Semantic Web course assignment 1. web

1. Semantic
Web
–
Assignment
1
Assigment
name:
WebKR
Assignment
1
Full
name:
Barry
Kollee
Student
number:
10349863
Student
username:
UvA
student
(barry.kollee@student.uva.nl)
Web
of
Data
1.
What
does
the
word
Semantic
web
means?
Semantic
web
can
be
described
as
how
computers
are
linked
to
each
other
in
a
conceptual
way.
They
manage
to
talk
to
one
and
another
by
using
a
common
language
which
results
in
an
appropriate
way
of
sending
and
retrieving
data.
All
the
data
from
the
web
(text,
images,
video,
sound
etc.)
is
organized
by
using
keywords
and
paths
(URI’s).
The
ideal
goal
for
a
‘Semantic
web’
is
to
be
able
to
share
information
easily
with
different
computers
so
that
the
paths
and
indexes
would
become
‘Machine
readable’.
By
using
this
methodology
we
should
be
able
to
link
all
data,
which
is
available
on
the
web,
to
one
and
another
which
enables
data
sharing
to
all
kinds
of
services.
So
the
goal
of
Semantic
web
is
to
“make
the
web
more
accessible
to
computers”.
2.
Why
is
automatic
reuse
and
data
interoperability
on
the
web
difficult?
The
web
it
not
just
a
Semantic
web.
Applications
on
the
web
need
information
to
work
with.
Because
our
information
systems
are
keeping
their
data
to
themselves
we’re
unable
to
link
them.
Applications
use
different
formats,
structures,
vocabularies
and
have
a
different
way
of
giving
meaning
to
certain
values.
We
already
try
to
let
the
web
share
their
information
easier.
We
do
that
by
using
different
API’s
and/or
give
structure
to
our
work
by
using
common
languages
which
are
defined
as
standards.
But
still
there
remains
a
translation
or
index-­‐bridge
throughout
these
information
systems.
3.
Why
is
DBpedia
a
hub
in
the
Web
of
Data?
DBpedia
gives
us
the
opportunity
to
create
new
links
to
all
this
information
on
the
web.
DBpedia
is
able
to
link
data,
which
gives
us
a
way
to
communicate
and
share
data
with
other
datasets
and
ontologies.
With
this
in
mind
we
could
make
a
reference
from
a
‘squirrel’
to
a
‘swimming
pool’.
1
4.
What
are
the
four
rules
of
linked
data
?
There
aren’t
actual
rules
for
linking
data
but
it’s
more
that
they
can
be
described
as
behaviors.
However
we
can
state
that
not
keeping
us
to
these
‘rules’
would
disable
us
to
make
data
interconnected.
1. Use
URL’s
as
names
for
things.
All
data
on
the
web
is
being
placed
on
a
unique
addressee.
The
naming
conventions
of
these
data
files/paths
is
really
important
so
that
you
can
easily
refer
to
it.
2. Use
HTTP
URL’s
so
that
people
can
look
up
those
names.
The
main
goal
for
this
rule
is
that
we
apply
standards
to
our
URL’s
(addresses
of
data)
so
that
they
are
accessible
more
easily.
1
Berners-­‐Lee.,
(2006),
http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html

2. 3. When
someone
looks
up
a
URL,
provide
useful
information,
using
the
standards
4. Include
links
to
other
URL’s,
so
that
they
can
discover
more
things.
This
rule
is
all
about
linking
data
to
the
web.
5.
Pick
and
investigate
four
other
datasets
from
http://linkeddata.org.
Briefly,
describe
what
kind
of
data
the
dataset
describes.
LinkedMDB
This
dataset
it’s
goal
is
to
build
a
Semantic
web
for
video’s.
It
includes
a
large
number
of
interlinks
to
several
datasets
on
the
open
data
could
and
references
to
related
web
pages.
GovTrack
GovTrack
is
a
helper
for
public
research
about
the
United
States
Congress
and
the
state
legislatures.
Their
goal
is
to
give
government
transparency
and
to
innovate
their
government
with
this
transparency.
Berkeley
BOP
(BBOB)
Our
group
is
focused
on
the
development,
use,
and
integration
of
ontologies
into
biological
data
analysis.
We
invite
you
to
learn
more
about
our
projects
and
people.
Jamendo
Jamendo
is
a
dataset
of
Creative
Commons
licensed
music,
based
in
France.
It
publishes
a
set
of
URL’s
with
an
RDF
representation
holding
links
to
external
datasets.
6.
For
each
of
the
four
datasets
you
selected,
list
a
scheme
or
ontology
used
by
that
dataset.
Are
there
ontologies
that
are
commonly
used?
LinkedMDB
• Actor
• Performance
• Writer
GovTrack
(searching
for
politicians)
• State
• Addresse
• Zip
code
Berkeley
BOB
(BBOB)
• malaria_ontology
• plant_environment:
Jamendo
• nameOfArtist
• nameOfSong

3. There
could
probably
be
lots
of
commonly
used
ontologies.
However
these
datasets
are
not
that
alike
and/or
the
same
naming
convention
could
mean
something
else
(Homonyms).
We
could
state
that
(for
example)
‘nameOfArtist’
could
also
be
available
inside
the
LinkedMDB
and
Jamendo
database.
However
the
meaning
of
Artist
could
differ
between
the
movie
dataset
(LinkedMDB)
and
the
music
dataset
(Jamendo).
However
in
some
cases
they
could
refer
to
the
same
class.
For
example
if
you
would
search
for
‘nameOfArtist’
in
both
Jamendo
and
LinkedMDB
we
could
get
an
actor
who
is
also
a
musician
(i.e.
Will
Smith).
7.
What
is
the
relation
between
RDF,
RDFS
and
OWL?
RDF
RDF
is
a
standard
model
for
data
sharing
throughout
the
web
and
describes
a
data
model.
‘RDF
extends
the
linking
structure
of
the
Web
to
use
URIs
to
name
the
relationship
between
things
as
well
as
the
two
ends
of
the
link’
Using
this
simple
model,
it
allows
structured
and
semi-­‐structured
data
to
be
mixed,
exposed,
and
shared
across
different
2
applications.’
RDFS
RDFS
are
vocabularies
for
describing
ontologies
in
RDF.
A
developer
can
use
RDFS
to
give
meaning
to
vocabularies.
By
using
RDFS
we
can
in
stead
refer
to
just
to
individual
object
to
a
certain
class.
OWL
Owl
is
an
ontology
language
where
you
can
describe
how
data
is
linked
together
and
you
can
set
certain
constraints
and
restrictions
on
this
data.
I.e.
that
a
parent
could
only
have
one
child.
This
enables
us
to
give
more
specified
information
about
a
certain
object.
The
relation
between
these
above
three
is
that
they
describe
a
data
model.
They
are
distinguished
by
each
other
because
one
model
is
more
specific
then
the
other
or
in
a
is
describing
data
in
a
different
way.
34
8.
What
is
RDFa
(Resource
Sescription
Framework
in
attributes)
?
RDFa
is
a
specification
for
attributes
to
be
used
with
languages
such
as
HTML
and
XHTML
to
express
structured
data
and
it’s
a
tool
for
HTML
authors
to
link
data
together
in
a
structural
manner.
These
authors
are
able
to
add
a
set
of
attribute-­‐level
extensions
to
HTML,
XHTML
and
XML.
An
example
of
a
goal
of
this
usage
is
when
you
order
a
concert
ticket
and
you’ll
have
it
scheduled
in
your
agenda
right
away.
If
you
would
zoom
in
to
all
our
data
and
would
give
taqs
and
hints
for
our
computer
programs
then
this
would
become
very
helpful
because
they
start
to
understand
the
data
it’s
structure.
9.
What
is
the
relationship
between
the
Facebook
Open
Graph
Protocol
5
and
RDFa?
They
both
are
defining
the
action
or
path
that
the
data
should
be
linked
to.
So
links
are
being
created
to
the
properties
of
a
certain
user.
Also
mobile
applications
can
create
new
links
to
the
exisiting
facebook
web
by
creating
links
to
the
facebook
Open
Graph.
We
also
create
links
with
RDFa
to
certain
objects
by
giving
taqs
and
hints
in
the
2
http://www.w3.org/RDF/
3
http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-­‐rdfa-­‐primer/
4
http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/CR-­‐rdfa-­‐syntax-­‐20080620/
5
http://developers.facebook.com/docs/opengraph/

4. created
HTML.
10.
Can
you
consider
a
data
dictionary
an
ontology?
No,
because
a
dictionary
has
got
objects
and
the
meaning
of
these
objects,
but
their
not
linked
to
each
other.
Every
objects
defines
itself
and
is
not
referring
or
saying
something
about
other
data
parts.
However
a
CMS
(or
program
alike)
should
be
able
to
give
meaning
(properties)
to
all
our
objects
and
could
possible
be
able
to
link
objects
to
one
and
another.
RDF(S)
6
1.
Name
four
different
syntaxes
for
RDF.
• Turtle
• RDFa
• RDF-­‐XML
• Notation
3
(n3)
2.
What
is
the
difference
between
the
data
models
of
RDF
and
XML?
Within
XML
there
is
no
definition
of
the
data
that
is
listed.
And
within
RDF
there
is.
That’s
because
RDF
is
a
data
model
and
not
a
data
format.
3.
What
is
the
relation
between
RDF
and
RDFS?
7
‘RDF
is
a
universal
language
that
lets
users
describe
resources
in
their
own
vocabularies’.
So
they
both
describe
a
resources.
4.
What
information
of
a
class
can
RDFS
describe?
And
what
information
8
of
a
property?
Class
• Rdfs:Resource,
the
class
of
all
resources
• Rdfs:Class,
the
class
of
all
classes
• Rdfs:Literal,
the
call
of
all
literals
(strings)
• Rdf:Property,
the
class
of
all
properties
• Rdf:Statement,
the
class
of
all
reified
statements
Properties
• Rdf:type,
relates
a
resource
to
it’s
class
• Rdfs:subClassOf,
which
relates
a
class
to
one
of
its
superclasses
• Rdfs:subPropertyOf,
relates
a
property
to
one
of
its
superproperties
• Rdfs:domain,
which
specifies
the
domain
of
a
property
• Rdfs:range
6
http://www.w3.org/TeamSubmission/n3/
7
http://ids.snu.ac.kr/w/images/8/85/WEC_2009_RDF_RDFS.pdf
8
http://ids.snu.ac.kr/w/images/8/85/WEC_2009_RDF_RDFS.pdf

5. 5.
Give
two
example
inferences
that
you
can
draw
in
RDFS,
using
IF-­‐
THEN
rules
(for
each
rule,
give
the
antecedents
and
conclusion).
1. IF
PvdA
owl:sameAs
VVD
Barry
voted
VVD
THEN
Barry
voted
PvdA
2. IF
Human
owl:sameAs
Person
Barry
isA
Person
THEN
Barry
isA
Human
Ontology
This
assignment
has
been
made
together
with
Eric
de
Rijcke
(Vu
studentID:
2523479).
The
domain
we
have
chosen
for
is
‘common
food’.
RDFS
scheme
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns# > .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# > .
@prefix ex: <http://www.example.org/> .
@prefix food: <http://www.example.org/food/> .
ex:Vegetables rdfs:subClassOf ex:Holland .
ex:Candy rdfs:subClassOf ex:Holland .
ex:Kale rdf:type ex:Vegetables .
ex:Endive rdf:type ex:Vegetables .
ex:Stroopwaffle rdf:type ex:Candy .
ex:Drop rdf:type ex:Candy .
food:typical rdfs:range ex:Holland .
ex:FoodOfCountry food:typical ex:Japan .
Validation
Confirmation

6.
Diagram