The Globe Division

2. Willy Brandt (the German Chancellor) in 1980 - proposed the
Brandt line, created a partition between the ‘developed’ North
and ‘developing’ South.
The Brandt Line, also known as the North-South divide, it is a
divisionary line which simply separates the rich countries in the
North from the poor countries in the South.
The North-South divide – is broadly considered a socio-
economic and political divide.

3. It encircles the world
at latitude of 30°N. It
crosses North and
Central America, North
of Africa and India,
and then it goes down
towards the South,
placing Australia and
New Zealand above
the line.

4. Global North – defined as the richer, more developed region.
* Has enough food and shelter.
* Mostly covers the West and the First World, along with much
of the Second World. (United States, Canada, Western, Europe,
as well as Australia and New Zealand)
* Capitalist economies were considered First World and
socialist economies were referred to as Second World.
* In economic terms – with one quarter of the world population
–controls four-fifths of the income earned anywhere in the world.

5. Global South – is a term that has been emerging in the
transnational and postcolonial studies to refer to what may also
called the “Third World” (i.e., Africa, Latin America, and the
developing countries in Asia).
* Third World – the category was used to refer to countries that
were neither capitalist nor socialist.
* the term was also used to refer to the poor world.
* In economic terms – with three quarters of world populations-
has access to one-fifth of the world income.

6. Global South –
* lacks appropriate technology
* has no political stability, the economies are disarticulated,
and their foreign exchange earnings depend on primary product
exports.
 As the nations become economically developed , they may
become part of the “North”, regardless of geographical location;
similarly, any nations that do not qualify for “developed’ status
are in effect deemed to be part of the “South”.

7.  How the “Third World” became the Global South”
The world was largely divided into several empires in the 19th century
(by A. Heelblod 2007). Each empire possessed a civilized and peripheries
that were more or less primitive or even “barbaric”. It is unlikely the citizens
of what is now often called the “Global North” (“developed” or high-income
countries) would have given much thought to the inhabitants of what was
to become known as the Third World, and now, the Global South, also
called “developing or low-income countries.
Most people in the Third World, though rules by European colonies,
lived far from global sources of economic, political, and military power.

8. 1. Colonialism
* Colonial Powers exploited the natural resources of their colonies,
forming patterns of trade that richly benefited the European nations at the
expense of the colonies themselves.
* The colonies’ population provided a cheap pool of workers for
performing labour intensive tasks.
* While some colonial projects sought justifications on
humanitarian grounds, they were more often hall marked by coercion and
inhumane treatment.
* Allen (2000b: 164) states that in 1995 65 out of 79 countries
experiencing war or political violence were underdeveloped.

9. 2. International Causes
* Unfair trading practices - The system of international trade
developed under imperialism, whereby developing countries export
cheap raw materials and import expensive finished products
persists to this day.
* Insufficient aid – Another fault of the international
community is the unacceptable level of aid provision. According to
the World Bank, who estimate that the reallocation of existing aid
flows to poor countries with sound management would lift 18
million more annually out of poverty (World Bank, 1998:16).

10. 3. Education
* This stems from the fact that lack of education leads to
other poor practices, such as unprotected sex or poor land
cultivation.
4. Health
* Sickness reduces productivity and thus reduces national
output.
* Families are often forced to sell their productive assets to
fund the cost of medication.

11. * High child mortality rates causes parents to have more
children, which adds an added cost burden to them.
* Disease scares off tourists and investors, valuable sorces of
income.
5. Opportunity
* Markets are the primary source of economic activity, but
factor and product markets are virtually non-existent in many least
developed countries (LDCs).

12. 6. Empowerment – means enhancing the capacity of poor people
to influence the state institutions that affect their lives’ (World Bank,
2001:38)
* Effective policies rely on the institutions charged with their
implementation.
7. Security
* Enhancing security for poor people means reducing their
vulnerability to such risks as ill health, economic shocks, and natural
disasters and helping them cope with the adverse shocks when they
occur.

13.  Regions – “a group of countries located in the same
geographically specified area” or are “an amalgamation of two
regions (or) a combination of more than two regions”
organized to regulate and “oversee flows and policy choices.”
 Regionalization – the growth of societal integration within a
region and to the often undirected processes of social and
economic interaction.
 Regionalism – a political process characterized by economic
policy cooperation and coordination among countries.

14. Countries form regional associations for several reasons.
1. Military defense – The most widely known defense grouping is the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) formed during the Cold War
when several Western European countries plus the United States
agreed to protect European against the treat of the Soviet Union.
2. To pool their resources, get better returns for their exports, as well as
expand their leverage against trading partners.
3. Form regional blocs to protect their independence from the pressures
of superpower politics.
4. Finally, economic crisis compels countries to come together.

15.  Asian Regionalism - is the product of economic interaction,
not political planning. As a result, outward oriented growth
strategies, Asian economies have grown not only richer, but
also closer together.

16. Regionalism versus Globalization
• As to nature – globalization promotes the integration of
economics across state borders all around the world but
regionalization is precisely the opposite because it is dividing an
area into smaller segments.
• As to market – globalization allows many companies to trade
on international level so it allows free market but in regionalized
system, monopolies are likely to develop.

17. • As to cultural and societal relations – globalization accelerate
to multiculturalism by free and inexpensive movement of people
but regionalization does not support this.
• As to aid – globalization international community is also more
willing to come to the aid of a country stricken by a natural
disaster but a regionalized system does not get involved in the
affairs of other areas.
• As to technological advances – globalization has driven great
advances in technology but advanced technology is rarely
available in one country or region.

18.  Regional integration - is a process in which neighboring
states enter into an agreement in order to upgrade cooperation
through common institutions and rules.
 Intra-regional trade - refers to trade which focuses on
economic exchange primarily between countries of the same
region or economic zone.