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1. Office 365 from a hacker’s
perspective: threats, tactics and
remedies
Speaker: Ben Menesi, CEH
2. Speaker
@BenMenesi
• Ben Menesi
– VP Products & Innovation at panagenda
– Started out in the IBM world
– SharePoint & Exchange Admin & Dev
– Certified Ethical Hacker v9 and OSCP student
– Enjoys breaking things
– Speaker at IT events around the globe (SPS New York
City, Toronto, Calgary, Montreal, Geneva, Cambridge)
– Owns a bar
3. About panagenda
• Who we are
– HQ in Vienna, Austria with offices in Boston, Germany, The Netherlands &
Australia
– 10M+ user licenses across over 80 countries
7. Statistics
• Some numbers from the field
– Verizon’s 2017 & 2018 Data Breach Investigations Report: 53000 incidents & 2216 data breaches
58% Victims are businesses with < 1000 employees (62% in 2017)
92%
68% Breaches took months(!!!) to discover
Malware vectors: Email. (6.3% Web, 1.3% other)
8. Statistics
• Some numbers from the field
– Avanan’s Global Phish Report: https://www.avanan.com/hubfs/2019-Global-Phish-Report.pdf |
55,5M emails analyzed
– BakerHostetler‘s DSIR Report (750+ incidents):
https://f.datasrvr.com/fr1/019/33725/2019_BakerHostetler_DSIR_Final.pdf
33% Phishing mails passed through Exchange Online Protection
43%
90% Emails after malware or credentials
Branded phishing emails impersonating Microsoft
34% Office365 account exposure after compromised device
9. On-Prem. Vs. Cloud Security
• Benefits of your data in the cloud
Broader scope of threat intelligence
Larger and more specialized security muscle than most SMBs
Fast and instant delivery (no manual patching required)
10. On-Prem. Vs. Cloud Security
• Disadvantages of using cloud services
Vulnerability / Risk Mitigation is out of our control
Part of a larger, very attractive attack surface
Less flexibility in customizing defenses
11. Vulnerability Mitigation
• Practical example
– Basestriker attack: gets around Microsoft’s ATP SafeLinks by leveraging the <base> tag:
▪ Traditional way to embed URLs in a phishing email:
▪ Using the <base> tag:
12. Vulnerability Mitigation
• Vulnerability Lifecycle
02.05.2018
Microsoft
alerted by
Avanan
02.05.2018
Proofpoint
alerted by
Avanan
16.05.2018
Microsoft
fixes
vulnerability
14 days
14. Ransomware Attacks
• Why are they so important?
• DOJ Statistics: 1000 attacks / day in 2015, 4000 attacks / day in 2017
– WannaCry: 150 countries, estimated at $4B
– NotPetya: $250-300M for Maersk alone, $1.2B in total revenue
– 54% of companies experienced one or more successful attacks
– Total cost of a successful cyber attack is over $5M or $301 / employee
15. Ransomware Attacks
• How do they spread?
• 60% of ransomware attacks come from infected emails BUT:
• Also, vulnerable (application) servers
– Example: city of Atlanta hit by SamSam (originally discovered in 2016) in 2018
– Malware infection likely through SMBv1 open on a web server
– Aftermath: $2.6M cost
16. Decrypting Ransomware
• Cautionary tale: Herrington & Company gets ransomwared
– Engages Data Recovery company to retrieve data
– DR company quotes $6000 to recover data
– Data recovery is WAY too fast
– FBI confirms that PDR indeed paid ransom to decrypt victim’s files
• https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DbfP0G7WAAEWQIa.jpg:large
• How do we prevent ransomware?
17. Decrypting Ransomware
• Cautionary tale: Herrington & Company gets ransomwared
– Engages Data Recovery company to retrieve data
– DR company quotes $6000 to recover data
– Data recovery is WAY too fast
– FBI confirms that PDR indeed paid ransom to decrypt victim’s files
• https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DbfP0G7WAAEWQIa.jpg:large
• How do we prevent ransomware?
18. Ransomware Protection
• Microsoft introduced Files Restore OneDrive
– Allows to restore entire OneDrive account to a previous point in time within 30 days
– Monitors file assets notifies
when attack is detected
(allegedly ☺)
19. Ransomware Protection
• Careful!
– Real time notification might not be as accurate as we think
– AxCrypt encryption on OneDrive files stays under the radar
• Ransomware prevention: have users store important data in OneDrive
21. Email Encryption
▪ Email Encryption: End-to end encryption
▪ Prevent Forwarding: Restrict email
recipients from forwarding or copying
emails you send (plus: MS Office docs.
Attached are encrypted even after
downloading)
▪ What happens if the recipient is outside
your organization:
23. Email Encryption
▪ Revoking Encrypted Messages
▪ This one is thanks to Albert Hoitingh:
https://alberthoitingh.com/2018/12/20/ome-message-revocation/
▪ Encrypted status means: email & content didn’t leave the perimeter.
▪ You can use Message Trace to locate the outgoing mail and then use powershell to:
▪ Query the OME status: Get-OMEMessageStatus -MessageID “message id”
▪ Set message as revoked: Set-OMEMessageRevocation -Revoke $true -MessageID “message
id”
24. Email Encryption
▪ Revoking Encrypted Messages
▪ Because the data never left the perimeter, it’s the ‘link’ that’s broken at the
moment of revocation and recipient will get this:
26. Illicit Consent Grants
▪ In the light of the Facebook Cambridge Analytica scandal, we should take
a look at Azure AD registered applications
▪ Phishing campaigns could trick users into granting access to applications
▪ https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/office365security/defending-against-illicit-
consent-grants/
▪ Exploit first demonstrated by Kevin Mitnick
27. Illicit Consent Grants
▪ Exploit scenario
▪ Demo
▪ Infrastructure:
User Apache Web
Server
Hacker
33. Digital #metoo era
▪ Consent is key
▪ Integrated apps: Using various APIs, you can grant apps access to your tenant data:
▪ Mail, calendars, contacts, conversations
▪ Users, groups, files and folders
▪ SharePoint sites, lists, list items
▪ OneDrive items, permissions and more
▪ Integration: Azure AD provides secure sign-in and authorization
▪ Developer registers the application with Azure AD
▪ Assign permissions to the application
▪ Tenant administrator / user must consent to permissions
34. Azure AD Applications
▪ Registering the application
▪ Who can register applications in your tenant?
▪ By default: any member! This can be a security issue
▪ Keep in mind: there is a record of what data was shared with which application. Also: when user
adds / allows application to access their data, event can be audited (Audit reports)
▪ See more: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/active-
directory-how-applications-are-added#who-has-permission-to-add-applications-to-my-azure-
ad-instance
36. Azure AD Applications
▪ Authorization Flow: Let’s simplify
▪ User consents to permissions required by the app
▪ Application asks for authorization from the Azure AD
▪ Azure AD makes the user sign in and returns code to application
▪ Application uses code to retrieve JWT bearer token to use resource (Microsoft Graph API)
38. Azure AD Applications
▪ Remedy: Restricting app registrations
▪ Azure Portal > Azure Active Directory > User Settings
39. Azure AD Applications
▪ Remedy: Restricting consent grants
▪ Azure Portal > Azure Active Directory > User Settings
▪ Watch out! This means that all application consent will be REQUIRED to be done by Global
Admins
40. Azure AD Applications
▪ Remedy: Enumerating apps and permissions
▪ Enumeration using PowerShell:
▪ Install the AzureAD PowerShell module
▪ Launch PowerShell ISE as an Administrator and:
Install-Module AzureAD
▪ Connect to Azure AD:
Connect-AzureAD
▪ Use PowerShell script: https://gist.github.com/psignoret/41793f8c6211d2df5051d77ca3728c09
▪ Example:
.Get-AzureADPSPermissions.ps1 | Export-Csv -Path "permissions.csv" -NoTypeInformation
48. Brute Force Attacks
▪ In the news in August 2017: sophisticated and coordinated attack against 48
Office365 customers
▪ Brute Force attack unique: targeting multiple cloud providers
▪ 100,000 failed login attempts from 67 Ips and 12 networks over 7 months
▪ Slow and low to avoid intrusion detection
▪ Users see unsuccessful login attempts using name up to 17 name variations
▪ Passwords likely the same (password spray attack)
▪ https://www.tripwire.com/state-of-security/featured/new-type-brute-force-
attack-office-365-accounts/
49. Brute Force Attacks
▪ How hard is it to acquire the right login names?
▪ TheHarvester // Kali
50. Brute Force Attacks
▪ Account Lockout in Office 365
▪ Before 02/04/2019:
▪ 10 unsuccessful attempts: captcha
▪ Another 10: lockout (10 minutes)
▪ In reality: 10 tries = lockout
▪ No customization allowed
52. A new(ish) attack / vulnerability
▪ Credential stuffing: using login + password combos exposed in data breaches
against Office365
▪ About 85% of users reuse passwords
▪ Enforcing unique passwords for the enterprise is impossible
53. Credential Stuffing
▪ What is credential stuffing: leverages previous data breaches to obtain user
name + password combinations via bots
54. Credential Stuffing
▪ Problem: attacker might only need one single attempt for successful intrusion
▪ Cloudflare estimates success rate at 0.1% = weak
▪ 1M logins = 1k successful logins: still a major issue
▪ Prevention possibilities
▪ 1.) Multi Factor Authentication
▪ 2.) Bot management systems (IP Reputation database) to prevent bots from login attempts
▪ 3.) Due diligence in breached data
55. Credential Stuffing: Prevention
▪ Suggestion:
▪ Use MFA AND regularly scan for breached accounts
▪ How to scan breached accounts:
▪ Troy Hunt’s https://haveibeenpwned.com offers a $3,5/month subscription for using their
API
▪ Using the REST API, you can retrieve any and all accounts that have been exposed in data
breaches.
▪ Here‘s how:
56. Credential Stuffing: Prevention
▪ 1.) Purchase a subscription at: https://haveibeenpwned.com/API
▪ 2.) Simple GET request with headers & domain param.
60. Brute Force Attacks
▪ MFA – the elephant in the room
▪ A number of serious outages lately
61. Brute Force Attacks
▪ MFA – in case of emergencies
▪ Consider implementing a break glass account (via Exclusions from Baseline
MFA Policy): https://practical365.com/security/multi-factor-authentication-
default-for-admins/
▪ Azure AD Portal > Conditional Access
62. Brute Force Attacks
▪ The way around MFA
▪ Recent breaches discovered by Proofpoint: https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-
insight/post/threat-actors-leverage-credential-dumps-phishing-and-legacy-email-protocols
▪ Essentially: using IMAP to get around MFA by mimicking legacy email clients
63. MFA Exploit
Highlights
▪ 100,000 unauthorised login attempts analyzed (December 2018 – onwards)
▪ 72% tenants were targeted at least once
▪ 40% tenants had at least 1 compromised account
▪ 15 of 10,000 active user accounts breached
64. MFA Exploit
Microsoft’s response: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-
365/enterprise/secure-email-recommended-policies
▪ Require MFA
▪ Block clients that don’t support modern auth.
▪ App passwords
65. MFA Exploit
Microsoft’s response: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-
365/enterprise/secure-email-recommended-policies
▪ Require MFA
▪ Block clients that don’t support modern auth.
▪ App passwords
66. Attack Simulator
▪ Available as part of Threat Intelligence (available in Office365 Enterprise E5)
▪ You must be a global administrator or member of the Security Admin group in the Security &
Compliance Center AND have MFA enabled
Spear Phishing Campaigns
Password Brute-Force
Attacks
Password Spray Attacks
68. Attack Simulator
▪ Spear Phishing campaigns
▪ Tip: target users identified as top targeted in the Threat Management dashboard
▪ Tip2: You’ll need to enable Office Analytics
69. Attack Simulator
▪ Spear Phishing campaigns
▪ User tries to log in to phishing
site
▪ Redirected to awareness
page
71. Attack Simulator
▪ Brute Force Password
▪ Use a pre-set word list against one or multiple user accounts
▪ Uses the same method an attacker would
▪ I mean literally: watch out! Currently this locks out the user account.
▪ Only supports very limited password lists (Internal server error at 10k passwords)
▪ Best online resources for common credentials:
https://github.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/tree/master/Passwords/Common-Credentials
72. Attack Simulator
▪ Password Spray Attack
▪ Tries one or a few passwords against all accounts
▪ Story: known password against two accounts
▪ Both accounts DID have that password
▪ Why?
▪ Gotcha: second user had MFA enabled, which doesn’t appear to be supported.
73. Threat Tracker
▪ Generally available in office365 – Security & Compliance
▪ Tracks major malware campaigns (WannaCry, Petya, etc)
▪ Let’s you track the impact of these campaigns in your tenant
74. Secure Score
▪ Security Analytics tool
▪ Applies numeric score to security settings
▪ Uses benchmarking to compare to other Office365 subscribers
▪ Access Secure Score here: https://securescore.office.com
75. Secure Score
▪ Total score, improvement actions and history
▪ Actual recommendations and improvement tracking
76. Secure Score
▪ How does it work?
▪ Currently takes 77 data points into consideration
Secure Score Recommendations by Type
Apps
Data
Device
Identity
77. Secure Score
▪ Focus areas (products)
0 5 10 15 20 25
Azure AD
Exchange Online
Intune
Cloud App Security
Microsoft Information…
OneDrive for Business
SharePoint Online
Skype for Business
78. Secure Score
▪ Watch out!
▪ No Teams suggestions
▪ Quite a few recommendations require E5
▪ MFA for everyone: what if I want a break-glass account?
79. Office 365 passwords
▪ About generating random passwords
▪ Current password format isn’t hard to guess:
▪ Tip: make sure to have users modify their passwords on first login
81. Office 365 passwords
▪ Guessing random passwords
▪ Pretty easy to create a password list for brute-force:
▪ Using crunch: crunch 8 8 aeiou BCDFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXYZ 0123456789
bcdfghjklmnpqrstvwxyz –t ,@^%%%%%
▪ File size: only ~ 1GB
82. Conclusion
▪ Simulate attacks against your own environment
▪ Keep an eye out for more attack simulation tools
▪ Use your own phishing tactics and word lists
▪ Educate users on strong passwords
83. Thank you
Questions & Feedback: LOVE IT
Get in touch: ben.menesi@panagenda.com
Presentation online:
slideshare.net/benedek.Menesi @BenMenesi
Linkedin.ca/in/benedekmenesi
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