the inverse procedure
to differentiating it. Taking differentiation as
the basic operation, he produced simple
analytical methods that unified many
separate techniques previously developed to
solve apparently unrelated problems such
as finding areas, tangents, the lengths of
curves and the maxima and minima of
Sir Issac Newton functions.
Issac Newton inventions in mechanics and gravitation were summarized the
Principia. His discoveries in terrestrial and celestial mechanics showed how
universal gravitation provided an explanation of falling bodies on Earth and of the
motions of planets, comets, and other bodies in the heavens. He explained a
wide range of then unrelated phenomena: the eccentric orbits of comets, the


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tides and their variations, the precession of the Earth’s axis, and motion of the
Moon as perturbed by the gravity of the Sun. This work includes Newton’s three
famous laws of motion, fluid motion, and an explanation of Kepler’s laws of
planetary motion.
Issac Newton inventions in optics included his observation that white light
could be separated by a prism into a spectrum of different colors, each
characterized by a unique refractivity. He proposed the corpuscular theory of
light. He was the first person to understand the rainbow. He was the first person
to use a curved mirror in a telescope to prevent light form being broken up into
unwanted colors.
Isaac Newton inventions and contributions to science were many and varied.
They covered revolutionary ideas and practical inventions. His works in physics,
mathematics and astronomy are still important today. His contributions in any
one of these fields would have made him famous; taken as a whole, they make
him truly outstanding.
.***

I. The reflection on the article:
Here’s an article about Issac Newton – one of the most famous scientists in
the world, who had contributed variety of inventions to science fields such as
mathematics, physics and astronomy. The article introduces achievements which
Newton attemted and their significances to science and life. They help people
totally sees the world, explains strange phenomenons which no one could do
before. According to me, this is a good article because it provide reader with total
knowledge about Newton’s inventions. That shows large knowledge, especially
on science field. I like the way which writter presents his ideas, they are quite
unity and make paragraphs coherent. What’s more, range of vocabulary and
structures are varied so that make article be more interesting.


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II. Vocabulary and sentence structure

1. theology (n): study of religion and beliefs
2. tangent (n): a straigh line that touches the outside of a curve but not cross
it.
Ex. The distance between the centre of a curve and its tangent is as far as its
radius.
3. terrestrial (adj): connected with the planet Earth.
Ex. Terrestrial life is very varied.
4. celestial (adj): of the sky or of heaven.
Ex. The Sun, Moon and stars are celestial.
5. crepuscular (adj): related to the period of the evening when the sun had
just gone down but there is still some light in the sky
ex. I like crepuscular time
6. telescope (n): a piece of equipment shaped like a tube that you look
through to make objects that are far away appear larger and nearer.
Ex. We can look at the stars through the telescope.
7. the eccentric orbits of comets
8. tide (n): a regular of rise or fall in the level of the sea, caused by the full of
the Sun and the Moon; the flow of water that happens as the sea rises and falls.
Ex. Is the tides coming in or going out?
9. perturb (v): to make an obstacle with motion of an object.
Ex. Moon as perturbed by the gravity of the Sun
10. spectrum (n): a range of sound waves or several other types of waves.
Ex. Red and violet are at opposite ends of the spectrum


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GSR: How Do You Know You're Right?
- By Timothy J. Drake, Ph.D. -
Magazine: Forensic
Date: October 18, 2011

Using integrated SEM-EDX technology to provide automatic, rapid, and
validated results.

As the volume of cases grows and forensic crime labs’ budgets shrink, lab
operations management, technicians, and litigators are all looking for answers
related to gunshot residue (GSR) detection, identification, and characterization.
Lab operations need high throughput solutions that require little oversight or
expertise, yet maintain a high degree of reliability. Lab technicians need easy to
use platforms that generate accurate results and reporting that provides
information and knowledge, not reams of data. And, above all, litigators need
validation of that reporting and those results to give them the confidence they
need to go to court and to ensure that those results will stand up under cross
examination at trial. Integrated scanning electronmicroscopes with energy X-ray
dispersive Spectrometers (SEM-EDX) offer platforms that not only provide GSR
results, but further validate those results through a series of checks and
balances; offering the answer that all three audiences are looking for.

SEM Technology and GSR

SEM-EDX systems are commonly used for imaging comparison and X-ray
microanalysis of trace evidence samples including tool marks, ink, paper, fibers,
hair, and paint coatings. Back in the late 60s forensic laboratories in London


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started to use Scanning ElectronMicroscopes (SEM) for the manual detection
and analysis of Gun Shot Residue particles on a routine basis.

Forty years later, SEMs are still
used in laboratories worldwide for the
detection of GSR particles.
Technological advances, including
the integration of Energy Dispersive
Spectrometers for elemental analysis
(EDX) and a software platform for
automated detection, relocation,
confirmation, and reporting, have
made this the go-to technology for
EDX analysis and imaging of
samples collected from suspect
shooters.

Typically,GSR particles (Figure 1) are composed of lead (Pb), barium(Ba), and
antimony (Sb), and commonly range in size from0.5 to 10microns.They have
varying morphologies and surface textures, but the vast majority are generally
spherical in shape. Ammunition can also be manufactured without lead. Lead-
free ammunition is becoming more prevalent as manufacturers use lead-free or
low-lead propellants to avoid the toxicity of lead .Aluminum(Al) and strontium(Sr)
are often used in lead free cartridges. In addition, Sintox® GSR particles are
characterized by spheroidal particles mainly consisting of titanium(Ti) and zinc
(Zn).


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I. The inflection on the article
Based on the tittle, reader can see that this article points that Using integrated
SEM-EDX technology is helpful for forensic science, provide automatic,
rapid, and validated results. After reading it, I know more terms of science
as well as enlarge the range of vocabulary and get more knowledge about
them. However, the writer uses so many vocabularies and term of science so it
is quite difficult to understand or event thought I look for new words in dictionary
and know the definition of them as well, I seem to no see what the meaning of
whole sentence is in the first time to read. So I had to spend more time reading
and understanding.

II. Vocabulary and sentence structures
1. litigate (v): to take a claim or disagreement to court.
Litigator : a person who litigate
Ex. Litigate in two different european countries.
2. Residue (n): is a small amount of something that is left behind. (noun)
Ex. When you peel off a tag but there is some sticky stuff left, the sticky stuff is
an example ofresidue.
3. Reliability (n): Variant of reliable that can be relied on; dependable;
trustworthy
Ex. The reliability of these results has been questioned.
4. Validation (n): Variant of validate
1. to make binding under the law; give legal force to; declare legally
valid


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2. to prove to be valid; confirm the validity of; verify
Ex. They didn’t receive any validation of court.
5. reams of sth (n): a large quantities of sth
Ex. He writes reams in the essay.
6. dispersive (adj): describes something that spreads or scatters.
Ex. An example of dispersive equipment is a device used for spreading seeds
in a garden.
7. Spectrometer (n): an instrument used for measuring spectral
wavelengths
Ex. Spectrometer for the detection and quantification of trace compounds in
exhaled breath in real time
8. platforms:  a raised horizontal surface of wood, stone, or metal; specif.,
1. a raised stage or flooring beside railroad tracks or
the like
2. a raised flooring or stage for performers,
speakers, etc.
 a statement of principles and policies, esp. of a political party
Ex. It aims to tackle the needs of the uk's science, engineering and technology
industry and to create a unified platform and voice.
9. trial (n): a formal examination of evidence in court by judge and often a jury,
to decide if sb accused of a crime guilty or not.
Ex. He is on trial for murder.
10. morphology (n): Morphology refers to the study of how animals and
plants are formed.
Ex. In order to determine the surface morphology and orientation texture of
the films, scanning electron microscopy, sem, was performed.
11. spherical (adj): shaped like spheres
Ex. The eye is a roughly spherical organ built a bit like a football.


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12. Ammunition (n): is something that you can use against another person to
get him or her to do something for you or to do what you want.
Ex. An example of ammunition is when you know your little brother snuck in
late and you threaten to tell on him if he doesn't make you breakfast.
13. prevalent (adj): ~ among sb / ~ in sb/sth : that exists or is very common
at a particular time or in a particular place.
Ex. The concentration on bebop did seem disproportionately prevalent in all
forms of education, however.
14. toxicity of lead (n): The quality or condition of being toxic/ The degree to
which a substance is toxic.
Ex. Minor toxicities of this drug include nausea and vomitting.
15. propellants (n): a thing or substance that probels sth, for example the
fuel that fires a rocket.
Ex. Until solid propellants were developed for such big rockets, this was a
universal problem.
16. shrink (v): to become or to make sth smaller in size or amount
Ex. The market for their products is shrinking


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WEEK 9- BUSINESS
Recipe for a Successful Business:
Growing success
Magazine: TIME
Date:: December 3, 2007

For many entrepreneurs, starting a business is the culmination of many
years of dreaming and planning. So it is understood that every small business
owner wants their business to flourish and be productive - and that is the reason
that they usually concentrate on growth.
But what many small business owners forget is that the recipe for creating a
successful business is a gradual process in which each stage needs to be
crossed before reaching the next one.
Think Differently
As a small business owner, your main ambition is to grow your company. So,
you want to usher in momentum - and to bring in this momentum into your
business, you need to think differently. You might be chasing success, but what
you may be forgetting is that it is the small successes in between that make way
for larger ones.
Having said that, it is better to redirect your energies towards smaller
successes that will not only move your business ahead, but will motivate you at
the same time.
Believe and Concentrate


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As an entrepreneur, the success of your business depends largely on you.
That's why you need to learn to have a solid belief in the opportunity that you
have taken to start your business and in your industry as well. Your small
business is only going to work for you if you are ambitious enough to take charge
of your destiny.
You should not look at your business as just another activity. You should also
take it more seriously than a hobby, or a project that you have taken on as a trial
to see if it will work.
Treat your business as your full-time job where failure isn't an option. Really
concentrate on making it successful.
Have a Viable Business Plan
You can start your business on the path to success by creating a business
plan. You should meticulously create a business plan that explains the objectives
of your business, the tactics that you are going to use, the formulas that you want
to apply, the targets that you want to achieve and the monetary figure that you
desire to earn.
All these points should be stated clearly and you should put in your best efforts
to achieve them.
Ingredients of a Business Plan
Your business plan should have a professional summary that will define your
target market. It should include the legal details of your business, which is your
contact address and description of your business - whether it is a partnership,
corporation or some other form. You should also mention in the plan how you are
going to meet your targets and how you are going to beat the competition in the
market.
You should also include a thorough market analysis in your business plan.
This shows that you have studied the market carefully before getting into the
business. Here, you can mention the present trends in your industry and what the


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demand is for your products and services. Then you can include the prices of
your competitors and how your prices will compete with them.
An important part of your business plan is the financial section, in which you
note the personal funds you have, the capital that you need and how you plan to
repay your debts, if you have any. The financial section should also include your
balance sheet, financial worksheet, and annual income.
Another important aspect of your business that needs to be mentioned in the
business plan is your team - you as the owner, and any partners or associates
that you have and their credentials.
Growing a successful business takes time, hard work and dedication. If you
believe in yourself and the business from the beginning, you will be successful in
short order.
*****
The topic of article mentions the proplem that many people care of: how
to be successful. In the article, reporter supports 4 main tips to be successful
in business, including: Think Differently, Believe and Concentrate, Ingredients of
a Business Plan, Have a Viable Business Plan. These are useful advices for
people who want to be successful in business but don’t know how to do.
According to him, to success, it’s essensial to have goal and a particular plan
that how you get the target. When reading this article, I feel very interested
in the recipes which reporter supported, especially the forth tip:
ingrediences in you business plan which inclues a professional summary
that will define your target market, a thorough market analysis in your business
plan, the financial section, your team. I also like the way that he shows the
ideas is quite clear. Sentence structures, range of vocabulary are quite
good. Thanks to this article, I know more about recipes to be successful. It
may be helpful and essencial for me in the future.


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II. Vocabulary and sentence structures
1. entrepreneur (n): a person who makes money by starting or running
businesses, especially when this involves taking financial risks!
Ex. A creative entreprenur, he was continually dreaming up new projects
2. culmination (n): the highest point or end of sth, usually happening after a
long time.
Ex. A decision will be taken at the culmination of the research.
3. to usher in sth: to be the beginning of sht or to make sth new begin
Ex. The change of management ushered in fresh ideas or policies.
4. momentum (n): the ability to keep increasing or developing
ex. The campaign for change now has considerable momentum.
5. chase (v): to try to achieve sth like work or success.
Ex. Too many people are chasing too few jobs nowadays.
6. destiny (n): what happen to sh or what ill happen in the future, can not
change or avoid.
Ex. You can not change your destiny.
7. meticulous (adj): paying carefully attention to every detail.
~ in sth/ ~ doing sth / ~ about sth
Ex. She is meticulous about her appearance beforeg going out.
8. monetary (adj): connected with money , especially all the money in the
country.
Ex. The sculptures were of little monetary value.
9. credentials (n): (~ as/ for sb): the qualities, the training or experience that
make you suitable to do sth / a document such as letters prove you that you
are who claim to you and can therefore be trusted
ex. He has all the credentials for the job.


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10. flourish (adj): to develop quickly and be successful or common
Ex. There was a flourishing black market.

WEEK 10: NEUROSCIENCE
Scientists Uncover Clue to Preventing,
and Possibly Reversing,
Rare Childhood Genetic Disease
Magazine: SCIENCEDAILY
Published: April 1st , 2012

Scientists think they have found a way to prevent and possibly reverse the
most debilitating symptoms of a rare, progressive childhood degenerative
disease that leaves children with slurred speech, unable to walk, and in a
wheelchair before they reach adolescence.
In the April 1 online edition of Nature
Medicine, Karl Herrup, chair of the
Department of Cell Biology and
Neuroscience in the School of Arts and
Sciences provides new information on
why this genetic disease attacks the
cerebellum -- a part of the brain that
controls movement coordination,
equilibrium, and muscle tone -- and
other regions of the brain.
Karl Herrup, chair of Cell Biology
Using mouse and human brain
and Neuroscience at Rutgers
tissue studies, Herrup and his
University. (Credit: Nick Romanenko)
colleagues at Rutgers found that in the


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brain tissue of young adults who died from axtaxia-telangiectasia, or A-T
disease, a protein known as HDAC4 was in the wrong place. HDAC4 is known to
regulate bone and muscle development, but it is also found in the nerve cells of
the brain
The protein that is defective in A-T, they discovered, plays a critical role in
keeping HDAC4 from ending up in the nucleus of the nerve cell instead of in the
cytoplasm where it belongs. In a properly working nerve cell, the HDAC4 in the
cytoplasm helps to prevent nerve cell degeneration; however, in the brain tissue
of young adults who had died from A-T disease, the protein was in the nucleus
where it attacked the histones -- the small proteins that coat and protect the
DNA.
"What we have found is a double-edged sword," said Herrup. "While the
HDAC4 protein protected a neuron's function when it was in the cytoplasm, it was
lethal in the nucleus."
To prove this point, Rutgers scientists analyzed mice, genetically engineered
with the defective protein found in children with A-T, as well as wild mice. The
animals were tested on a rotating rod to measure their motor coordination. While
the normal mice were able to stay on the rod without any problems for five to six
minutes, the mutant mice fell off within 15 to 20 seconds.
After being treated with trichostation A (TSA), a chemical compound that
inhibits the ability of HDAC4 to modify proteins, they found that the mutant mice
were able to stay on the rotating rod without falling off -- almost as long as the
normal mice.
Although the behavioral symptoms and brain cell loss in the engineered mice
are not as severe as in humans, all of the biochemical signs of cell stress were
reversed and the motor skills improved dramatically in the mice treated with TSA.
This outcome proves that brain cell function could be restored, Herrup said.


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"The caveat here is that we have fixed a mouse brain with less devastation
and fewer problems than seen in a child with A-T disease," said Herrup. "But
what this mouse data says is that we can take existing cells that are on their way
to death and restore their function."
Neurological degeneration is not the only life-threatening effect associated with
this genetic disease. A-T disease -- which occurs in an estimated 1 in 40,000
births -- causes the immune system to break down and leaves children extremely
susceptible to cancers such as leukemia or lymphoma. There is no known cure
and most die in their teens or early 20s. According to the AT Children's Project,
many of those who die at a young age might not have been properly diagnosed,
which may, in fact, make the disease even more common.
Herrup says although this discovery does not address all of the related
medical conditions associated with the disease, saving existing brain cells even
those that are close to death -- and restoring life-altering neurological functions
would make a tremendous improvement in the lives of these children.
"We can never replace cells that are lost," said Herrup. "But what these mouse
studies indicate is that we can take the cells that remain in the brains of these
children and make them work better. This could improve the quality of life for
these kids by unimaginable amounts."
Additionally, Herrup says, the research might provide insight into other
neurodegenerative diseases. "If this is found to be true, then the work we've
done on this rare disease of childhood may have a much wider application in
helping to treat other diseases of the nervous system, even those that affect the
elderly, like Alzheimer's," he said.
*****



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This article talks about NEUROSCIENCE that is a new item in Science. It’s
clear with 3 main ideas in the title: Scientists Uncover Clue to Preventing,
Possibly Reversing, and Rare Childhood Genetic Disease.
In this article, reporter uses many technical terms in neuroscience so that it’s
quite difficult to understand clearly the content of the article. He shows a large
knowledge, widen range of vocabulary. To explain and make clearly topic, the
writer gives supportings as well as particular examples and quotes the idea of
some scientists. I think this is a good article. Based on it, people can get more
information and knowledge about the new topic of science field. After reading
this article, I enlarge my knowledge about Neuroscience that I never care of
before. Beside, I’ve learnt a lot of good new words in the field of neuroscience.

II. Vocabulary and sentence structure:

1. debilitating (adj): making sb’s body or mind weaker.
Ex. She found the heat debilitating.
2. symptom (n) : a sigh that sth exists, especially sth bad
ex. If symptom persists, consult your doctor.
3. rare (Adj) : existing in small numbers, therefore valuable or interesting
ex. This pieces is extremely rare.
4. degenerative (adj): (of an illness) : getting or likely to get worse as time
passes
ex. The degenerative diseases such as arthritis
5. slurry (n): a thick liquid consisting of water mixed with animal waste, coal
dust or clay.
Ex.
6. adolescence (n): the time in na person’s life when she or he develops
from a child into an adult.


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Ex. Adolesence brights about major changes in a young person’s body.
7. equilibrium (n): a state of balance, especially between opposing forces or
influences.
Ex. He can’t maintain enough equilibrium to rade a bike
8. plays a critical role in doing
9. nucleus (n): a central part of some cells.
10. nerve (n): any of a long thread that can be carry messages between brain
and parts of the body (dây thần kinh)
- nerve cell: Tế bào thần kinh
ex. At the last minute she almost lost her nerve
11. cytoplasm (n): all the living material in a cell, not including nucleus.
Ex. Tế bào chất
12. histone : 1 loại protein có trong chất tế bào
13. double-edged sword
14. lethal (adj): causing or able to cause o lot of harm or damage.
Ex. He has been sentenced to death by lethal injection.
15. rotating rod
16. caveat (n): a waring that particular things need to be considered before
sth can be done.
Ex. Any dicussion of legal action must be preceded by a caveat on costs.
17. devastation (n): great instruction or damage, especially over a wide area.
Ex. The bomb caused widespread devastation.
18. immune (adj): ~ to sth: that can not catch or be affected by a particular
disease or illness.
Ex. Adults are often immune to German measles
19. susceptible (adj): ~ to sb/sth : very likely to be influenced, harmed or
affected by sth/sb
ex. Some of these plants are more susceptible to frost damage than others


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20. leukaemia (n): a serious disease in which too many white blood cells are
produced, causing weakness, and sometimes death.
- Bệnh bạch hầu
Ex. Leukaemia is one of the most serious diseases.
21. lymphoma (n): cancer of the lymph nodes
- ung thư hệ bạch huyết
ex. She diesd because of lymphoma
22. tremendous (Adj): very great/ extremely good
ex. It was a tremendous experience.
23. neuroscience (n): a science that deal with the structure and function of
the brain and nervous system.
- Khoa hoc nghiên cứu về hệ thần kinh.
24. neurodegenerative (Adj): ảnh hưởng xấu đến hệ thành kinh.
Ex. I think that accident will be neurodegenerative.


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WEEK 11: OCEANOGRAPHY
Widespread Adaptability
Coral Reefs May Be Able to Adapt to Climate
Change With Help from Algae
Magazine: Science Daily
Date: Aprial. 11, 2012
A new study by scientists at the University of Miami's Rosenstial School of
Marine & Atmospheric Science suggests that many species of reef-building
corals may be able to adapt to warming waters by relying on their closest aquatic
partners - algae. The corals' ability to host a variety of algal types, each with
different sensitivities to environmental stress, could offer a much-needed lifeline
in the face of global climate change.


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Using a highly sensitive genetic technique,
Ph.D. student Rachel Silverstein analyzed 39
coral species from DNA collected in the Indo-
Pacific and Caribbean collected over the last 15
years. Most of these species had not previously
been thought capable of hosting more than one
type of the single-celled symbiotic algae, called
zooxanthellae, which live inside the coral and A new study suggests that many
help to supply them with energy. species of reef-building corals may
Silverstein's results revealed that at least one be able to adapt to warming waters
colony of all 39 species tested had at least two by relying on their closest aquatic
partners – algae.
varieties of algae, including one thought to be

heat tolerant. Over half of the species were found to associate with all four of
the major types of algae found in corals.
"This study shows that more coral species are able to host multiple algal
symbionts than we previously thought," said Andrew Baker, associate professor
at UM's Rosenstiel School and co-author of the study. "The fact that they all
seem to be capable of hosting symbionts that might help them survive warmer
temperatures suggests they have hidden potential that was once thought to be
confined to just a few special species."
More than 10 years ago, Baker was one of the first scientists to suggest that
the ability of corals to associate with diverse algal symbionts may be one
mechanism by which they are able to rapidly respond to environmental changes,
such as increased ocean temperatures due to climate change.
"Although our study shows that different coral species do tend to have
preferences in their algal partners, the fact that these preferences are not
absolutely rigid means that we cannot ignore the possibility that most corals


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might change partners in response to environmental changes in the future," said
Silverstein.
Globally, reefs have lost more than 70 percent of their corals as a result of
pollution, disease, overfishing, and climate change. Increased temperatures
cause coral "bleaching," in which corals expel their algal partners, turn pale, and
often die. However, some symbionts can resist bleaching in warmer waters and
may help the corals survive during stress. The ability to host multiple symbionts
may help save coral reefs from future losses during expected ocean
temperatures increases of 2-4 degrees Celsius (3-7 degrees Fahrenheit) by
2100.
"These new findings should encourage us to find better ways to protect coral
reef ecosystems from overfishing, pollution and habitat destruction, and buy us
some time to avoid the worst climate change scenarios," said Baker, who is also
a research associate of the Wildlife Conservation Society in New York.
The study was published in the online edition of the journal Proceedings of the
Royal Society B. Adrienne Correa, a former UM Rosenstiel School student of
Baker's and a current postdoc at Oregon State University, is a co-author on the
study, as well. The U.S. National Science Foundation, the Wildlife Conservation
Society, the Lenfest Ocean Program and Pew Fellows Program in Marine
Conservation funded the study.
*****

The article reports a new study by scientists at the University of Miami's
Rosenstial School of Marine & Atmospheric Science about coral reef. Based on
the result of study, the writer provides reader with useful information about this
special kind of animal. I can learn more about the corals' ability to host a variety
of algal types and more coral species are able to host multiple algal symbiont


Class: E2

than we previously thought. Additionally, The status of coral caused of pollution
and increasing of temperature. From that, it’s necessary to protect them.
Reporter supports ideas with opinion of researchers so that it makes article be
clear and belief. Not only help us enlarge knowledge and open the mind, this
article but also teach us how to present a topic, make it clear and help reader
understand. I can also learn many vocabularies that related to Oceanography.
However, I think it will be better if reporter makes main ideas more clear by
putting topic sentences is the first sentence of paragraph.

II. Vocabulary & Sentence Structure:

1. Coral reef (n) : a long line of a hard substance that is red, pink or white in
colour, and that forms on the bottom of the sea from the bones of very small
creatures. ( rặng san hô )
Ex. Halong bay is famous for colourful coral reef.
2. algae (n): very simple plants that have no real leaves, stems, roots, and
that grow in or near water. (tảo)
Algal (adj) + only before noun
Ex. Algae is the simplest plant.
3. Zooxanthellae: tảo cộng sinh, vàng lục
4. single-celled (adj): only one cell – the smallest unit of living matter that
can exist on its own. (đơn bào)
ex. Algae is a single-celled plant.
5. hosting symbiont (n): an animal or a plant on which another animal or
plant lives and feed. ( vật chủ)
symbiont / symbiosis (n) : the relationshio between two different living
creatures that live close together and depend on each other in particular ways,
each getting particular benefits from the other. (sinh vật cộng sinh)


Class: E2

Ex.The birds live in symbiosis with the cattle, pichking insects fromm their skin
to eat.
6. to associate with sth/ sb: to make a connection between people or things
in your mind. ( lien kết)
Ex. I always associate the smell of baking with my childhood.
7. multiple (adj): many in number, involving many different people or
things. (nhiều)
Ex. This study shows that more coral species are able to host multiple algal
symbionts than we previously thought
8. mechanism (n): a system of parts in a living thing that together perform a
particular function
Ex. The body das defence mechanism against many diseases.
9. Rigid (adj): difficult to change
Ex. They offer rigid principle.
10. Ignore (v) : to pay no attention to sth
Ex. I made a suggestion but they chose to ignore it, as a result their campaing
was collapsed.
11. Overfishing (n): a process of taking so many fish from the sea, a river,
etc. that the number of fish in it becomes very low. (sự khai thác, đánh cạn cá)
Ex. A shortage of tuna, caused of overfishing.
12. Bleach (v): to become white or pale by a chemical process or by the
effect of light from the sun; to make sth white or pale in this way. ( tẩy trắng)
Ex. His hair was bleached by the sun.
13. Pale (adj): light in color; containing a lot of white; having skin that is almost
white because of illness; strongly emotion, etc.( tái nhợt, xanh xao)
Ex. You look pale. Are you OK?
14. expel (~ sth from sth) (v): to force air or water out of a part of the body or
from a container ( tống ra)


Class: E2

ex. Try to expel water from the belly.
15. Ecosystem (n): all the plants and living creatures in a particular area
considered in relation to their physical environment . ( Hệ sinh thái)
Ex. Islands often support delicate ecosystems that evolved without any need
for defence.

WEEK 12 – ENGINEERING
Genetic Engineering
How to Use Light to Control the Brain
- By Stephen Dougherty -
Magazine: Scientific American
Date: March 27, 2012
LIGHT: Scientists can use light to switch on a neuron Image: iStock / kertlis
In the film Amèlie, the main character is a young eccentric woman who
attempts to change the lives of those around her for the better. One day Amèlie
finds an old rusty tin box of childhood mementoes in her apartment, hidden by a
boy decades earlier. After tracking down Bretodeau, the owner, she lures him to
a phone booth where he discovers the box. Upon opening the box and seeing a
few marbles, a sudden flash of vivid images come flooding into his mind. Next


Class: E2

thing you know, Bretodeau is transported to a time when he was in the
schoolyard scrambling to stuff his pockets with hundreds of marbles while a
teacher is yelling at him to hurry up.
We have all experienced this: a
seemingly insignificant trigger, a scent, a
song, or an old photograph transports us
to another time and place. Now a group of
neuroscientists have investigated the
fascinating question: Can a few neurons
trigger a full memory?

In a new study, published in Nature, a group of researchers from MIT showed
for the first time that it is possible to activate a memory on demand, by
stimulating only a few neurons with light, using a technique known as
optogenetics. Optogenetics is a powerful technology that enables researchers to
control genetically modified neurons with a brief pulse of light.
To artificially turn on a memory, researchers first set out to identify the
neurons that are activated when a mouse is making a new memory. To
accomplish this, they focused on a part of the brain called the hippocampus,
known for its role in learning and memory, especially for discriminating places.
Then they inserted a gene that codes for a light-sensitive protein into
hippocampal neurons, enabling them to use light to control the neurons.
With the light-sensitive proteins in place, the researchers gave the mouse a
new memory. They put the animal in an environment where it received a mild
foot shock, eliciting the normal fear behavior in mice: freezing in place. The
mouse learned to associate a particular environment with the shock.
Next, the researchers attempted to answer the big question: Could they
artificially activate the fear memory? They directed light on the hippocampus,
activating a portion of the neurons involved in the memory, and the animals


Class: E2

showed a clear freezing response. Stimulating the neurons appears to have
triggered the entire memory.
The researchers performed several key tests to confirm that it was really the
original memory recalled. They tested mice with the same light-sensitive protein
but without the shock; they tested mice without the light-sensitive protein; and
they tested mice in a different environment not associated with fear. None of
these tests yielded the freezing response, reinforcing the conclusion that the
pulse of light indeed activated the old fear memory.
In 2010, optogenetics was named the scientific Method of the Year by the
journal Nature Methods. The technology was introduced in 2004 by a research
group at Stanford University led by Karl Deisseroth, a collaborator on this
research. The critical advantage that optogenetics provides over traditional
neuroscience techniques, like electrical stimulation or chemical agents, is speed
and precision. Electrical stimulation and chemicals can only be used to alter
neural activity in nonspecific ways and without precise timing. Light stimulation
enables control over a small subset of neurons on a millisecond time scale.
Over the last several years, optogenetics has provided powerful insights into
the neural underpinnings of brain disorders like depression, Parkinson’s disease,
anxiety, and schizophrenia. Now, in the context of memory research, this study
shows that it is possible to artificially stimulate a few neurons to activate an old
memory, controlling an animals’ behavior without any sensory input. This is
significant because it provides a new approach to understand how complex
memories are formed in the first place.
Lest ye worry about implanted memories and mind control, this technology is
still a long way from reaching any human brains. Nevertheless, the first small
steps towards the clinical application of optogenetics have already begun. A
group at Brown University, for example, is working on a wireless optical electrode
that can deliver light to neurons in the human brain. Who knows, someday,


Class: E2

instead of new technology enabling us to erase memories á la Eternal Sunshine
of the Spotless Mind, we may actually undergo memory enhancement therapy
with a brief session under the lights.
*****


This article shows many information about genetic engineering – one of new
engineering fields. Based on many studies in renown universities and groups ,
reporter provides interesting knowledge as scientific researchers. He uses a wide
range of scientific terms that make readers feel difficult to understand. To make
it clear, he presents a new study, published in Nature, a group of researchers
from MIT. For example, reader can know more about optogenetics is a powerful
technology that enables researchers to control genetically modified neurons with
a brief pulse of light. I’m interested in this article, not only because of its content,
but also manner of expessing of the writer. It’s really impressive. In addition,
introduction part is quite attracting and interesting. What’s more, the article gives
me a lot of good new words in the field of engineering

II. Vocabulary & Sentence Structure
1. eccentric (adj): considered by other people to be strange or
unusual.
ex. The old lady was getting very eccentric.
2. to lures sb to sth: to persuade or trick sb to go somewhere or to do sth
by promising them a reward.
Ex. The woman that had lured him to his death.
3. to come flooding into/ in sth: to arrive or go mind in a large number.
Ex. Telephone calls came flooding in from all over the country.


Class: E2

4. to yell at sb to do sth: to shout loudly, for example, when you’re angry,
excited, frighten or in pain.
Ex. She yelled at the child to get down from the wall.
5. marble (n): a small ball of colored glass that children roll along a ground
in a game.
Ex. Three boys are playing marbles.
6. scent (n): the pleasant smell that sth has (flower, perfume, etc.).
Ex. The air is filled with the scent of wild flowers.
7. fascinating (adj): extremely interesting and attractive.
Ex. The end of this story makes fascinating reading.
8. optogenetic: is a powerful technology that enables researchers to control
genetically modified neurons with a brief pulse of light.
9. pulse of light : a single short increase in the amount of light produced by
a machine.
Ex. The pulse of light is influent to control the brain.
10. To artificially turn on a memory: created by people, not happening
naturally, not real
11. hippocampus: (n): either of the two areas of the brain thought to be the
centre of emotion or memory. ( đồi hải mã – thuộc não bộ)
12. discriminating (adj): able to judge the good quality of sth. (sáng suốt, có
nhận thức đúng đắn)
Ex. They are very discriminating about what restaurants they go to.
You should be discriminating about the order to do the project.
13. to elicit sth from sb: to get information or a reaction from sb, often with
difficulty.
Ex. The police could elicit evidence from him.
14. to reinforce sth (v): to make a feeling, an idea, a theory, etc. stronger.
Ex. The experience reinforced my sense of loss.


Class: E2

15. a collaborator on sth: a person who works with another person to create
or produce sth suck as book.
Ex. I need a good collaborator on this project.
16. precision (n): a quality of being exact, accurate, or careful.
Ex. You can choose your target with grater precision.
17. underpin (v): support or form the basic of an argument , a claim, etc.
ex. This report was inderpinned
18. schizophrenia (n): a metal illness in which a person becomes unable to
link thought, emotion, and behavior (chứng phân liệt tâm thần)
ex. His grandfather has been had the schizophenia.
19. sensory (adj): connected with your physical senses.
Ex. Nose is one of five sensory organs on the body.
20. to enhance sth (v): to increase or further improve the good quality, value
or status of sb/ sth.
Ex. The images should be enhanced using digital technology.

*****
Brian’s bridges
Source: BOOK “Don’t throw this away! The civil engineering life”
- By Brian Brenner-

It appeared that I was a budding engineer, so my mother wrote to the
governor and got tickets to the opening ceremony of the Verrazano Bridge. A big
crowd gathered at the Staten Island toll plaza on a bright and sunny November
day for long speeches and pontification. Most of the participants didn’t have
much to do with the bridge’s design and construction, other than to show up for
the dedication. Robert Moses, the chairman of the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel


Class: E2

Authority, pointed to the chief engineer, Othmar Amman, but didn’t mention him
by name. This was as close as the speakers got to acknowledging the engineers,
since Amman himself was not invited to the podium. I still have the Opening Day
brochure and commemorative stamps in my bridge scrapbook. My mother wrote
on the front of the scrapbook, “Brian’s bridges.”
A great bridge is the product of the imagination and sweat of hundreds of
people. Maybe this is why a bridge is not easily identified with individuals and
why a bridge’s creation and birth seem anonymous. Very few of the structures
are named in honor of the people who created them. In fact, most bridge names
honor people who had nothing to do with the work. In the case of the Verrazano
Bridge, naming the structure after its creators would have required a very long
name. Society expects that engineers and constructors will fade into the
background, like the bridges. The builders can be proud of their creations but
must be satisfied that the symbolic act of naming, the official recognition of the
creation, will be transferred to someone else.
In March 2003, my father visited Boston. It was a warm afternoon after a
long, bitter winter. We went to visit the Zakim Bridge, just days before the first
part of its staged opening. The Zakim Bridge stood tall and sleek in the middle of
dowdy, old downtown Boston. Hundreds of thousands had watched the structure
appear from nothing, with its futuristic concrete pylons and slender cables strung
to the deck one piece at a time. Upon completion, the structure quickly became
an infrastructure icon for the city, with its image appearing on bank
advertisements, at the beginning of newscasts, and in dozens of unrelated
publications. On the fourth of July, the blue tower lights were supplemented by a
red glow at night, so with the white cables, the bridge was patriotic, a giant cable-
stayed American flag.
We stood by the bridge. I had little direct involvement with this bridge design,
but I said to my father:


Class: E2

“What do you think of my bridge, Dad?”
“Nice job,” he replied.
*****

This is a part of a story I read. The authour talks true story that he known.
This passage tells about a Bridge – called Zakim. The Zakim Bridge stood tall
and sleek in the middle of dowdy, old downtown Boston. It is a great bridge is the
product of the imagination and sweat of hundreds of people I can get some
interesting and useful information of the Zakim Bridge: its structure, its history,
ect. If having free time, I suggest you enjoying it.

II. Vocabulary and structures:
.
1. pontificate: to give your opinions about something in a way that shows that
you think you are right.
Ex: She is good at pontificating.
2. dedication: a ceremony that is held to show that a building or an object
has a special purpose or is special to the memory of a particular person.
Ex: They are preparing for the dedication.
3. podium: a small platform that a person stands on when giving a speech or
conducting an orchestra.
4. bugging: beginning to develop or become successful.
Ex: The budding young star is now hot property in Hollywood
5. commemorative: intended to help people remember and respect an
important person or event in the past.
Ex: A commemorative plaque on the bridge records the name of the engineer.


Class: E2

6. scrapbook: a book with empty pages where you can stick pictures,
newspaper articles, etc..
Ex: He bought a scrapbook to his son as a birthday present.
7. anonymous: with a name that is not known or that is not made public.
Ex: The money was donated by a local businessman who wishes to remain
anonymous.
8. to fade into something: to disappear gradually.
Ex: Spring was fading into summer.
9. bitter: (of weather conditions) extremely cold and unpleasant.
Ex: It's really bitter out today.
10. sleek: smooth and shiny.
Ex: She has got sleek black hair.
11. dowdy: dull or boring and not attractive.
Ex: The dress seems to be dowdy.
12. futuristic: extremely modern and unusual in appearance, as if belonging
to a future time.
Ex: My house has a futuristic design.
13. concrete: building material that is made by mixing together cement, sand,
small stones and water.
Ex: The pathway is formed from large pebbles set in concrete.
14. pylon: a tall metal structure that is used for carrying electricity wires high
above the ground.
Ex: There are too many pylons here.
15. deck: a wooden floor that is built outside the back of a house where you
can sit and relax.
Ex. After dinner, We sat out on the deck to relax.


Class: E2

16. infrastructure: the basic systems and services that are necessary for a
country or an organization to run smoothly, for example buildings, transport and
water and power supplies.
17. glow: a dull steady light, especially from a fire that has stopped producing
flames.
Ex: There was no light except for the occasional glow of a cigarette.
18. patriotic: having or expressing a great love of your country.
Ex: He really was a patriotic man.

WEEK 13 – MEDICINE
Discovery Provides Blueprint for New Drugs
That Can Inhibit Hepatitis C Virus

Magazine: ScienceDaily
Date: Mar. 19th, 2012
ScienceDaily (Mar. 19, 2012) — Chemists at the University of California, San
Diego have produced the first high resolution structure of a molecule that when
attached to the genetic material of the hepatitis C virus prevents it from
reproducing.


Class: E2

Hepatitis C is a chronic infectious disease that affects some 170 million people
worldwide and causes chronic liver disease and liver cancer. According to the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, hepatitis C now kills more
Americans each year than HIV.
The structure of the molecule, which was published in a paper in this week's
early online edition of the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, provides a detailed blueprint for the design of drugs that can inhibit the
replication of the hepatitis C virus, which proliferates by hijacking the cellular
machinery in humans to manufacture duplicate viral particles..
Finding a way to stop that process
could effectively treat viral infections
of hepatitis C, for which no vaccine is
currently available. But until now
scientists have identified few
inhibiting compounds that directly act
on the virus's ribonucleic acid (RNA)
The molecule prompts the Hepatitis
genome -- the organism's full
C’s viral RNA to open up a portion of its
complement of genetic material.
hinge-like structure and encapsulate the
"This lack of detailed information
inhibitor like a perfectly fit glove. (Credit:
on how inhibitors lock onto the viral
Image courtesy of University of California
genome target has hampered the
- San Diego)
development of better drugs," said
Thomas Hermann, an associate
professor of chemistry and
biochemistry at UC San Diego who
headed the research team, which
also included scientists from San
Diego State University.


Class: E2

The team detailed the structure of a molecule that induces the viral RNA to
open up a portion of its hinge-like structure and encapsulate the inhibitor like a
perfectly fit glove, blocking the ability of the hepatitis C virus to replicate.
The molecule is from a class of compounds called benzimidazoles, known to
stop the production of viral proteins in infected human cells. Its three-dimensional
atomic structure was determined by X-ray crystallography, a method of mapping
the arrangement of atoms within a crystal, in which a beam of X-rays strikes a
crystal and causes the beam of light to spread. The angles and intensities of the
light beams allowed the scientists to calculate the structure of the viral RNA-
inhibitor complex.
"This structure will guide approaches to rationally design better drug
candidates and improve the known benzimidazole inhibitors," said Hermann.
"Also, the crystal structure demonstrates that the binding pocket for the inhibitors
in the hepatitis C virus RNA resembles drug-binding pockets in proteins. This is
important to help overcome the notion that RNA targets are so unlike traditional
protein targets that drug discovery approaches with small molecule inhibitors are
difficult to achieve for RNA."
The study was supported by the National Institutes of Health and National
Science Foundation.
*****

I. The reflection on the article:
After reading tittle of this article, reader can see the main idea: Discovery Provides
Blueprint for New Drugs That Can Inhibit Hepatitis C Virus
It’s quite difficult to understand the content of this article because it talks about
a new field relating to science so using to many scientic terms as well as range of
new words is quite hard to know axactly what the meaning is. However, it’s clear
that the article provides reader with new knowledge which is attractive at people


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