THIS PRESENTATION IS MOST IMPORTANT FOR CBSE CLASS 8TH TEACHERS, STUDENTS AND OTHER LEARNERS

2. Chapter- 4
AGRICULTURE
BY
Mr. BHAURAO GUNJAL (M.A.M.ED.)
TGT (GEOGRAPHY), EMRS, PETH ROAD, NASHIK

3.  PRIMARY:- Activities include all those connected with extraction & production
of natural resources. i.e. Agriculture, Fishing, Gathering, Mining, Animal
Rearing etc.
 SECONDARY:- Activities are connected with the processing on these
resources. i.e. Manufacturing (Iron & Steel Industry, Food Processing,
Weaving of Cloth, Dairy etc.)
 TERTIARY:- Activities provide support to the primary & secondary sectors
through services, Trade, Transport, Banking, Insurance, Advertisement etc.
 AGRICULTURE:- It is a primary activity includes growing crops, fruits,
vegetables, flowers and rearing livestock. In the world 50% persons & in India
two-thirds (66%) population is still dependent on Agriculture.

4.  Ager “Soil” + Culture “Cultivation = Soil Cultivation means Agriculture
 Favorable Climate ( Temperature, Rainfall, Humidity, Frost free) & Soil
(Alluvial, Black, Loamy, Laterite, Red)
 Arable Land – The land on which the crops are grown is known as Arable
Land.

6. INPUTS:- Seeds, Fertilizers, Machinery & Labour
PROCESS:- Ploughing, Sowing, Spraying, Irrigation, Weeding, Harvesting
OUTPUTS:- Crops, Wool, Dairy & Poultry products

7.  Farming is practiced in various ways across the world. Depending upon
the geographical conditions, demand of produce, labour & level of
technology farming can be classified into two main types. These are as
follows
Types Of Farming
Subsistence Farming Commercial Farming
Intensive Primitive 1. Commercial Grain Farming
1. Shifting Cultivation 2. Mixed Farming
2. Nomadic Herding 3. Plantations

8.  Traditionally, low levels of technology and household labour are use to
produced small output. It is practiced to meet needs of the farmer’s family.
 Intensive Subsistence Agriculture:- Small plot of land, use simple tools
and more labour. Growing more than one crop annually on the same plot.
Main crop Rice, wheat maize, pulses & oilseeds. It is prevalent in thickly
populated areas of the monsoon regions south, southeast & east Asia.
 Primitive Subsistence Agriculture:- 1) Shifting Cultivation:- is
practiced in the thickly forested areas of Amazon basin, tropical Africa
parts of southeast Asia & northeast India. These are the areas of heavy
rainfall and quick regeneration of vegetation. A plot of land is cleared by
felling the trees & burning them. Ashes mixed in soil. Crops like maize,
yam, potatoes & cassava grown. After soil loses its fertility, the land is
abandoned & cultivators move to a new plot. “Slash & Burn” agriculture.
Shifting cultivation is known by different names in different parts of
the world. 1) NE India – Jhumming 2) Mexico – Milpa
3) Brazil - Roca 4) Malaysia - Ladang

9.  2) Nomadic Herding:- practiced in semi-arid & arid Sahara, central Asia
& some parts of India like Rajasthan & J & K. Herdsman moves from
place to place with their animas for searching of food, fodder & water.
Sheep, camel, yak & goats are commonly reared. They provide milk, meat
wool, hides & other products to the herders and their families.

10.  Crops are grown & animals are reared for sale in market. Large plot of
land, & huge amount of capital use. Most of the work done by the
machines. Types are –
 1) Commercial Grain Farming :- Commercial purpose. Wheat & maize
are commonly grown. Practiced in temperate grasslands of N. America,
Europe & Asia. 100s of hectares of farm, sparsely populated areas &
single crop can be grown.
 2) Mixed Farming:- grown food, fodder crops & rearing livestock.
Practiced in Europe, E.USA, Argentina, SE Australia, New Zealand & S.
Africa.
 3) Plantations:- Type of commercial farming where single crop of tea,
coffee, sugarcane, cashew, rubber, banana & cotton are grown. Large
amount of labour & capital are required. Transporting network &
processing units are well developed, major plantations are found in
tropical regions, Rubber in Malaysia, coffee in Brazil, tea in India &
Srilanka.

12.  A large variety of crops are grown to meet the needs of the growing
population.
 Major food crops are wheat, rice, maize and millets.
 Main fiber crops are Jute and cotton
 Important beverage crops are tea and coffee.
 Many crops supply raw materials for agro based industries.
 Rice:- Rice • Rice is the major food crop of the world.
 It is the staple diet of the tropical and sub-tropical regions.
 Rice needs high temperature, high humidity and rainfall.
 It grows best in alluvial clay soil, which can retain water.
 China leads in the production of rice followed by India, Japan, Sri Lanka
and Egypt.

13.  Wheat:- Wheat requires moderate temperature and rainfall during
growing season and bright sunshine at the time of harvest.
 It thrives best in well drained loamy soil.
 Wheat is grown extensively in USA, Canada, Argentina, Russia, Ukraine,
Australia and India. In India it is grown in winter.

14.  Millets:- Millets are known as coarse grains and can be grown on less
fertile and sandy soils.
 It is a hardy crop that needs low rainfall and high to moderate temperature
and adequate rainfall.
 Jowar, bajra and ragi are grown in India, Nigeria and China.

15.  Maize:- Maize requires moderate temperature, rainfall and lots of
sunshine.
 It needs well-drained fertile soils.
 Maize is grown in North America, Brazil, China, Russia, Canada, India,
and Mexico.

16.  Cotton:- Cotton requires high temperature, light rainfall, two hundred
and ten frost-free days and bright sunshine for its growth.
 It grows best on black and alluvial soils.
 China, USA, India, Pakistan, Brazil and Egypt are the leading producers
of cotton.
 It is one of the main raw materials for the cotton textile industry.

17.  Jute:- Jute was also known as the ‘Golden Fibre’.
 It grows well on alluvial soil and requires high temperature, heavy rainfall
and humid climate.
 This crop is grown in the tropical areas.
 India and Bangladesh are the leading producers of jute.

18.  Coffee:- Coffee requires warm and wet climate and well drained loamy
soil.
 Hill slopes are more suitable for growth of this crop.
 Brazil is the leading producer followed by Columbia and India.

19.  Tea:- Tea is a beverage crop grown on plantations.
 This requires cool climate and well distributed high rainfall throughout
the year for the growth of its tender leaves.
 It needs well-drained loamy soils and gentle slopes.
 Labour in large number is required to pick the leaves.
 Kenya, India, China, Sri Lanka produce the best quality tea in the world.

20.  Efforts are constantly being made to increase farm production in order to
meet the growing demand of increasing population. Increase agricultural
production.
 Increasing area under cultivation
 Increasing the number of crops grown in a year • Improving irrigational
facilities in order to increase yield per acre
 Use of fertilizers to increase yield
 Use high yielding variety of seeds
 Use machinery in cultivation
 The main aim of agricultural development is to provide ‘food security’ for
the growing world population.
 Agriculture has developed world over. The development varies from place
to place.

21.  Landholding are small due to the inheritance of law.
 The production of food & fodder is the top priority.
 The area under fodder crops is almost is significant.
 Most of the farm work as Ploughing, irrigation, etc are done by animals
and the member of farmers family. Sometimes farmers take tractors for
ploughing & water for irrigate his field on rent.
 Sometimes farmers take loan from banks & cooperative society to buy
HYV seeds & implements.
 Some farmers have lack of storage facilities. Govt has taken some steps to
develop such facilities.

22.  The rolling plain are well – drained and suitable for Extensive mechanized
farming. The size of the farms are large up to 1000 of hectares.
 The natural environment have favours the cultivation of a variety in crop.
 The dark brown soil is few of humus and organic matter. Use soil tasting
laboratory for taste fertility of soil. Use scientific fertilizer. Use every year
HYV seeds.
 Machinery use in all farm work like tractors, seed drills, leveller,
harvester, thresher etc.
 The transcontinental railway connects the reign to the consuming centers
and the town parts.
 Automated storage facilities are available for stored grains and dispatched
grains to the market agencies.
 Farmer works like a businessman. Not like peasant farmer.

24. 1. Growing vegetables, flowers & fruits for commercial use –
a) Viticulture b) Pisciculture c) Horticulture d) Sericulture)
2. Crop that require 210 frost free days ---
a) Tea b) Coffee c) cotton d) Jute
3. Golden Fibre refers to –
a) Wheat b) Sugarcane c) Rice d) Jute
4. Name the three sectors of activities done by people.
5. What is agriculture?
6. How is Farming classified?
7. What is Intensive subsistence agriculture?
8. Name the three types of millets.
9. What are the physical conditions are require for Rice crop in India?
10. What are the physical conditions are require for Cotton crop in India?