MORP

1. MORPHOLOGY
Berkay Firtina 100908013
Serhat Gokce 100908001

2. MORPHOLOGY
What’s the morphology ?
Which types of a word can explain this?

3. OUTLINE
• Morphology? Hmm.. 
• Terminologies
– Word
– Morpheme
– Parts of Speech
• Classification of Morphemes
– Free Morp.
– Bound Morp.

4. OUTLINE
• Making new words
– Coining
– Meaning Change
– Compounding
• Division of Morphemes

5. MORPHOLOGY
• Morphology is the study of the forms and formation
of words.
• Word is a sound or sound groups articulated that
express a idea.

6. MORPHOLOGY
MORPHEME
• Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in
the grammar of a language.
• Morphemes are what make up words does
not necessarily have to be a word
• Every morpheme is either a base or an affix.
(prefix/suffix)

7. PARTS OF SPEECH
• Conjunctions        AND
• Pronouns        SHE
• Verbs        READ
• Determiners        THE
• Adjectives        PINKY
• Nouns        BOOK
• Adverbs        HAPPILY
• Prepositions        OUT
• Interjections        GOODNESS!

8. CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES
• Free Morphemes
– Open Class Morphemes
– Closed Class Morphemes
• Bound Morphemes

9. CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES
• Free morphemes-units that can stand alone as
words by themselves.
TREE
• Bound morphemes-units that must be
attached or bound to a free morpheme
TREES

10. CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES
TYPES OF FREE MORPHEME
• Free Morphemes
– Open Class Morphemes
– Closed Class Morphemes

11. CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES
TYPES OF FREE MORPHEME
Open Morphemes
• Open Morpheme has independent meaning.
• It can stand alone.
• Also known as “content” words.

12. CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES
TYPES OF FREE MORPHEME
Closed Morphemes
• Closed Morpheme has dependent meaning.
• It can not stand alone.
• Closed Class are not re-productive.

13. CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES
TYPES OF FREE MORPHEME
Closed Morphemes
• They serve a function.
– Definiteness
– Comparison
– Quantity
– Conjoining
» Etc.

14. CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES
BOUND MORPHEME
• Bound morphemes(affixes) must be attached
to the word.
• They are two kinds of bound morphemes.
– Contractible Morphemes
– Affixes

15. CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES
BOUND MORPHEME
Contractible Morpheme
• Contractible morphemes are like;
– I will  I’ll
– They had  They’d
So, they are auxiliary modals such as will, shall,
has, have, had and would can be contracted in
informal style of language.

16. CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES
BOUND MORPHEME
Affixes
• Affixes divided into 3 groups;
– Prefixes  unclean
– Infixes  nowadays
– Suffixes  adjustment

17. CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES
BOUND MORPHEME
Derivational versus Inflectional
• Derivational morphemes say we will change the
meaning of a word.
BUT!
• Inflectional morphemes say we wont change the
meaning of a word but we will modify. Kind a
conciliatory gesture :)

18. MORPHEMES
BOUND FREE
AFFIX Conractible Open Class Closed Class
Derivational Inclectional
Prefıx Suffix Suffix
-un -ness -er is Nouns (bed) Conjunctions (but)
-re -ship -ed are Verbs (bad) Prepositions (in)
-anti -ist -est will Adverbs (absolutely) Pronouns (he)

19. UN – COUNT - ABLE
PREFİX - STEM - SUFFİX
UN COUNT ABLE
BOUND FREE BOUND
DERIVATIONAL INFLECTIONAL

20. MAKING NEW WORDS
Categories
• These techniques could be included in 3 major
categories;
• Coining
• Meaning Change
• Compounding

21. MAKING NEW WORDS
Coining
• Practically, it is a shortening process of a
longer word.
Abbrevition Nasa (National CIA (Central MİT
Aeronautics and Intelligence Agency) (Milli İstihbarat
Space Teşkilatı)
Administration)
Orthographic Dr. (Doctor) Ms. (Miss) Mr. (Müdür)
Abbreviations
Acronyms DNA SSR ( Satellite PAÜ (Pamukkale
(Deoxyribonucleic System Receiver ) Üniversitesi)
Acid)
Clippings Wi-Fi Hİ-Fİ
(Wireless Fidelity) (High Definition)
Blending Smog Spork (Spoon+Fork) Avrasya
(smoke+fog) (Avrupa+Asya)
Generification Apirin Elevator Ufo (Isitici olan)

22. MAKING NEW WORDS
Meaning Change
• It is the (slight) change of meaning which is
the major factor in producing novel words.
Category Change Process (v) To compound(v)
Process (n) To compound(n)
Metaphorical Illuminate To light up
Extension
Back formation Deconstruct Diplomat
(Deconstruction) (Diplomatic)

23. MAKING NEW WORDS
Compounding
• Compounding is combining two morphemes.
• Four Possibilities here are;
– Open Class + Open Class  Hand-bag
– Open Class + Closed Class  Drive-in
– Closed Class + Open Class  Inbound
– Closed Class + Closed Class  Within

24. Noun-Noun Football Darkroom Beşiktaş
Noun + Verb Haircut Sunrise Ateşkes
Noun + Past partiple Handmade Middle-aged Gecekondu
Noun + Adjective Snowwhite Trouble-free
Noun + Adverb Hanger-on Passer-by
Noun + Gerund Bookkeeping Faultfinding Ağaçkakan
Noun + Preposition Love-in Hanger on
Noun + Preposition + Noun End to end Face to face Dişe diş

25. Verb + Noun Telltale Hangman Atardamar
Verb + Verb Become Freeze-Dry Çekyat
Verb + Adverb Drawback Send-off
Verb + Preposition Check-out Check-in
Verb + Gerund
Adjective + Noun Software Full moon
Adjective + Verb Undertake Undergo

26. Division of Morphemes

27. • Sometimes, sentences have multiple meanings and these meanings
can be described in terms of different groupings of words, or
different trees.
• For example, the sentence “The tourist saw the astronomer with
the telescope.” could mean either of the following things;
1. The tourist used the telescope to see the astronomer.
2. The astronomer that the tourist saw had a telescope.
• The difference is whether the prepositional phrase (PP) with the
telescope is grouped with saw the astronomer or just the
astronomer. We can use tree diagrams to show this difference.
• Note that these trees require building blocks beyond the set given
above.

28. The tourist used the telescope to see the astronomer

29. The astronomer that the tourist saw had a telescope.