Proclamation no.1 1995

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FEDERAL NEGARIT GAZET A
OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA
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1'1Year No.1
ADDIS ABABA - 21sl
August, 1995
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CONTENTS
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Proclamation No. 1/1995
Proclamation of the Constitution of the Federal
Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
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PROCLAMA nON NO. 1/1995
A PROCLAMATION TO PRONOUNCE THE COMING
INTO EFFECT OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE
FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA
WHEREAS, the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of
Ethiopia have, through their elected Representatives, ratified
the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia, on the 8thday of December, 1994; it is hereby
proclaimed as follows:
1. Short Title
This Proclamation may be cited as the' 'Constitution of
the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Proclamation No. 1/1995".
2. Coming into Effect of the Constitution
The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia has come into full force and effect as of the 21sl
day of August, 1995.
Effective Date
This Proclamation shall enter into force as of the 21sl
day
of August, 1995.
Done at Addis Ababa, this 21stday of August, 1995.
NEGASO GIDADA (DR.)
.
PRESIDENT OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA
t..1..t-A ~;Jt"', ;JH.1fJ
T'''''+'' ii'a:;i
Federal Negarit a.p.G.Box 80,001

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PREAMBLE
We, the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia:
Strongly committed, in full and free exercise of our right to
self-detennination, to building a political community foun-
ded on the rule of law and capable of ensuring a lasting peace,
guaranteeing a democratic order, and advancing our
economic and social development;
Firmly convincedthat the fulfilment of this objective requires
full respect of individual and people'_sfundamental freedoms
and rights, ~olive together o~ the basis of equality' and without
any sexual, religious or cultUraldiscrimination;
Further convinced that by continuing to live with our rich ,and
proud cultural legacies in territories we have long inhabited,
have, through continuous interaction on various levels and
forms of life,. built up common interests and have also
contributed to the emergence of a common outlook;
Fully cognizant that our common destiny can best be served
by rectifing historically unjust reltionships and by further
promoting our shared interests;
Convinced that to live as one economic community is
necessary in order to create sustainable and mutually suppor-
tive conditions for ensuring respect for our rights and
freedoms and for the collective promotion of our interests;1'''''''''~1't . ODlI;J-~1'i' ~if~;JwT11 O;J&- "Ij
0-t1.,:1 .;J.f,'~+ ,,-,it~.., 111::fl.i''t''t "'I~Ot(allfOD11. .
11..J:1"hA.I1.'1"" 0",-, ; Determined to consolidate, as a lasting legacy, the peace and
the prospect of a democratic order which our struggles and
sacrifices have brought about;n~"1~1«; Ob~/. '1m-0014'1'/):",'1:"'-t1T(Df-11.'fP
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Have therefore adopted, on 8 December 1994 this Cons-
titutionthroughrepresentativeswe haveduly elected forthis
purpose as an instrument that,binds us in a mutual commit-'
ment to fulfill the obj~tives and the principl~s set forth
above.

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Ethiopian Territorial Jurisdiction
The territorial jurisdiction of Ethiopia shall comprise the
territory of the members of the Federation and its boundaries
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CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 1
Nomenclature of the State
This Constitution establishes a Federal and Democratic State
structure. Accordingly, the Ethiopian state.shall be known as
The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
Article 2
Article 3
The Ethiopian Flag
1. The Ethiopian flag shall consist of green at the top, yellow
in the middle and red at the bottom, and shall have a
national emblem at the centre. The three colours shall be
set horizontally in equal dimension.
2. The national emblem on the flag shall reflect the hope of
the Nations, Nationalities, Peoples as well as religious
communities of Ethiopia to live together in equality and
unity.
3. Members of the Federation may have their respective
flags and emblems and shall determine the details thereof
through their respective legislatures.
Article 4
National Anthem of Ethiopia
The national anthem of Ethiopia, to be determined by law,
shall reflect the ideals of the Constitution, the commitment of
the Peoples of Ethiopia to live together in a democratic ord~r
and of their common destiny.
Article 5
Languages
1. All Ethiopian languages shall enjoy equal state recog-
nition.
2. Amharic shall be the working language of the Federal
Government.
3. Members of the Federation may by law determine their
respective working languages.
Article 6
Nationality
1. Any person of either sex shall be an Ethiopian national
where both or either parent is Ethiopian.
2. Foreign nationals may acquire Ethiopian nationality.
3. Particulars relating to nationality shall be determined by
law.

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Article 7
Gender Reference
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CHAPTER TWO
FUNDAMENTALPIDNCWLESOFTHE
CONSTITUTION
Article 8
Sovereignty of the People
1. All sovereign power resides in the Nations, Nationalities
and Peoples of Ethiopia.
2. This Constitution is an expression of their sovereignty.
3. Their sovereignty shallbe expressed through their represen-
tatives elected in accordance with this Constituion and
through their direct democratic participation.
Article 9
Supremacy of the Constitution
1. The Constitution is the supreme law ofthe land. Any law,
customary practice or a decision of an organ of state or a
public official which contravenes this Constitution shall
be of no effect.
2. All citizens, organs of state, political organizations, other
associations as well as their officials have the duty to
ensure observance of the Constitution and to obey it.
3. It is prohibited to assume state power in any manner other
than that provided under the Constitution.
.
4. All intenational agreements ratified by Ethiopia are an
integral part of the law of the land.
Article 10
Human and Democratic Rights
1. Human rights and freedoms, emanating from the nature of
mankind, are inviolable and inalienable.
2. Human and democratic rights of citizens and peoples shall
be respected.
Article 11
Separation of State and Religion
1. State and religion are separate.
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2. There shall be no state religion.
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3. The state shall not interfere in religious matters and
0001..,P':" .,..&;.eIl)A:J> h.e1f19" :: religion shall not interfere in state affairs.

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Article 12
Conduct and Accountability of Government
1. The conduct of affairs of government shall be transparent.
2. Any public official or an elected representative is accoun-
table for any failure in official duties.
3. In case of loss of confidence, the people may recall an
elected representative. The particulars of recall shall be
determined by law.
CHAPTER THREE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS
Article 13
Scope of Application and Interpretation
1. All Federal and State legislative, executive and judicial
organs at all levels shall have the responsibility and duty
to respect and enforce the provisions of this Chapter.
2. The fundamental rights and freedoms specified in this
Chapter shall be interpreted in a manner conforming to
the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, International Covenants on Human Rights and
international instruments adopted by Ethiopia.
PART ONE
HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 14
Rights to life, the Security of .Person and Liberty
Every person has the inviolable and inalienable right to life,
0IJ1i1ID-9'" ltID- It-{1'itf nOD(f). fOlJ~'.LCtj fOlJ~1ltit the security of person and liberty.
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Article 17
Right to Liberty
1. No one shall be deprived of his or her liberty except on
such grounds and in accordance with such procedure as
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(f~ ,. ~"~rf:1!:t1 n'll)9'"!n:t'll)9'" :: 2. No person may be subjected to arbitrary arrest, and no
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person may be detained without a charge or conviction
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Article 15
Right to Life
Every person has the right to life. No person may be deprived
of his life except as a punishment for a serious criminal
offence determined by law.
Article 16
The Right of the Security of Person
Every one has the right to protection against bodily harm.

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Article 18
Prohibition against Inhuman Treatment
1. Everyone has the right to protection against cruel,
inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
2. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude. Trafficking in
human beings for whatever purpose is prohibited.
3. Noone shall be required to perform forced or compulsQI)'
labour.
4. For the purpose of sub-Article 3 of this Article the phrase
"forced or compulsory labour" shall not include:
(a) Any work or service normally required of a person
who is under detention in consequence of a lawful
order, or of a person during conditional release from
such detention;
(b) In the case of conscientious objectors, any service
exacted in lieu of compulsory military service;
(c) Any serviceexacted in cases of emergency or calamity
threatening the life or well-being of the community;
(d) Any economic and social development activity volun-
tarily performed by a community within its locality.
Article 19
Right of Persons Arrested
1. Persons arrested have the right to be informed promptly,
in a language they understand, of the reasons for their
arrest and of any charge against them.
2. Persons, arrested have the right to remain silent. Upon
arrest, they have the right to be informed promptly, in a
language they understand, that any statement they make
may be used as evidence against them in court.
3. Persons arrested have the right to be brought before a
court within 48 hours of their arrest. Such time shall not
include the time reasonably required for the journey from
the place of arrest to the court. On appearing before a
court, they have the right to be given prompt and specific
explanaltion of the reasons for their arrest due to the
alleged crime committed.
4. All persons have an inalienable right to petition the court
to order their physical release where the arresting police
officer or the law enforcer fails to bring them before a
court within the prescribed time and to provide reasons
for their arrest. Where the interest of justice requires, the
court may order the arrested person to remain in custody
or, when requested, remand him for a time strictly
required to carry out the necessary investigation. In
determining the additional time necessary for inves-
tigation, the court shall ensure that the responsible law
enforcement authorities carry out the investigation res-
pecing the arrested person's right to a speedy trial.

1X-:£ ~1.t.1A ~;M"" ,?u.1IJ ~1'C A ~m(.!?; 4>, !itIft ,.,... Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 2151August 1995 - Page 7
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5. Persons arrested shall not be compelled to make confes-
sions or admissions which could be used in evidence
against them. Any evidence obtained under coercion shall
not be admissible.
6. Persons arrested have the right to be released on bail. In
exceptional circumstances prescribed by law, the court
may deny bail or demand adequate guarantee for the
conditional release of the arrested person.
Article 20
Rights of Persons Accused
1. Accused persons have the right to a public trial by an
ordinary court of law within a reasonable time after
having been charged. The court may hear cases in a
closed session only with a view to protecting the right to
privacy of the parties concerned, public morals and
national security.
2. Accused persons have the right to be informed with
sufficient particulars of the charge brought against them
and to be given the charge in writing.
3. During proceedings accused persons have the right to be
presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law
and not to be compelled to testify against themselves.
4. Accused persons have the right to full access to any
evidence presented against them, to examine witnesses
testifying against them, to adduce or to have evidence
produced in their own defence, and to obtain the
attendance of and examination of witnesses on their
behalf before the court.
5. Accused persons have the right to be represented by legal
counsel of their choice, and, if they do not have sufficient
means to pay for it and miscarriage of justice would
result, to be provided with legal representation at state
expense.
6. All persons have the right of appeal to the competent court
against an order or a judgement of the court which first
heard the case.
7. They have the right to request for the assistance of an
interpreter at state expense where the court proceedings
are conducted in a language they do not understand.
Article 21
The Rights of Persons Held in Custody and Convicted
Prisoners
.
1. All persons held in custody and persons imprisoned upon
conviction and sentencing have the right to treatments
respecting their human dignity.
2. All persons shall have the opportunity to communicate
with, and to be visited by, their spouses or partners, close.
relatives, friends, religious councillors, medical doctors
and their legal counsel.
Article 22
Non-retroactivity of Criminal Law
1. No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on
account of any act or omission which did not constitute a
criminal offence at the time when it was committed. Nor
shall a heavier penalty be imposed on any person than the
one that was applicable at the time when the criminal
offence was committed.

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2. Notwithstanding the provisions of sub-Article 1 of this
Article, a law promulgated subsequent to the commission
of the offence shall apply if it is advantageous to the
accused or convicted person.
Article 23
Prohibition of Double Jeopardy
No person shall be liable to be tried or punished again for an
offence for which he has already been finally convicted or
acquitted in accordance with the criminal law and procedure.
Article 24
Right to Honour and Reputation
1. Everyone has the right to respect for his human dignity,
reputation and honour.
2. Everyone has the right to the free development of his
personality in a manner compatible with the rights of
other citizens.
3. Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a
person.
Article 25
Right to Equality
All persons are equal before the law and are entitled without
any discrimination to the equal protection of the law. In this
respect, the law shall guarantee to all persons equal and
effective protection without discrimination on grounds of
race, nation, nationality, or other social origin, colour, sex,
language, religion, political or other opinion, property, birth
or other status.
Article 26
Right to Privacy
1. Everyone has the right to privacy. This right shall include
the right not to be subjected to searches of his home,
person or property, or the seizure of any property under /
his personal possession.
2. Everyone has the right to the inviolability of his notes and
correspondence including postal letters, and com-
munications made by means of telephone, telecom-
munications and electronic devices.
3. Public officials shall respect and protect these rights. No
restrictions may be placed on the enjoyment of such
rights except in compelling circumstances and in accor-
dance with specific laws whose purposes shall be the
safeguarding of national security or public peace, the
prevention of crimes or the protection of helath, public
morality or the rights and freedoms of others.
Article 27
,
Freedom of Religion, Belief and Opinion
1. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience
and religion. This right shall include the freedom to hold
or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and the

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freedom, either individually or in community with others,
and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief
in worship, observance, practice and teaching.
2. Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-Article 2 of
Article 90, believers may establish institutions of
religious education and administration in order to
propagate and organize their religion.
3. No one shall be subject to coercion or other means which
would restrict or prevent his freedom to hold a belief of
his choice.
4. Parents and legal guardians have the right to bring up their
children ensuring their religious and moral education in
conformity with their own convictions.
5. Freedom to express or manifest one's religion or belief
may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed
by law and are necessary to protect public safety, peace,
health, education, public morality or the fundamental
rights and freedoms of others, and to ensure the indepen-
dence of the state from religion.
Article 28
Crimes Against Humanity
1. Criminal liability of persons who commit crimes against
humanity, so defined by international agreements ratified
by Ethiopia and by other laws of Ethiopia, such as
genocide, summary executions, forcible disappearances
or torture shall not be barred by statute of limitation. Such
offences may not be commuted by amnesty or pardon of
the legislature or any other state organ.
2. In the case of persons convicted of any crime stated in sub-
Article 1 of this Article and sentenced with the death
penalty, the Head of State may, without prejudice to the
provisions hereinabove, commute the punishment to life
imprisonment.
PART TWO
DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS
Article 29
Right of Thought, Opinion and Expression
1. Everyone has the right to hold opinions without in-
teference.
2. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression without
any interference. This right shall include freedom to seek,
receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds,
regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print,
in the form of art, or through any media of his choice.
3. Freedom of the press and other mass media and freedom
of artistic creativity is guaranteed. Freedom of the press
shall specifically include the following elements:
(a) Prohibition of any form of censorship.

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(b) Access to information of public interest.
4. In the interest of the free flow of information, ideas and
opinions which are essential to the functioning of a
democratic order, the press shall, as an institution, enjoy
legal protection to ensure its operational independence
and its capacity to entertain diverse opinions.
5. Any media financed by or under the control of the State
shall be operated in a manner ensuring its capacity to
entertain diversity in the expression of opinion.
6. These rights can be limited only through laws which are
guided by the principle that freedom of expression and
information cannot be limited on account of the content
or effect of the point of view expressed. Legal limitations
can be laid down in order to protect the well-being of the
youth, and the honour and reputation of individuals. Any
propaganda for war as well as the public expression of
opinion intended to injure human dignity shall be
prohibited by law.
7. Any citizen who violates any legal limitations on the
exercise of these rights may be held liable under the law.
. Article 30
The Right of Assembly, Demonstration and Petition
1. Everyone has the right to assemble and to demonstrate
together with others peaceably and unarmed, and to
petition. Appropriate regulations may be made in the
interest of public convenience relating to the location of
open-air meetings and'theroute of movement of demons-
trators or, for the protection of democratic rights, public
morality and peace during such a meeting or demons-
tration.
2. ,This right does not exempt from liability under laws
enacted to protect the well-being of the youth or the
honour and reputation of individulas, and laws
prohibiting any propaganda for war and any public
expression of opinions intended to injure human dignity.
Article 31
Freedom of Association
Every person has the right to freedom of association for any
cause or purpose. Organizations formed, in violation of
appropriate laws, or to illegally subvert the constitutional
order, or which promote such activities are prohibited.
Article 32
Freedom of Movement
1. Any Ethiopian or foreign national lawfully in Ethiopia
has, within the national territory, the right to liberty of
movement and freedom to choose his residence, as well
as the freedom to leave the country at any time he wishes
to.
2. Any Ethiopian national has the right to return to his
country.

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07'I-I:ta'e . 0"7..,0&.1f.'i"01.fI'i"7.1'e ODiafl"f'h')JLV-9""
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Article 33
Rights of Nationality
1. No Ethiopian national shall be deprived of his or her
Ethiopian nationality against his or her will. Marriage of
an Ethiopian national of either sex to a foreign national
shall not annul his or her Ethiopian nationality.
2. Every Ethiopian national has the right to the enjoyment of
all rights, protection and benefits derived from Ethiopian
nationality as prescribed by law.
3. Any national has the right to change his Ethiopian
nati onali ty.
4. Ethiopian nationality may be conferred upon foreigners in
accordance with law enacted and procedures established
consistent with international agreements ratified by
Ethiopia.
Article 34
Marital, Personal and Family Rights
1. Men and women, without any distinction as to race,
nation, nationality or religion, who have attained
marrigeable age as defined by law, have the right to marry
and found a family. They have equal rights while entering
into, during marriage and at the time of divorce. Laws
shall be enacted to ensure the protection of rights and
interests of children at the time of divorce.
2. Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full
consent of the intending spouses.
3. The family is the natural and fundamental unit of society
and is entitled to protection by society and the State.
4. In accordance with provisions to be specified by law, a
law giving recognition to marriage concluded under
systems of religious or customary laws may be enacted.
5. This Constitution shall not preclude the adjudication of
disputes relating to personal and family laws in accor-
dance with reljgious or customary laws, with the consent
of the parties to the dispute. Particulars shall be deter-
mined by law. .
Article 35
Rights of Women
1. Women shall; in the enjoyment of rights and protections
provided for by this Constitution, have equal right with
men.
2. Women have equal rights with men in marriage as
prescribed by this Constitution.
3. The historical legacy of inequality and discrimination
suffered by women in Ethiopia taken into account,
women, in order to remedy this legacy, are entitled to
affirmative measures. The purpose of such measures shall
be to provide special attention to women so as to enable
them compete and participate on the basis of equality
with men in political, social and economic life as well as
in public and private institutions.
4. The State shall enforce the right of women to eliminate the
influences of harmful customs. Laws, customs and
practices that oppress or cause bodily or mental harm to
women are prohibited.

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(a) Women have the right to maternity leave with full
pay. The duration of maternity leave shall be
determined bylaw taking into account the nature of
the work, the health of the mother and the well-
being of the child and family.
(b) Maternity leave may, in accordance with the
provisions of law, include prenata11eave with full
pay.
Women have the right to full consultation in the
formulation of national development policies, the desig-
ning and execution of projects, and particularly in the
case of projects affecting the interests of women.
7. Women have the right to acquire, administer, control, use
and transfer property. In particular, they have equal rights
with men with respect to use, transfer, administration and
control of land. They shall also enjoy equal treatment in
the inheritance of property.
8. Women shall have a right to equality in employment,
promotion, pay, and the transfer of pension entitlements.
9. To prevent harm arising from pregnancy and childbirth
and in order to safeguard their health, women have the
right of access to family planning education, information
and capacity.
Article 36
Rights of Children
1. Every child has the right:
(a) To life;
(b) To a name and nationality;
(c) To know and be cared for by his or her parents or
legal guardians;
(d) Not to be subject to exploitative practices, neither to
be required nor permitted to perform work which
may be hazardous or harmful to his or her education,
health or well-being;
(e) To be free of corporal punishment or cruel and
inhumane treatment in schools and other institutions
responsible for the care of children.
2. In all actions concerning children undertaken by public
and private welfare institutions, courts of law, adminis-
trative authorities or legislative bodies, the primary
consideration shall be the best interests of the child.
3. Juvenile offenders admitted to corrective or rehabilitative
institutions, andjuveniles who become wards of the State
or who are placed in public or private orphanages, shall be
kept separately from adults.
4. Children born out of wedlock shall have the same rights as
children born of wedlock.
5. The State shall accord special protection to orphans and
shall encourage the establishment of institutions which
ensure and promote their adoption and advance their
welfare, and education.

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f",..,1':" 011-0:"")lm:J'AIA :1
Article 37
Right of Access to Justice
1. Everyone has the right to bring ajusticiable matter to, and
to obtain a decision orjudgement by, a court of law or any
other competent body with judicial power.
2. The decision orjudgement referred to under sub-Article 1
of this Article may also be sought by:
(a) Any association representing the Collective or
individual interest of its members; or
(b) Any group or person who is a member of, or
represents a group with similar interests.
Article 38
The Right to Vote and to be Elected
1. Every Ethiopian national, without any discrimination
based on colour, race, nation, nationality, sex, language,
religion, political or other opinion or other status, has the
following rights:
(a) To take part in the conduct of public affairs, directly
and through freely chosen representatives;
(b) On the attainment of -18 years of age, to vote in
accordance with law;
(c) To vote and to be elected at periodic elections to any
office at any level of government; elections shall be
by universal and equal suffrage and shall beheld by
secret ballot, guaranteeing the free expression of the
will of the electors.
2. The right of everyone to be a member of his own will in a
political organization, labour union, trade organization,
or employers' or professional association shall be respec-
ted i{he or she meets the special and general requirements
stipalated by such organization.
3. Elections to positions of responsibility within any of the
organizations referred to under sub-Article 2 of this
Article shall be conducted in a free and democratic
manner.
4. The provisions of sub-Articles 2 and 3 of this Article shall
apply to civic organizations which significantly affect the
public interest.
Article 39
Rights of Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples
1. Every Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia has an
unconditional right to self-determination, including the
right to secession.
2. Every Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia has the
right to speak, to write and to develop its own language;
to express, to develop and to promote its culture; and to
preserve its history.
3. Every Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia has the
right to a full measure of self-government which includes
the right to establish institutions of government in the
territory that it inhabits and to equitable representation in
state and Federal governments.

1~ Hi t..f-o&.A, ~:J&"" ;>,l.llJ <h1'C: ji ~thl Hi <1'1Iilf"it% ~.,... Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21st
4. The rightto self-determination,including secession,of every
Nation, Nationality and People shall come into effect:
(a) When a demand for secession has been approved by a
two-thirds majority of the members of the Legislative
Council of the Nation, Nationality or People concer-
ned;
(b) When the Federal Government has organized a
referendum which must take place within three years
from the time it received the concerned council's
decision for secession;
(c) When the demand for secession is supported by a
majority vote in the referendum;
(d) When the Federal Government will have transferred its
powers to the Council of the Nation, Nationality or
People who has voted to secede; and
(e) When the division of assets is effected in a manner
prescribed by law.
5. A "Nation, Nationality or People" for the purpsoe of this
Constitution,is a group of people who have or share a large
measure of a common culture or similar customs, mutual
intelligibility of language, belief in a common or related
identities, a common psychological make-up, and who
inhabit an identifiable,predominantly contiguous territory.
Article 40
TheRight to Property
1. Every Ethiopian citizen has the right to the ownership of
6' 0I/1i1tD-9"fh.:,.r-k/ ".;J fO'A 111l:"I1t0.:" oolf.,.joolfc;. private property. Unless prescribed otherwise by law on~
f,hflCt;J-Ajf,hflCIt;J-A :: f,tJ 0011:" fih1f111 '1'''''9'' accountof public interest,this right shallinclude the right to
toomfl"" flt.1t o-);;J- flih.., hitI1A+lD(}~ 1:lit 111l:" acquire,to use and,in a manner compatiblewith therights of
othercitizens,to disposeof such property by sale or bequestfoo/1fe; fl111l:" foom"'9" lDf,9" ft.fo"f1 tl.1"f 0011-f"f
or to transfer it otherwise.
hiti1A+:Pl~ 1:i.it111l:"1 fooi'iT t fOl/tD-litlDf,9" flt.1t
00111: Mit+IttCJ: 0011-f"f1 /11:";J-A :: 2. "Private property", for the purpsoe of this Article, shall
mean anytangibleorintangibleproduct which has value ande ttLtJ "'1"'1 ~1t0i/ "f..,A 111l:"" OI/t:" orni1tD-9":.
is producedby the labour, creativity, enterprise or capital ofh.:,.r-k/If tI.;J lDf,9" ih;J1f (}tD-~:"flih.., f+(}tlJTtD-
an individual citizen, associations which enjoy juridical
h. :"r-k /If OI/..,flt-:" lDf,9" "'..,1111fl"'ItTtD- o-);;J-sP"f
personality under the law, or in appropriate circumstances,
flih.., fl+tf fl;Jt- f1'fll:"I1t0.:" h1JtIf.,. f+L.,.Y.ltTtD-
by communities specifically empowered by law to own
OI/..,fll(}P"f fl1-Afl;J-TtD-t flooCJ:mC "ffo;J-TtD- lDf,9""
property in common.
fli11;;J-ItTtD- / tC..~:"+QJ,I1~ flf~e; f+QJ,I16£"~:" ml1f,
3. The right to ownership of rural and urban land, as well as ofItf,tj ltD- €I';J /ttD- tD-m.:" ~tD-::
all natural resources, is exclusively vested in the State and in
[. f1mC9" In fh+O? oot..:,.e; f+LTC: U11:" 11t0.:"~:"
the peoples of Ethiopia. Land is a common property of the
0011:" f001..,,,.,:,.e; fih1f11 11:F ~tD- :: 001..:" Mf,i'fT Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia and shall not
fOl/f,tlDT fh.:,.r-k/ 11th.c:"ft 11th.l(}p"fe; ih1fP"f f;Jt-
be subject to sale or to other means of exchange.
111l:" ~tD-::
4. Ethiopian peasants have right to obtain land without payment
2' fh.:,.r-A'/ "'C(t "'1.c:"f 0010:" fl~' M"'1:,.e; hOOt..;J-TtD-
and the protection against eviction from their possession.
/too~"'A 0011;J-TtD- f+hfll ~tD-:: "'L1.ROD-1fl+ooth+ The implementation of this provision shall be specified by
1fC1fC ih.., f,lDtlJA :: law.
?;. fh.:,.r-k/ Hltif"f t"'fI1"li9" If~ thCi'f ftllJ.m"'OD-fl:" 0010:"
5. Ethiopian pastoralists have the right to free land for grazing
fl~' M"'1:" t foom"'?'"'1 hOOt..;J-TtD- /too~..c;"'A and cultivation as well as the right not to be displaced from
0011:" "'ItTtD- :: 1fC1fC "'tC.."ROD-flih.., f,lD(}e;A :: their own lands. The implementation shall be specified by
}. fool..:" 11t0.:"~:" fh.:,.r-k/ 11th.c:"f t 11th.l(}PTc;
law.
ih1fP"f oolf.,. h 11.+mfl.,. Iftj 001..,,,.,:" t..,A I1tU11-f"f
6 Without prejudice to the right of Ethiopian Nations,
flih.., fltllJ.lD(}1 hCJ:/ flOOI..:" foom"'9" 0011;J-:ftD-1
.
Nationalities, and Peoples to the ownership of land,
/ith11CItT'P A :: "'C1f~ flCh'" f,lD(}e;A I:
government shall ensure the right of private investors to the
use of land on the basis of payment arrangements es-
tablished by law. Particulars shall be determined by law.
2' f11th.C: 'flth.l(}P"f t ih1fP"f ft-it1 iJ1:A flt-it fOOlD(11
hith 0011mA 0011:" h".,I,. Itf, ftllJ.tD-ttD-;
U) f0011mA l' /tJ: fl11th.Ct fl11th.l(}{t lDf,9" flih1f{t
f ihO' "'tD-'1J. 9"hC 0.:" flo-t:" Y'it+i1 f 1:9"6 1:;Jfj:
+"'I1f,~:" 01/"'11: iLl;J1T ;
t) f t..lot-fto 001..,,,.,:" f11th.C t f11th.l(}{t lDf,9"
f ih1f{t 9"hC 0.:" tD-It);fl1.l(}tD- flY'it:" ~oo:,. 1.tI.
tD-it1' tm/cttD- lIth.C t 11th.l(}11 lDf,9" ih1f11
ih 1f{l tD-It); iL/ 1.1,.1: :
d1) f0011mfto l' /tJ: flih1ffl tD-It);tD- fl"'111t6l>l. 1:9"6
iLY.1CJ:;
00) ft..lot-fto 001..,,,.,:" 0011mfto1 tOOlmtD- lIth.Ct
'fl,h.l(}11 lDf,9" ih1f11 9"hC 0.:" ".,AtlJ.,.1 iL/it
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~tD-::
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OI/t:" hILtJ "'1'fo f+1tRtD-1 I1tJCf, ftllJ./ltf, OI/..,fll(}l1
~tD- :: (14- /t f ;JI,. ml1f, ftllJ.!1RI1C"" l1ihA lDf,9"
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fl+//H ooAh~ 9"1:C fOl/.tj~ e;TtD- ::
"'1'" 1 '!j
f1'fll:" 0011:"

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01le; til7~CT OUiltj~4-.T hil1-tp/JP flP/Y:l."l
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flPll'-I.q."f OU1lT
Ii' U) f4.'O{;I1e; fh1A"'lo..,. lPll'1-q."f I 101..9'"f I fhcif
IPII'.,.q.1' : lblo1' f111lC lPll'1-q."f I h1-OJlI.~
f~"~. ~T ~ljf O;J."f f t:.e; f r' II' 1Ill1fTOJ« fOlJ.~~
y.'''~~0J« fOU1"lr'T lPll'1-q."f f r' ~e; fi.1'1lflP/.
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h"~~OJ« :: y,u OU'OT flP~1-~ 1P/"'0~T1e; Ibftn"f
1P/..,0/1'T1 flP/~/I'~f. T I hhlP{;9'"fe; '1'~IP/T0J«1
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7. Every Ethiopian shall have the full right to the immovable
property he builds and to the permanent improvements he
brings about on the land by his labour or capital. This
right shall include the right to alienate, to bequeath, and,
where the right of use expires, to remove his property,
transfer his title, or claim compensation for it. Particulars
shall be determined by law.
8. Without prejudice to the right to private property, the
government may expropriate private property for public
purposes subject to payment in advance of compensation
commensurate to the value of the property.
Article 41
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
1. Every Ethiopian has the right to engage freely in
economic activity and to pursue a livelihood of his choice
anywhere within the national territory.
2. Every Ethiopian has the right to choose his or her means of
livelihood, occupation and profession.
3. Every Ethiopian national has the right to equal access to
publicly funded social services.
4. The State has the obligation to allocate ever increasing
resources to provide to the public health, education and
other social services.
5. The State shall, within available means, allocate resources
to provide rehabilitation and assistance to the physically
and mentally disabled, the aged, and to children who are
left without parents or guardian.
6. The State shall pursue policies which aim to expand job
opportuniti~s for the unemployed and the poor and shall
accordingly undertake programmes and public works
projects.
7. The State shall undertake all measures necessary to
increase opportunities for citizens to find gainful em-
ployment.
8. Ethiopian farmers and pastoralists have the right to
receive fair prices for their products, that would lead to
improvement in their conditions of life and to enable
them to obtain an equitable share of the national wealth
commensurate with their contribution. This objective
shall guide the State in the formulation of economic ,
social and development policies.
9. The State has the responsibility to protect and preserve
historical and cultural legacies, and to contribute to the
promotion of the arts and sports.
1. (a)
Article 42
Rights of Labour
Factory and service workers, farmers, farm labourers,
other rural workers and government employees
whose work compatibility allows for it and who are
below a certain level of responsibility, have the right
to form associations to improve their conditions of
employment and economic well-being. This right
includes the right to form trade unions and other
associations to bargain collectively with employers
or other organizations that affect their interests.

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(b) Categories of persons referred to in paragraph (a) of
this sub-Article have the right to express grievances,
including the right to strike.
(c) Government employees who enjoy the rights
provided under paragraphs (a) and (b) of this sub-
Article shall be determined by law.
(d) Women workers have the right to equal pay for equal
work.
2. Workers have the right to reasonable limitation of
working hours, to rest, to leisure, to periodic leaves with
pay, to remuneration for public holidays as well as
healthy and safe work envirpnment.
3. Without prejudice to the rights recognized under sub-
Article I of this Article, laws enacted for the implemen-
tation of such rights shall establish procedures for the
formation of trade unions and for the regulation of the
collective bargaining process.
Article 43
The Right to Development
I. The Peoples of Ethiopia as a whole, and each Nation,
Nationality and People in Ethiopia in particular have the
right to improved living standards and to sustainable
development.
2. Nationals have the right to participate in national
development and, in particular, to be consulted with
respect to policies and projects affecting their com-
munity.
3. All international agreements and relations concluded,
established or conducted by the State shall protect and
ensure Ethiopia's right to sustainable development.
4. The basic aim of development activities shall be to
enhance the capacity of citizens for developement and to
meet their basic needs.
Article 44
Environmental Rights
I. All persons have the right to a clean and healthy
environment.
2. All persons who have been displaced or whose livelihoods
have been adversely affected as a result of State program-
mes have the right to commensurate monetary or alter-
native means of compensation, including relocation with
adequate State assistance.
CHAPTER FOUR
STATE STRUCTURE
Article 45
Form of' Government
The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia shall have a
parliamentarian form of government.

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Article 46
States of the Federation
1. The Federal Democratic Republic shaH comprise of
States.
2. States shaH be delimited on the basis of the settlement
patterns, language, identity and consent of the people
concerned.
Article 47
Member States ofthe Federal Democratic Republic
1. Member States of the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia are the following:
1) The State of Tigray
2) The State of Mar
3) The State of Amhara
4) The State of Oromia
5) The State of Somalia
6) The State of BenshanguUGumuz
7) The State of the Southern Nations, Nationalities and
Peoples
8) The State of the Gambela Peoples
9) The State of the Harari People
Nations, Nationalities and Peoples within the States
enumerated in'sub-Article 1 of this article have the right
to establish, at any time, their own States.
3. The right of any Nation, Nationality or People to form its
own state is exercisable under the following procedures:
(a) When the demand for statehood has been approved
by a two-thirds majority of the members of the
Council of the Nation, Nationality or People concer-
ned, and the demand is presented in writing to the
State Council;
(b) When the Council that received the demand has
organized a referendum within one year to be held in
the Nation, Nationality or People that made the
demand;
(c) When the demand for statehood is supported by a
majority vote in the referendum;
(d) When the State Council will have transferred its
powers to the Nation,Nationality or People that
made the demand; and
(e) When the new State created by the referendum
without any need for application, directly becomes a
member of the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia.
4. Member States of the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia shall have equal rights and powers.
Article 48
State Border Changes
1. All State border disputes shall be settled by agreement of
the concerned States. Where the concerned States fail to
reach agreement, the l,Iouse of the Federation shall decide
such disputes on the basis of settlement patterns and the
wishes of the peoples concerned.
2. The House of Federation shall, within a period of two
years, render a final decision on a dispute submitted to it
pursuant to sub-Article I of this Art:;:;1e.

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Article 49
Capital City
I. Addis Ababa shall be the capital city of the Federal State,
2. The residents of Addis Ababa shall have a full measure of
self-government. Particulars shall be determined by law.
3. The Administration of Addis Ababa shall be responsible
to the Federal Govemement.
4. Residents of Addis Ababa shall in accordance with the
provisions of this Constitution, be represented in the
House of Peoples' Representatives.
5. The special interest of the State of Oromia in Addis
Ababa, regarding the provision of social services or the
utilization of natural resources and other similar matters,
as well as joint administrative matters arising from the
location of Addis Ababa within the State of Oromia, shall
be respected. Particulars shall be determined by law.
CHAPTER FIVE
THE STRUCTURE AND DIVISION OF POWERS
Article 50
Structure of the Organs of State
1. The Federal democratic Republic of Ethiopia comprises
the Federal Government and the State members.
The Federal Governent and the States shall have
legislative, executive and judicial powers.
3. The House of Peoples' Representatives is the highest
authority of the Federal Government. The House is
responsible to the People. The State Council is the highest
organ of State authority. It is responsible to the People of
the State.
4. State government shall be established at State and other.
administrative levels that they find necessary. Adequate
power shall be granted to the lowest units of government
to enable the People to participate directly in the
administration of such units.
5. The State Council has the power oflegislation on matters
falling under State jurisdiction. Consistent with the
provisions of this Constitution, the Council has power to
draft, adopt and amend the state constitution.
6. The State administration constitutes the highest organ of
executive power.
7. State judicial power is vested in its courts.
8. Federal and State powers are defined by this Constitution.
The States shall respect the powers of the Federal
Government. The Federal Government shall likewise
respect the powers of the States.
9. The Federal Government may, when necessary, delegate
to the States powers and functions granted to it by Article
51 of this Constitution.

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Article 51
Powers and Functions of the Federal Government
1. It shall protect and defend the Constitution.
2. It shall fonnulate and implement the country's policies,
strategies and plans in respect of overall economic, social
and development matters.
3. It shall establish and implement national standards and
basic policy criteria for public health, education, science
and technology as well as for the protection and
preservation of cultural and historical legacies.
4. It shall fonnulate and execute the country's financial,
monetary and foreign investment policies and strategies.
5. It shall enact laws for the utilization and conservation of
land and other natural resources, histortical sites and
objects.
6. It shall establish and administer national defence and
public security forces as well as a federal police force.
7. It shall administer the National Bank, print and borrow
money, mint coins, regulate foreign exchange and money
in circulation; it shall determine by law the conditions and
tenns under which States can borrow money from..
internal sources.
8. It shall fonnulate and implement foreign policy; it shall
negotiate and ratify international agreements.
9. It shall be responsible for the development, administration
and regulation of air, rail, waterways and sea transport
and major roads linking two or more States, as well as for
postal and telecommunication services.
10. It shall levy taxes and collect duties on revenue sources
reserved to the Federal Government; it shall draw up,
approve and administer the Federal Government's bud-
get.
11. It shall detennine and administer the utilization of the
waters or rivers and lakes linking two or more States or
crossing the boundaries of the national territorial jurisdic-
tion.
12. It shall regulate inter-State and foreign commerce.
13. It shall administer and expand all federally funded
institutions that provide services to two or more States.
14. It shall deploy, at the request of a state administration,
Federal defence forces to arrest a deteriorating security
situation within the requesting State when its authorities
are unable to control it.
15. It shall enact, in order to give practical effect to political
rights provided for in this Constituion, all necessary laws
governing political parties and elections.
16. It has the power to declare and to lift national state of
emergency and states of emergencies limited to certain
parts of the country.
17. It shall detemine matters relating to nationality.
18. It shall determine and administer all matters relating to
immigration, the granting of passports, entry into and exit
from the coutnry, refugees and asylum.
19. It shall patent inventions and protect copyrights.
20. It shall establish unifonn standards of measurement and
calendar.
21. It shall enact laws regulating the possession and bearing of
anns.
. Article 52
Powers and Functions of States
1. All powers not given expressly to the Federal Government
alone, or concurrently to the Federal Government and the
States are reserved to the States.

Proclamation no.1 1995

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Proclamation no.1 1995