NISO/DCMI Webinar: International Bibliographic Standards, Linked Data, and the Impact on Library Cataloging

1. Interna'onal Bibliographic Standards, Linked Data, and the Impact on Library Cataloging Gordon Dunsire A NISO/DCMI Webinar 24 August 2011

2. Abstract   The Interna'onal Federa'on of Library Associa'ons and Ins'tu'ons (IFLA) is responsible for the development and maintenance of Interna'onal Standard Bibliographic Descrip'on (ISBD), UNIMARC, and the "Func'onal Requirements" family for bibliographic records (FRBR), authority data (FRAD), and subject authority data (FRSAD). ISBD underpins the MARC family of formats used by libraries world-‐wide for many millions of catalog records, while FRBR is a rela'vely new model op'mized for users and the digital environment. These metadata models, schemas, and content rules are now being expressed in the Resource Descrip'on Framework language for use in the Seman'c Web.   This webinar provides a general update on the work being undertaken. It describes the development of an Applica'on Profile for ISBD to specify the sequence, repeatability, and mandatory status of its elements. It discusses issues involved in deriving linked data from legacy catalogue records based on monolithic and mul'-‐ part schemas following ISBD and FRBR, such as the duplica'on which arises from copy cataloging and FRBRiza'on. The webinar provides prac'cal examples of deriving high-‐quality linked data from the vast numbers of records created by libraries, and demonstrates how a shiZ of focus from records to linked-‐data triples can provide more efficient and effec've user-‐centered resource discovery services.

3. IFLA standards  RDF representa'ons of standards for “universal” bibliographic control are being developed  “FR” (Func'onal Requirements) family of models  For Bibliographic Records (FRBR)  For Authority Data (FRAD)  For Subject Authority Data (FRSAD)  Interna'onal Standard Bibliographic Descrip'on (ISBD)  Record structure and content  UNIMARC  Encoding for ISBD records (Bibliographic) and FRAD (Authori'es)

4. Representa'on in RDF  En''es => RDF classes  E.g. FRBR “Person”  Abributes, tags, (sub)ﬁelds, rela'onships => RDF proper'es  E.g. ISBD “'tle proper”  E.g. UNIMARC “200 $a” ('tle proper)  E.g. FRBR “'tle of the manifesta'on”  Controlled term values => SKOS vocabularies  E.g. ISBD Area 0 (content and media type)

5. FR family  Each model has its own namespace  To reﬂect historical development  Re-‐using earlier RDF elements  Consolidated model under development  Being informed by analysis of RDF representa'on  FRBR RDF published  FRBRer (en'ty-‐rela'onship) ontology  Namespace elements plus OWL  FRBRoo (object-‐oriented)  Extension of CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model  FRAD and FRSAD imminent  tba

6. ISBD  Element set and vocabularies for content and media types  Namespace now published  DC Applica'on Proﬁle in development  Models the ISBD record  What proper'es (ﬁelds)  Mandatory? Repeatable?  Aggregated statements  Sub-‐elements and punctua'on

7. ISBD AP snippet <!-‐-‐ Area 0 is mandatory and non-‐repeatable-‐-‐> <StatementTemplate ID="hasContentFormAndMediaTypeArea" minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="1" type="nonliteral"> <Property>hbp://iﬂastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/P1158</Property> <!-‐-‐ Area 0 is an aggregated statement with SES -‐-‐> <NonLiteralConstraint descrip'onTemplateRef="DThasContentFormAndMediaTypeArea"> <ValueStringConstraint> <SyntaxEncodingScheme>hbp://iﬂastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/C2003 </SyntaxEncodingScheme> </ValueStringConstraint> </NonLiteralConstraint> </StatementTemplate>

8. UNIMARC  Proposal for RDF representa'on made at IFLA 2011  hbp://conference.ifla.org/sites/default/files/files/ papers/ifla77/187-‐dunsire-‐en.pdf  Outcome of discussions with Permanent UNIMARC Commibee  tba

9. Other library standards in RDF (1)  RDA: resource descrip'on and access  Content standard based on FR models  Reﬁnes the FR proper'es  Many more controlled vocabularies than AACR  MODS/MADS (Metadata Object/Authority Descrip'on Schema)  Metadata structure based on MARC21  RDF representa'on just beginning ...

10. Other library standards in RDF (2)  BIBO: Bibliographic Ontology  Classes and proper'es for cita'ons and bibliographic references  DCMI Metadata Terms (Dublin Core)  High-‐level common-‐denominator classes and proper'es for memory ins'tu'on metadata  Lots of controlled vocabularies  LCSH, DDC summaries, RDA vocabularies, etc.

11. From record to triples (in 9 stages)  Very large numbers of records  Catalogue records, ﬁnding aids, etc.  300 million; 1 billion?  High quality metadata  In comparison with other communi'es  Each record may generate many triples  30 “raw” triples (no inferences) per MARC record?  Very, very large numbers of triples  Billions? Trillions?

12. 1. Take a record Field/a(ribute Value Record ID 54321 Title Museum archives: an introduc'on Author Wythe, Deborah Date 2004 LCSH Museum archives Media/GMD Electronic Content form Text

13. 2. Disaggregate to single statements Record A(ribute Value 54321 (has) 'tle Museum archives: an introduc'on 54321 (has) author Wythe, Deborah 54321 (has) date 2004 54321 (has) LCSH Museum archives 54321 (has) media type Electronic 54321 (has) content form Text

14. 3. Create URI for record  Must be unique, so 54321 no good on its own  hbp URIs are a good thing (W3C)  So add record ID to a unique hbp domain  E.g. hbp://MyLibraryX.com (unique to the library)  + 54321   hbp://MyLibraryX.com/54321  (or hbp://MyLibraryX.com#54321)  This is not a URL!

15. 4. Replace record ID with URI URI A(ribute Value mlx:54321 (has) 'tle Museum archives: an introduc'on mlx:54321 (has) author Wythe, Deborah mlx:54321 (has) date 2004 mlx:54321 (has) LCSH Museum archives mlx:54321 (has) media type Electronic mlx:54321 (has) content form Text “mlx” = qname (xmlns) = shorthand for “hbp://MyLibraryX.com/”

16. 5. Find URIs for abributes  Abributes are modelled as RDF proper'es (predicates) in “element set” namespaces  E.g. Dublin Core terms (dct); ISBD (isbd); FRBR (frbrer); RDA (rdaxxx); Bibliographic Ontology (bibo); etc.  Choose a namespace, ﬁnd property with same (or closest) “meaning” (e.g. deﬁni'on) as abribute  Nearest property minimises loss of informa'on  Get URI for property  If no suitable property, choose another namespace  Proper'es do not have to come from single namespace  Match and mix!

17. 5 (cont). Find URI for 'tle  hbp://purl.org/dc/terms/'tle (dct:'tle)  hbp://iﬂastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/ P1014 (isbd:P1014)  hasTitleProper  hbp://RDVocab.info/Elements/'tleProper (rdaGR1:'tleProper)

18. 5 (cont). Find URI for author  dct:creator  rdarole:author  (isbd does not cover “headings”)

19. 5 (cont). Find URI for date  dct:date  isbd:P1018  hasDateOfPublica'onProduc'onDistribu'on  rdaGr1:dateOfPublica'on

20. 5 (cont). Find URI for LCSH  LCSH is a subject vocabulary  Controlled terms  So abribute is really “subject”  And the term itself is the value  dct:subject

21. 5 (cont). Find URI for media type  Assuming record uses new ISBD Area 0 ...  isbd:P1003  hasMediaType

22. 5 (cont). Find URI for content form  Assuming record uses new ISBD Area 0 ...  isbd: P1001  hasContentForm

23. 6. Replace abributes with URIs URI URI Value mlx:54321 isbd:P1014 Museum archives: an introduc'on mlx:54321 rdarole:author Wythe, Deborah mlx:54321 isbd:P1018 2004 mlx:54321 dct:subject Museum archives mlx:54321 isbd:P1003 Electronic mlx:54321 isbd:P1001 Text

24. 7. Find URIs for values  If object of a triple is a URI, it can link to the subject of another triple with the same URI  Linked data!  Values from controlled vocabularies may have URIs  Possible vocabularies: author, subject, ISBD Area 0  NOT: 'tle, date  For author: Virtual Interna'onal Authority File (VIAF)  For LCSH: Library of Congress Authori'es & Vocabularies  For ISBD Area 0: Open Metadata Registry

25. 7 (cont). Find URI for author  Author: Wythe, Deborah  VIAF: hbp://www.viaf.org/  viaf:31899419/#Wythe,+Deborah

26. 7 (cont). Find URI for subject (LCSH)  LCSH: Museum archives  LoC: hbp://id.loc.gov/authori'es/  lcsh:/sh85088707#concept

27. 7 (cont). Find URIs for ISBD Area 0  Media type: Electronic  ISBD media type  isbdmt:T1002  Content form: Text  ISBD Content form  isbdcf:T1009

28. 8. Replace values with URIs subject predicate object mlx:54321 isbd:P1014 “Museum archives: an introduc'on” mlx:54321 rdarole:author viaf:31899419/#Wythe, +Deborah mlx:54321 isbd:P1018 “2004” mlx:54321 dct:subject lcsh:/ sh85088707#concept mlx:54321 isbd:P1003 isbdmt:T1002 mlx:54321 isbd:P1001 isbdcf:T1009

32. Duplica'on and legacy records  Many copies of legacy records  Copied and amended for local use  Danger of min'ng mul'ple URIs for the same resource  Na'onal bibliographic agencies have signiﬁcant role to play  As memory/cultural ins'tu'ons  The linked-‐data memory/culture of a na'on

33. FRBRiza'on  FRBR splits record into four func'onal parts  User-‐centred func'ons  Subject of a FRBR triple is one of the parts, not the resource as a whole  But subject of ISBD triple is the resource as a whole  Class collisions can be avoided by using unbounded (no domain or range) versions of proper'es

34. A short history of the evolu'on of the library catalogue record

35. In the beginning ... Lee, T. B. Cataloguing has a future. -‐ Audio disc (Spoken word). -‐ Donated by the author. 1. Metadata ... the catalogue card

36. From flat-‐file record ... Bibliographic descrip7on Name authority Author: Lee, T. B. Name: Title: Cataloguing has a future Biography: ... Content type: Spoken word Carrier type: Audio disc Subject authority Subject: Metadata Term: Provenance: Donated by the author Defini'on: ... ... to rela'onal record

37. From flat-‐file descrip'on ... Bibliographic descrip7on Name authority Author: Name: Lee, T. B. Title: Cataloguing has a future Biography: Work ... Content type: Spoken word Author: Carrier type: Audio disc Subject authority Subject: Subject: Term: Metadata Expression Provenance: Donated by the author Defini'on: Content type: Spoken word ... Manifesta7on Item ... to FRBR record

38. From FRBR record ... Work Name authority Author: Name: Lee, T. B. Subject: Subject authority Expression Content type: Spoken word Term: Metadata Manifesta7on RDA content type Title: Cataloguing has a future Term: Carrier type: Audio disc RDA carrier type Item Donor: Provenance: Donated by the author Term: Amazon/Publisher Title: ... to ex'nc'on!

39. Where is the record?  Implicit, not explicit  Everywhere and nowhere  A seman'c Web will allow machines to create the record just-‐in-‐'me  We will not have to maintain records just-‐in-‐case  The user will have control over the presenta'on  I want to see an archive or library or museum or Amazon or Google or Flickr or ? display  And by avoiding duplica'on, we can all get on with describing new stuﬀ ...

40. The hyperdimensional (Tardis) card W3C Library Audio shop Lee, T. B. Cataloguing has a future. -‐ Audio disc (Spoken word). -‐ Donated by the author. 1. Metadata Spoken word archive Lee Museum “TARDIS four port USB hub, for oﬃce-‐bound Time Lords: Open a 'me vortex on your desk” – Pocket-‐lint

41. Metadata focus ShiZ of focus of metadata crea'on, maintenance, storage, preserva'on (by professionals, amateurs, machines) From Record To Statement(s) = triple(s) But metadata display ... ... aggregates triples (from mul'ple sources) to create records on the ﬂy

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