There are everyday diseases that are common. This includes common cancers like breast cancer, prostate cancer, and cancer of the cervix. Most of these cancers are not diagnosed until they are in their late stages. however, early diagnosis makes a world of difference.
In addition, beauty products especially skin lighteners which are very popular in Africa cause lots of problems including skin cancers, liver and kidney diseases. Hence some of them are generally hazardous.
Other aspects include screening for hypertension, Diabetes, Cholesterol and others. These diseases should be controlled. In addition, there is a need for lifestyle modifications which include a healthy diet, exercise, reduction of alcohol intake, quitting smoking and all. It is a presentation for everybody.
2. Disclosure
Associate Professor/Consultant Neurologist Dr Bertha Chioma Ekeh; B, Med Pharmacology,
MBBS, FMCP (Neuro)
University of Uyo/University of Uyo Teaching Hospital
Adjunct Consultant Neurologist, Ibom Specialist Hospital Uyo
Nigeria
Author of 7 books
Public Speaker
webpage https://www.amazon.com/Dr-Bertha-Chioma-Ekeh/e/B07D442KRX
Blog https://medicalinfoblog.net
I HAVE NO CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
4. Introduction
"The doctor of the future will give no
medicine, but will interest his
patients in the care of human frame,
and in the cause and prevention of
disease."
- T. A. Edison
5.
6. Health promotion
Defined by the World Health Organization's (WHO) 2005 Bangkok Charter for
Health Promotion in a Globalized World as
"the process of enabling people to
increase control over their health and its
determinants, and thereby improve their
health".
7. Principles of health promotion
Includes five domains:
Screening for disease at an early stage
Counseling about a healthy lifestyle (e.g., diet, exercise, smoking cessation, falls prevention, safe
driving)
Immunizations (pneumococcal, influenza, tetanus vaccines)
Chemoprophylaxis (aspirin, statins, bisphosphonates)
System changes to promote patient safety
8. Importance of Screening
A primary goal of screening
The early detection of a risk factor or disease at a stage when it can be corrected or
cured
Early identification of hypertension or hyperlipidemia allows therapeutic
interventions that reduce the risk of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events
Routine antenatal checks
9. Commonly screened diseases
Breast cancer and cervical cancer in women
Colorectal cancer
Diabetes
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Osteoporosis
Overweight and obesity
Prostate cancer in men
HIV Screening
11. Prostate Gland
The prostate sits deep in the pelvis, beneath the bladder
It’s a small, soft organ: size of a walnut or a ping-pong ball about 30g in weight.
The most important is producing seminal fluid: a component of semen
Plays a role in hormone production
Helps regulate urine flow
The urethra, a tube that carries urine and semen out of the body, passes through
the prostate.
12. Benign Prostate enlargement
Aging process
Affects 1/3 of men > 50 Yrs
May cause symptoms
May improve
Occ Prostatectomy
13. Symptoms of prostate enlargement
Frequent urge to urinate especially in the night
Difficulty in starting and maintaining urination
Blood in urine or semen
Pain or burning urination
Painful ejaculation
Frequent pain or stiffness in lower back, hips, pelvic or rectal area, or upper thighs
Dribbling of urine or weak stream
Incomplete emptying
14. Prostate Cancer
Commoner in men older than 60 years: most often diagnosed in men aged 65-74
years
Seen in men as young as 17 years
Mortality over 2-fold higher in Blacks than in Whites
Incidence is highest in Blacks and Caribbean men of African descent
Risk factors include ethnicity, age, and country of residence.
15. Prostate Cancer
There are often “NO Symptoms” during the early stages
Advanced symptoms
May still also show no symptoms
Advanced prostate cancer present with the following:
Bone pains
Unexplained weight loss
Fatigue
16. Screening for Prostate cancer
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) Test
PSA is a substance made by the prostate
High levels of PSA in the blood that cancer may be present
PSA levels also can be affected by—Certain medical procedures, medications, An
enlarged prostate or A prostate infection
17. Breast Cancer
It is the most frequently diagnosed life-threatening cancer in women
It is the leading cause of cancer death in women in less developed countries
It has been surpassed by lung cancer as a cause of cancer death in women in
developed countries.
Early breast cancers are asymptomatic; No pain or discomfort
Breast cancer is often first detected as an abnormality on a mammogram before it
is felt by the patient or healthcare provider.
18. Risk Factors
Risk factors you cannot change
Increasing age especially after the age of 50 years
Inherited genes like BRCA1 and BRCA2 have a higher risk of breast and ovarian
cancers
Early menarche (<12 years) and late menopause (>55years) high levels of
hormones
Previous history of breast cancer
Family history; first degree relatives or multiple family members
19. Angelina Jolie
12% of women will develop breast cancer
60% 0f those who have inherited a harmful
mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2
Women who have at least two close
relatives—a mother, sister, or daughter—who
have had breast or ovarian cancer are also at
much higher risk
Jolie’s mother died of ovarian cancer at age
56
These women are good candidates for
prophylactic mastectomy
20. Contd
Risk Factors You Can Change
Physically inactivity
Obesity especially after menopause
Hormones like oral contraceptives and hormone replacement after menopause
1st pregnancy after the age of 30 years, not breastfeeding
Drinking Alcohol
Smoking
21. Symptoms of Breast cancer
New lump in the breast or armpit
Thickening or swelling of part of the breast
Irritation or dimpling of the skin of the breast
Redness or flaky skin in the nipple area or the breast
Nipple pain
Discharge other than breast milk, including blood
Any change in the size or the shape of the breast
Pain in any area of the breast
22.
23. Screening for Breast cancer
Women in their 20s and 30s should have a clinical breast exam (CBE)
This should be part of a periodic (regular) health exam by a health professional
preferably every 3 years
Starting at age 40, women should have a CBE by a health professional every year
Women age 40 and older should have a mammogram every year
25. Symptoms of cervical cancer
Bleeding between periods
Bleeding after sexual intercourse
Bleeding in post-menopausal women
Discomfort during sexual intercourse
Vaginal discharge with a strong odor
Vaginal discharge tinged with blood
Pelvic pain
26. Cervical cancer
There are 2 types of tests used for cervical cancer screening.
The Pap test
The HPV (human papilloma virus) test
All women should begin cervical cancer screening at age 21.
Women between the ages of 21 and 29 should have a Pap test every 3 years.
They should not be tested for HPV unless it is needed after an abnormal Pap
test result.
Women between the ages of 30 and 65 should have both a Pap test and an
HPV test every 5 years
This is the preferred approach, but it is also OK to have a Pap test alone every
3 years.
30. Triple Curse
This was actually defined in African Americans
More likely to be hypertensive
Less likely to have their blood pressure controlled
Once it's not controlled, it's 3 times worse" in terms of stroke risk
George Howard, Dr PH, professor, biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham
53. Why skin products?
The skin is the largest organ in the body
Absorption from all the pores of the body
Dangerous substances include: Hydroquinone, Mercury
Dangers range from destruction of the skin, kidneys, liver
Skin cancer
54. Safe Sex
Death Toll from HIV
WHO estimates that as of 2021HIV/AIDS has killed approximately 40.1 million
people
Approx 38.4 million people are infected with HIV globally
700,000 still die from HIV every year
Hepatitis B/Liver cancer
Other Sexually transmitted Diseases
Cervical Cancer
