Introduction of Information and communication technology

1. jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gtpay;
Mr. B.Karthiban
BSc (Hons) in Computing, Executive MSc in PM, PGDE (Reading)

2. juTfSk; jfty;fSk;
NtWNtwhf vLj;J> fUj;J mspf;fg;gl Kbahj vz;fs;> nrhw;fs;> FwpaPLfs;> tiuGfs; Mfpad
juTfs; (Data) vdg;gLk;.
juTfisj; njhFg;gjd; %yKk; jahh;nra;tjd; %yKk; mu;j;jKs;s jfty;fisg; (Information)
ngwj;jf;fjhf ,Uf;Fk; mNjNtis jPu;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; mj;jfty;fs; vkf;F cjTk;.
juTfisj; jahhpg;gjw;fhd topg;gLj;jy; cs;sPL (Input) vdTk; juTfis jug;gl;l
mwpTWj;jy;fSf;Nfw;g jfty;fshf khw;Wk; nray;KiwahdJ Kiwtopahf;fk; (Processing) vdTk;
,e;j juTfisAk;> jfty;fisAk; Njf;fpitj;jy; (Storage) vdTk; jahh;nra;j jfty;fisg;
ngWjy; ntspaPL (Output) vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. ,it midj;jpdJk; nkhj;jk; njhFjp
vdg;glyhk;.
xU njhFjpapd; gpujhd njhopyhdJ juTfisg; ngWjYk; mtw;iwj; jahh; nra;tJk;
Njf;fpitg;gJk; NjitahdNghJ Njitahd jfty;is toq;FtJk; MFk;.

3. cjhuzk; - 1
ghlrhiyj; jtizg; ghPl;irapd; ,Wjpapy; tFg;Gg; gps;isfspd; ngah;fisAk; Gs;spfisAk; NtWNtwhf
vLf;Fk;NghJ
utp 78> 90> 79> 67> 76> 78: hp];thd; 87> 70> 80> 75> 80> 80: fpwrhd; 76> 78> 67> 80> 79> 76. Nkw;Fwpj;j
Gs;spfspD}lhff; fUj;ijg; ngwKbahjhifahy; ,g;ngah;fisAk; Gs;spfisAk; ml;ltizg;gLj;jyhk;
,t;tl;ltizapypUe;J gps;isfspd; Gs;spfs; gw;wpa jfty;fs; njhpfpd;wd. vdpDk; ,j;jfty;fs; xU Kbtpw;F
tUtjw;Fg; Nghjpadthf ,y;yhjpUf;fyhk;. ,t;tl;ltizg;gLj;jpa Gs;spfisf; fzpg;Gf;F cl;gLj;jyhk;.
,g;NghJ Mrphpah; ,t;tl;ltizapD}lhfj; Njitahd jfty;fisg; ngwyhk; vd;gij ePq;fs; tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;tPh;fs;
mjhtJ> xt;nthU gps;isapdJk; nkhj;jg; Gs;spfs; mth;fSila ruhrhpg; Gs;spfs;> mth;fs; ghlj;jy;
nfhz;Ls;s jpwik> epiy vd;gd gw;wpa jfty;fshfk;. ,t;thW ngw;w jfty;fs; Mrphpah; jPh;khdk;
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jit.

4. cjhuzk;; - 2
juT> jftypw;F ,ilNaahd NtWghl;il ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fg; gpd;tUk; cUf;fisf; fUJNthk;

5. xU njhFjpapd; $Wfs;
md;W Ngidia my;yJ ngd;rpiy my;yJ NtNwhh; cgfuzj;ijf; nfhz;L juTfisr; Nrfhpj;j kdpjd;
,d;W fzpdpfisg; gad;gLj;jpj; juTfisj; jahh; nra;fpd;whd;.
njhFjp vd;gJ xU Fwpj;j gzpia epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhfr; rpy $Wfis xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlh;ghfr;
nraw;gLj;jyhFk;.
fzpzp ehk; toq;Fk; juTfis vkJ fl;lisfSf;Nfw;gj; jahhpj;J vkf;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fisj;
Njitahd tpjj;jpy; toq;Ffpd;wJ. vdNt fzpdp xU njhFjpahf mwpKfk; nra;ayhk.;

6. cjhuzk; - 1
tq;fpj; njhFjpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jhdpaq;Fk; fhrhs; nghwp (ATM)
,q;F tq;fp ml;ilj;jhs; ATM nghwpf;Fs;Ns GFj;jg;gLk;NghJ juT Kiwtopahf;fk; eilngw;W>
fzf;Fj; njhlh;ghd jfty;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd.

7. cjhuzk; - 2
tuit mwpf;ifapLtjw;F epWtfj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpuy; milahsg; nghwp

8. cjhuzk; - 3
nra;jpj;jhs;fspYk; rQ;rpiffspYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; QR FwpKiw (QR Code)
nry;Ngrp (Smartpjone) %yk; tUba gpd;dh; (Scan) mjD}lhf ,izaj;Jld; njhlh;GgLj;Jtjd;
%yk; mt;twptpj;jy; gw;wpa Nkyjpfj; jfty;fis me;epWtfj;jpd; tiyj;jsj;jpypUe;J ngwyhk;.

9. cjhuzk; - 4
re;ijj; jfty;fis Kiwtopg;gLj;jy;
Nkw;Fwpj;j cjhuzq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wthW juTfisj; jahhpg;gjw;fhf xU fzpdp my;yJ
fzpdpg;gLj;jpa xU nghwp gad;gLj;jg;gLfps;wJ vd;gJk; mjd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; jfty;fs;
jPh;khdq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd;gJk; njspthFk;.

10. ,J ePq;fs; thq;Fk; rpy nghUs;fspd;
nghjpAiwapy; fhzg;gLk; cUtkhFk;. ,J
gl;ilf; FwpKiw (Barcode) MFk;. ePq;fs;
nghUis thq;Fk;NghJ th;j;jf epWtdj;jpdhy;
gl;ilf; FwpKiw thrpg;ghd; (Barcode Reader)
%yk; ,e;j vz; Nrhjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,J ePq;fs; thq;Fk; my;yJ E}yfj;jpypUe;J
ngWk; rpy Gj;jfq;fspd; gpw;gf;fj;jpy;
fhzg;gLk;. ,J ISBN (rh;tNjr epakg;Gj;jf
vz;) MFk;.

11. gz;gwp jftypd; ,ay;Gfs; cjhuzk;
nghUj;jk;
xUtUila cau; fy;tpj; jifikfisf; fhl;lj;
Njitahd xU re;jh;g;gj;jpy; Kjyhz;bypUe;J ngw;w fy;tp
tpguq;fis Kd;itj;jy; mtrpakd;W
vy;yh mk;rq;fSk; ,Uj;jy;
xU ehl;bd; Ms;tPj tUkhdj;ijf; fzpg;gjw;Fr; rpwpa
Fotpd; jfty;fis khj;jpuk; ngWjy; Nghjpajd;W.
G+uzkw;w jfty;fs; jtwhd jPh;khdq;fSf;F toptFf;Fk;
nrk;ik
xU Nehahsp gw;wpj; jtwhd jfty;fis xU kUj;Jthplk;
toq;fpdhy; Nehahspf;F Mgj;jhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
fhyj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhf ,Uj;jy;
jfty;fs; vg;NghJk; ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.,d;W
ngWk; thdpiy mwpf;iffs; ehisa nraw;ghLf;s gw;wpj;
jPh;khdpf;fg; nghUj;jkhditay;y
fpuak; ,optsthjy;
xU epWtdj;jpd; ,yhg ciog;Gfis tpUj;jp nra;a
Njitahd jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhs;S Kd;ghfr; Nrfupf;f
vjph;ghh;f;Fk; jfty;fSf;fhf mjpf msT fpuaj;ijj;
NeupLk; ,J epWtfj;jpw;F Vw;gLk; el;lkhFk;.

12. jfty;> njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gtpaypd; gpuNahfq;fs;

13. kpd;durhq;fk;
(e – Government)

14. G2C
( Government to Citizens)
ehl;L kf;fSf;fhf
G2G
(Government to Government)
NtW murhq;fq;fSf;F
G2B
(Government to Business)
tpahghuq;fSf;F
G2E
(Government to Employee)
njhopyhsh;fSf;F
 murhq;f epWtfg;
ngah;gl;bay;
 ,yq;ifg; glk;  ,ilr; nraw;ghl;Lr;
Nritfs;
 gbtq;fs;
 murhq;f epWtfq;fs;  cy;yhrg; gazpfSf;fhd
cjtpfs;
 gzf; nfhLg;gdTr;
Nritfs;.
 th;j;jkhdp
 rpl;ilf; nfhLg;gdTr;
Nrit
 murhq;fr; rl;lq;fs;.  tq;fpj; jfty;fs;  Rw;WepUgq;fs;
 ,ilr; nraw;ghl;Lr;
Nrit
 ,yq;ifr; Rq;f tpguq;fs;  tpahguq;fisg; gjpT
nra;jy;
 fld; trjpfs; gw;wpa
tpguq;fs;
 thfd cj;juTr;
rPl;Lfisg; GJg;gpj;jy;
 ,yq;ifapd; mofhd
,lq;fs;.
 tpahghuq;fQk;
KjyPLfSk;
 murhq;fj; jfty;
epiyar; Nritfs;  jhspfh; mYtyfqlfSk;
tPrh trjpfs; gw;wpa
tptuq;fSk;.
 th;j;jf mikaj;
jfty;fs;
 murpayikg;G
 ,yq;ifg; glq;fs;

15. fy;tpAk; jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gtpaYk;

16. tFg;giwapy;
fzpdp njhlh;ghd
epfo;j;Jiffs;
(Presentation)
ghpNrhjidfSld;
xspAUf; (Video)
fhl;rpfs;.
tFg;giwapy; ,izaj;jpD}lhff; fy;tpj;
jfty;fisr; Nrfhpj;jy;
ahjhapdk; Xh; ,lj;jy; ahjhapDk; xU
Nejj;jy; fy;tpiag; ngWjy;
CD-ROM Clfj;jpy;
jftw; fw;if
fzpdp njhlh;ghd eph;khzpg;Gfs;
(glq;fisAk; xspAUf;fisAk; jahh;
nra;jy;)
rQ;rpiffs;> fl;Liufs;> Mtzq;fs;
Mfpatw;iwj; jahhpj;jyYk;
mr;rpLjYk; fy;tprhh; tpisahl;Lfs;.

17. ve;jNthh; ,lj;jpYk; ve;jnthU Neuj;jpYk; fy;tpiag; ngWjy;
e.jf;ryht
www.e-thaksalawa.moe.gov.lk
tiyg; ghlrhiy
www.edulanka.lk
mwptfk;
www.nenasala.lk
tpJ kq;ngj
www.vidumanpetha.com
ck;kplj;jpy; fzpdp> ,iza trjpfs; ,Ue;jhy; tPl;byUe;J my;yJ NtW trjpahd ,lj;jy;
Njitahd Neuj;jpy; fy;tpiag; ngayhk;.

18. MrpupaUf;Ff; fw;gpf;f cjTjy;
tpthpg;gjw;Ff; fbdkhd
ghlq;fSf;fhf thpg;glq;fisAk;
xspAUf; fhl;rpfisAk; fhl;ly;
kpd; Kd;itg;gig; gad;gLj;jpg; ghlj;jpy;
fth;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jYk; xg;gilfis
toq;fYk;
fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;jg; ghlf;
Fwpg;Gfisj; jahhpj;jy;
,izaj;jpd; %yk; ghlj;jpw;F chap
jfty;fisg; ngWjy;
Mrphpah; ghlrhiyapy; xU fw;wy; Jizahfj; jfty;> njhlh;ghly; njhopDl;gtpaiy mjpfk; mstpy; gad;gLj;j
NehpLfpd;wJ

19. fw;wy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
gy ehLfspy; ghlrhiyf; fy;tp Kfhikf;fk; cah; fy;tp Kfhikf;Fkhff; fw;wy; Kfhikj; njhFjp (Learning
Management System – LMS) gad;gLj;jg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;. ,j;njhJjpAld; ,iztjw;F ,iza trjpfs;
,Uf;f Ntz;ba mNjNtis ghlrhiy my;yJ epEtdk; tiyj; jsj;jpy; gjpT nrjpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

20. gy ehLfspy; ghlrhiyf; fy;tp Kfhikf;fk; cah; fy;tp Kfhikf;Fk; fw;wy; Kfhikj; njhFjp
gad;gLj;jg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;. ,j;njhFjpAld; njhlh;GgLtjw;F ,iza trjpfs; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ghlrhiy
my;yJ epWtfk; tiyj;jsj;jpy; gjpTnraljpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.. mq;F cs;s rpy trjpfis ,t;thW fhl;lyhk;.
khztDf;F Kfhikj;Jiwf;F
ghlrhiyapy; my;yJ tPl;by; my;yJ trjpahd Xh; ,lj;jpy;
ahjhapDk; xU Neuj;jpy; fw;wy; myFfSld;
njhlh;GgLtjw;fhd Mw;wy;
KfhikapD}lhfg; gz;Grhh; fw;wy; myFj; njhFjpAld;
mizjy;
ghlrhiy xg;gilfis tPl;by; nra;J Kbj;Fg; gjpNtw;wQ;
nra;tjw;fhd (Upload) Mw;wy;
nraw;ghLfis Nkw;ghh;it nra;jYk; ngW NgWfisf; fhl;lYk;
Kd;wq;fSld; njhlh;gLtjd; %yk; gpur;rpidfis
Kd;itj;jy;> fUj;Jfisf; fhl;ly;> tpilfisg;
ngWtjw;fhd Mw;wy;
khzth;> Mrphpah;fs;> ghlrhiyj; jfty; KfhijAk;
,w;iwg;gLj;Fk; Mw;wYk;
xspAU fhl;rpfspd; %yk; ,izg;ghltpjhdr; nraw;ghLfSld;
njhlh;GgLtjw;;fhd Mw;wy;
 kd;wq;fSld; njhlhlGgLtjd; %yk; fUj;Jfisf; fhl;ly;>
gjpy;fisg; ngQtjw;fhd Mw;wy;
 ghlNtisfis NtWgLj;jf; fhlLtjw;Fr; Rakhf fzpdp
njhFjpiag; gad;gLj;jy;
ngw;Nwhh;fs; gps;isfspd; fy;tp Kd;Ndw;w;j;ij tPl;bypUe;Nj
mwpe;J nfhs;sj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;
kpd;dQ;rypd; %yk; ngw;Nwhh;fs;> ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk;>
ghlrhiyr; rKjhaj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fis mDg;gy;
jfty;fisg; ngWtjd; trjp.
fw;wy;

21. vy;NyhUk; cah; fy;tpia miltjw;fhd Mw;wy;
jfty;> njhlh;ghly; njhopDl;gtpaypd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jld; ve;jnthU ehl;bypUe;Jk; xUth; jdf;F
tpUg;gjhdthW xU fy;tp epWtfj;Jld; njhlh;GgLtjD}lhf kpff; Fiwe;j nryTld; cah;
ghlnewpiaf; fw;fyhk;. mJ njhiyf; fy;tp (Online Distance Learning) vdg;gLk;.
jpdrup Neu#rp ,y;yhj mNjNtis Xh; ,yFthd ,lj;jpypUe;J fy;tpiaf; fw;f KbAk;.
ghlnewpf;Fg; gjpTnra;ifapy; toq;Fk; ,Yf;fKiw E}yfj; njhlh;Gilik> epfo;epoy (Online) xg;gilfs;>
tpdhf;nfhj;Jfs;> epfo;epiyahf MrphpaUld; njhlh;GgLtjw;fhd trjpfs;> Mnyhrisr; Nrit trjpfs;>
Mnyhridr; Nrit trjpfs; Mfpatw;iwg; ngaj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;

22. Rfhjhuj; Jiwapy; jfty; njhlh;ghly; njhopDl;gtpay;

23. vkJ Rfhjhuj;ijg; NgZtjpy; jfty;> njhlh;ghly; njhopDl;gtpay; vkf;Fg; gy re;jh;g;gq;fspy;
cjTfpwJ mtw;wpy; rpy re;jh;g;gw;fisg; gpd;tUkhW fhl;LNthk;.
mWitr; rpfpr;irf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
xspAUf; fhl;rpfisg; ngwj;jf;f fkuh
cs;s cgfuzq;fs;
kUj;Jth;fSf;Fk; jhjpfSf;Fk;
gapw;rpaspg;gjw;Fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; etPd
cgfuzq;fs;
jfty;fisAk; kUj;Jt mwpf;ifisAk;
ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; mtw;iw mr;rpLtjw;Fk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fzpdpfSld; njhlh;Ggl;l
cj;jpfs;.
kUj;Jt ghpNrhjidf;Fj; jfty;> njhlh;ghly; njhopDl;gtpay;
Neha;fis ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fk; rpfpr;ir mspg;gjw;Fk; kpfTk; Nkk;gl;l nkhopDltpaiyf; nfhzl gy nghwpj;
njhFjpfs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpd; %yk; Neha; fLikahtjw;F Kd;dh; mjis ,dq;fhzYk;
mjw;F vfe;j rpfpr;ir mspf;fTk; ,aYk;.
Rfhjhuj;Jiw

24. fzpdpg;gLj;jpa clypd; mr;Rg; gil X-1 fjph;g; nghwp
(CAT – Computerized Axial Tomography Machine)
,g;nghwpapd; %yk; clypd; cl;gFjpfis NtW Ntwhf Kg;ghpkhz Kiwg;gb glnkLf;fyhk;.
Neha; epiyikia ,dq;fhz;gjw;F ,J nghpJk; cjTk;

25. fhe;jg; ghpT tpk;gkhf;fw; nghwp
(MRI – Magnetic Resonance Imaging Machine)
thndhyp miyfs;> typikahd fhe;eg; ghpT (vjpnuhyp) Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; clypd; cl;gFjpfspd;
tptukhd xspg; glq;fisg; ngWtjw;F ,g;nghwp cjTfps;wJ.

26. kpd; ,jatiuag; nghwp
(ECG – Electrocardiogram Machine)
,jaj;jpd; Jbg;ig mtjhdpg;gjw;F ,g;nghwp gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,jaj;jpypUe;J clypd;
mq;fq;fSf;Ff; Fujpia toq;Fk; NghJ ,jaj;jpy; cz;lhFk; kpd; Jbg;Gf;Nfw;g cw;gj;jpahFk;
miyfs; tiuGj;jhspy; gjpT nra;ag;gLk;

27. ,jaNeha;j; jpiuaplw; nghwp
(Cardiac Screening Machine)
,jaj;jpd; njhopw;ghl;ilf; fzpdpj; jpiuapy; fhl;ly; ,jd; %yk; eilngWfpwJ. ,jaj;jpd; gy;NtW
njhw;W epiyikfis ,dq;fhz;gjd; %yk; Njitahd rpfpr;irf;F topg;gLj;jy; ,jd; %yk;
rhj;jpakhfpwJ.

28. kpd; %isa tiugpaw; nghwp
(EEG – Electro – Encephalography)
%isapd; njhopw;ghl;ikg; gjpT nra;tjw;F ,t;Tgfuzk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Jiy Nahl;by; xl;lg;gl;l mstpy;
rpwpa cNyhfj;jl;Lfspd; (kpd; Kbtplq;fs;) %yk; %isapypUe;J tpLtpf;fg;gLk; kpd; Jbg;Gfs; ngwg;gl;L
%isapd; njhopw;ghL njhiyf;fhl;rp jpiuapy; gjpTnra;ag;gLfpwJ. Nehahsp vOk; NghFk; JapYk;NghJk;
,g;nghwpapd; %yk; Njitahd gjpTfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.

29. njhiy kUj;Jtk; (Tele Medicine)
jfty;> njhlh;ghly; njhopDl;gtpaiyg; gad;gLj;jp xU kUj;JtkidapypUe;J njhiytpy; cs;s Xh;
,lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; xU Nehahspia mtjhdpj;jy; my;yJ rpfpr;or nra;jy; njhiykUj;Jtk; vdg;gLk;.
kUj;Jtkidapd; tpNrl epiyaj;ijAk; tpNrl kUj;Jth;fspd; ,izg;igAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
xU njhlh;ghly; tiyaikg;ghfpa ,jpypUe;J ePq;fs; gy mD$yq;fisg; ngwyhk;.

30. FUjpr; rPdpiar; Nrhjpf;Fk; nghwp
(Blood Sugar Testing Machine)
,g;nghwp Fujpapy; cs;s rPdpiar; Nrhjpf;fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,t;Tgfuzj;jpd; %yk;
FUjpapd; khjphp Nrhjpf;fg;gl;L> rPdpapd; msT
fhz;gpf;fg;gLk;.
FUjp mOj;jj;ij msf;Fk; cgfuzk;
(Blood Pressure Testing Machine)
,t;Tgfuzj;ij Nehahsp Xa;thfTk;
RWRWg;ghfTk; ,Uf;ifapy; ifapy; mzpAk;NghJ
FUjp mOj;j tpj;jpahrj;ij msf;fyhk;.

31. Nehahsp xUth; xU gpujhd kUj;JtkidAld;
njhlh;Ggl Kbahj re;jh;g;gj;jpy; (efuj;jpypUe;J
njhiytpy; cs;s gpuNjrj;jpy; Mfha tpkhdj.jpy;
my;yJ gazpf; fg;gypy;) ,t;tplj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;
kUj;Jtkidapy; gapwprp ngw;W cUth; njhlh;ghly;
tiyaikg;Gld; njhlh;Ggl;L kUj;Jtkidapd; tpNrl
kUj;Jthpd; mwpTj;jYf; Nfw;gr; rLjpr; rpfpr;iria
toq;fp kUj;Jtkidf;f mDg;gg;Lk;
tPl;bypUe;J rpfpr;irrLjpr; Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;G
(Remote Clinical Care)
Nehahsp tPl;by; jq;fp mtUila epiyikiar;
Nrhjpg;gjw;F ,ilapizg;Gf; fz;fhzpg;Gj;
njhFjpiag; gad;gLj;jYk; rpfpr;ir
Njitg;gLk; NghJ kUj;Jt kidapy; NrUjYk;.

32. mwpTWj;jy;fisg; ngWjy; njhiy mWitr; rpfpr;ir
tpNrl kUj;Jth; kUj;Jt kidapy; ,y;yhjNghJ
jPtpu ftdpg;G myfpw;Fj; Njitahd
mwpTWj;jy;fisg; ngwj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;
tpNrl kUj;Jth;fs; ,y;yhj kUj;Jtjidapy;
kUj;Jth;fs; rLjp mWitr; rpfpr;iria Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;ba NghJ njhlh;ghly; tiyaikg;Gld; njhlh;Ggl;L
(ntspehl;by; my;yJ efhpy; ,Uf;Fk;) tpNrl
kUj;Jthpd; mwpTWj;jy;fSf;Nfw;g mWitr;
rpfpr;iriar; nra;aj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;

33. njhiyg; gapw;rp
kUj;Jtkidg; gzpahsh; FOtpd; gapw;rpapd;NghJ kpff; fpl;ba gapw;rp epiyaj;jpy; njhlhlghly;
tiyaikg;Gj; njhlhligg; gad;gLj;jp tpNrl kUj;Jthpd; mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; gapw;rpiaAk;
ngwj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;

34. tptrhaj;
njhopypy; jfty;
njhlh;ghly;
njhopDl;gtpay;

35. tptrhaj; njhopy;
tptrhaj; njhopypYk; Gjpa Gul;rpia Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; jfty;> njhlh;ghly; njhopDl;gtpay;
ntw;wpaPl;bAs;sJ. tptrhaj;jpYk; tpyq;F tsh;g;gpYk; kPd;gpbj; njhopypYk; jfty;> njhlh;ghly;
njhopDl;gtpaypd; gpuNahfq;fs; gy fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
tptrhaj;jpw;Fj; jfty; njhlh;ghly; njhopDl;gtpay;
jdJ Neuj;ijAk; ciog;igAk; nrytpl;Lf; nfhz;l tptrhak; nra;j tptrhapf;fhf kpfTk; etPd
njhopDl;gtpaiyf; nfhz;l ga jd;dpaf;fg; nghwpj;njhFjpfs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,jd;
%yk; tparhapapd; gzpfs; vspjhjy; khj;jpukd;wp kpfTk; cah;e;j epiyikapy; cs;s gaph;fisr;
re;ijf;F tpLtpg;gjw;fhd Mw;wYk; tptrhapf;Ff; fpilj;Js;sJ.
mgpUj;jpaile;j ehLfspy; Nghd;W mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUk; ehLfspYk; tptrhaj;jpw;fg; gad;gLj;Jk;
mj;jifa rpy nghwpj;njhJjpfisg; gpd;tUkhW fhl;lyhk;.

36. thdpiy mstPl;Lg; nghwpfs; jd;dpaf;f tz;Lf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; nghwp
,g;nghwpapd; %yk; gaph;fSf;F tz;Lfspdhy;
Vw;gLk; Nrjj;ijj; jtph;f;fyhk;. G+r;rpfs; ,Uf;Fk;
jpiriaAk; tsUk; tpjj;ijAk; fzpdpj; jpiuapy;
mtjhdpg;gjd; %yk; ,e;j Mw;wiyg; ngwyhk;.
,tw;wpd; %yk; thdpiy> fhyepiy>
kiotPo;r;rp> fhw;wpd; jpir Mfpatw;wpd;
epiyikfs; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpw;Nfw;g
gaph;nra;iff;Fk; mWtilf;Fk; cfe;j
fhyk; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;.

37. gaphpLk; epyj;jpd; epiyikia
mstpLk; nghwp
,g;nghwpapd; %yk; gaphpLk; epyj;jpd; epiyikiar;
(<uypg;G> nropg;G) Nrhjpj;J mJ gaph;fSf;F
cfe;jjhntdj; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;.
jd;dpaf;fKiwahf ePh; toq;fy;
jd;dpaf;f Kiwahfj; njhopw;gLk; ,g;nghwp ehk;
toq;Fk; juTfSf;Nfw;gj; njhopw;gl;L gaphpLk;
epyj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd ePiuf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lld;
toq;Ffpd;wJ. MfNt mdhtrpa ePu;
Efh;r;rpiaAk; ePh; ,y;yhky; Nghtjdhy;
tptrhak; moptijAk; jtph;f;fyhk;.

38. jd;dpaf;ff; fisafw;Wk; nghwp
xU gaphpLk; epyj;jpy; gaph;fSf;fpilNa
mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; nrd;W nfhz;L toq;fg;gLk;
mwpTWj;jYf;Nfw;gg; gaph;fisAk;
fisfisAk; NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fz;L
fisfis mfw;Wk;.
NuhNghj; njhopDl;gtpaypd; %yk;
nrbfis eLjy;
nghpa gaphpLk; epyj;jpy; nrbfis mq;Fk; ,q;Fk;
nfhz;L nry;tjw;Fk; nrbfSf;fpilNa rPuhd
,ilntspiag; Ngzpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; ,e;j
NuhNghg; nghwp Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

39. NuhNghj; njhopDl;gtpaypd; %yk;
mWtil nra;jy;
mtjhdpg;gpd; %yk; gaphpd; epiyikiar;
Nrhjpg;gjw;Fk; mjd; %yk; mwpf;ifapLtjw;Fk;
nghpa gaphpLk; epyj;jpy; mWtil nra;Ak;
,lh;g;ghl;ilj; jtph;g;gjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
NuhNghg; nghwpfs; cs;sd.
gr;irapy;yk; ( Green Houses)
gaph;r; nra;ifapy; tptrhap jdJ gaph;fis ,aw;if
mdh;j;jq;fspypUe;J (fLk; ntapy;> kio> ntg;gepiy>
Fsph;> G+r;rpfs;> nfhs;isNeha;) ghJfhg;gjw;F xU
rpwe;j jPh;thfg; gr;irapy;yj;ij mwpKfQ;nra;ayhk;.
gr;irapy;yf; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;fhfhj; jfty;> njhlh;ghly;
njhopDl;gtpaiyg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; gaph;r;
nra;iffSf;F cfe;jthW xsp> ePu;> thA Mfpad
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfps;wd . kpfTk; cah;e;j epiyikapy;
cs;s cw;gj;jg; nghUs;fisr; re;ijf;Fr; Nrh;j;jy;
mjd; %yk; rhj;jpakhFk;.

40. tpyq;Fg; gz;iz> kPd;gpbj; njhopy; Mfpatw;wpw;Fj; jfty; njhlh;ghly; njhopDl;gtpay;

41. thndhypr; irif milahskpLjy;
cgfuzk;
tpyq;Ffisf; fzf;fpLjy;> ,dq;fhzy;> mit
,Uf;Fk; gpuNjrj;ij mwpjy; Mfpatw;wpw;fhf
tpyq;Ffspd; clypy; thndhyp kPbwd;
milahskwpjy; cgfuzk; nghUj;jg;gLk;.
epiyikf; fl;Lg;ghL
jd;dpaf;f Kiwapy; njhopw;gLk; ,g;nghwp gRkhLfspd;
Rfhjhur; Nrhjid> ghiyg; ngWjy;> ghypd;
epiyikiar; Nrhjpj;jy; Mfpatw;wpw;fhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

42. ghJfhg;Gf;fhf
tptrhag; gz;iziaf; fs;th;fsplkpUe;Jk; NtW
njhy;iyfspypUe;Fk; ghJfhg;gjw;F %ba Rw;W
(Closed Circuit TV (CCTV)> gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
fk;gpapy;yhj; (Wireless) njhopDl;gtpaypd; %yk;
njhlh;GgLj;Jk;NghJ tptrhag; gz;izia xUGw
,lj;jpypUe;Jk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
tptrhag; gz;iz Kfhik
tptrhapfs; jkJ tptrhag; gz;iz gw;wpa
mwpf;iffisg; NgZtjw;Fk; ,yhgj;ijAk;
el;lj;ijAk; fzpg;gjw;Fk; njhopyhsh;fspd; rk;gsk;
gw;wpa jftylfisj; Njf;fp itg;gjw;Fk; cfe;j
gpuNahfq;fisf; (Laptop> Tablet> PC>
SmartPhone) Nghd;wd gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd;
%yk; ,izaj;Jld; njhlh;Ggl;Lr; re;ij eiyikia
mtjhdpg;gJk; jfty;fisg; ghpkhWtJk; epfo;fhyj;
jfty;fisg; ngWtJk; rhj;jpakhFk;.

43. kPd;gpbj; njhopy;
kPd;gpbj; njhopypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,e;j czh;r;rpAs;s cgfuzq;fs; kPd;fs; cs;s gpuNjrq;fis
,dq;fz;l gpd;dh; mj;jfty;fs; njhlh;ghly; njhopDl;gtpay; Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp kPd;gpbf;
fyq;fspd; fzpdpfSf;F toq;fg;gLk;

44. ifj;njhopy;fSf;Fk; tpahghuq;fSf;Fk; jfty;> njhlh;ghly; njhopDl;gtpay;

45. ifj;njhopy;fSf;Fk; tpahghuq;fSf;Fk; jfty;> njhlh;ghly; njhopDl;gtpay;
kpfTk; cah;e;j juj;jpy; cw;gj;jpfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; kdpj ciog;igf; Fiwe;j gl;rk;
gad;gLj;jr; nryitf; Fiwg;gjw;Fk; ifj;njhopy;fSf;Fk; tpahghuq;fSf;Fk; jfty;> njhlh;ghly;
njhopDl;gtpay; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; %yk; Efh;Nthh; cah; epiyikapy; cs;s cw;gj;jpg;
nghUs;fisf; Fiwe;j tpiyf;Fg; ngwyhk;.
ifj;njhopy;fSf;fhfhj; jfty;> njhlh;ghly; njhopDg;gtpaiyg; gadgLj;jiy ,t;thW fhl;LNthk;.
md;W ifj;njhopy;fSf;fhf mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd; njhopyhsh;fspd; ciog;G Njitg;gl;l NghjpYk;
,d;W etPd njhopDl;gtpaypdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nghwpfs; cw;gj;jpf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

46. NuhNghj; njhopDl;gk;
24 kzpj;jpahyr; Nrit> fisg;gilahik> jpwik> nrk;ik> J}a;ik Mfpad NuhNghg; nghwpfisg;
gad;gLj;Jtjd; mD$yq;fs;.

47. tpahghuq;fSf;fhfj; jfty; njhopDl;gk;
xapAUf; fye;Jiuahly; (Video Conferencing) Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wikahy;> gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fspy; ,Uf;Fk;
tpahghu cWg;gpdh;fSld; fye;Jilahly;fis elj;jy; vspjhFk;.,q;F fye;JiuahlYf;F tpNrl ,lk;
Njitg;glkhl;lhJ.,jd; %yk; Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F vLf;Fk; Neuk;> ciog;G> nryT Mfpatw;iw ,opthf;fhyhk;

48. kdpj tsKfhik
njhopyhsh;fspd; tuitg; gjpT nra;tjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpuy; milahs myfplyp (Finger Print
Scanner), ml;il thrpg;ghd; (Card Reader) Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; epWtfj;jpd; cWg;gpdh;fis
,dq;fhzy;> tUif> nry;if Mfpatw;iwr; rhpahff; Fwpj;jy; vd;gtw;wpd; tpisthfj; jhgdj;jpd;
eph;thfk; vspjhjy.
ttpuy; milahs myfplyp (Finger Print Scanner)> ml;il thrpg;ghd; (Card Reader) Mfpad
tpahghuq;fspy; khj;jpuky;y ,d;W gy murhq;f epWtfq;fspYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

49. kpd; tq;fpay; njhFjp (e-Banking System)
kpd; tq;fpapay; njhFjp (e-Banking System) fhuzkh tpahghhpfisg; Nghd;W ehKk; kpf vspjh tq;fpj;
njhopiyAk; thq;fy;fisAk; Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. mjhtJ>
 jd;dpaf;ff; fhrhs; nghwp %yk; ve;j Neuj;jpYk; ve;j ,lj;jpYk; gzj;ijg; ngWk; Mw;wy;
,izaj;Jld; njhL;fg;gl;bUg;gdhy; ,yq;iapy; khj;jpuky;y NtW ehLfspypUe;Jk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fisr;
nra;Ak; Mw;wy;.
kpd; tq;fpapay; njhFjpapy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk;NghJ Xh; vspjhd ,lj;jpypUe;J cq;fs; ,lk;> ngah;>
fzpdp> njhiyNgrp Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; rpl;ilfSf;fhff; nfhLg;gdT nra;jy;> tq;fpfspilNa gzj;ijg;
ghpkhwy;> fzf;ifg; ghpNrhjpj;jy; Mfpa Mw;wy;fs;.

50. epfo;epiy mq;fhb nfhs;tdT (Online Shopping)
kpd; th;j;jfk; my;yJ epfo;epiy mq;fhbr; nfhs;tdT (Online Shopping) vd;gJ ,izaj;jpD}lhf ,e;ehl;by;
my;yJ ntspehl;by; cs;s th;j;jf epWtfq;fspd; nghUs;fis my;yJ Nritfis toq;FtJk; Efh;Nthh;fs;
nghUfis my;yJ Nritfisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tJk; MFk;. Efh;Nthh; njhpe;njLf;Fk; th;j;jf
epiyaj;jpypUe;J mtUf;F tpUg;gkhd tpjj;jpy; xU nghUis my;yJ Nritia Xh; vspjhd ,lj;jpypUe;J
fl;lisapl;Lf; nfhz;L tuyhk;. ,q;F cs;s mD$yq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW fhl;lyhk;.
ve;jnthU ehl;bYk; ,izaj;jpy; cs;s xU th;j;jf epiyaj;ijj; njhpe;njLf;fyhk; 24 kzp NeuKk;
jpwe;jpUj;jy;> Xh; vspjhd ,lj;jpypUe;J nghUs;fis mtjhdpj;Jf; fl;lisapLk; Mw;wy;> nryT ml;il (Credit
Card) %yk; gzj;ijr; nrYj;Jk; trjp> nghUis my;yJ Nritia tPl;bw;Fg; ngWtjw;fhd trjp> ,jd;
tpisthfg; gazf;fisg;G> Neuk; tPzhjy; Mfpad jtph;f;fg;gLk;

51. Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;fhfj; jfty;> njhlh;ghly; njhopDl;gtpay;

52. jd;dpaf;ff; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; njhFjpfs;
milj;j Rw;Wj; njhiyf;fhl;rpf; (Closed Circuite
TV (CCTV)) fkuh fhuzkhf> thfd nehpry;>
rLjp tpgj;J> rl;lj;jpw;F tpNuhjkhd nray;fs;
Mfpatw;iw mtjhdpj;Jf; nfhz;L chpa
eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
kpd; irif tpsf;F
(Traffic Light Control System)
jd;dpaf;fkhfj; njhopw;gLk; ,j; njhFjpia
efur; re;jpfspy; fhzyhk;. ,jd; %yk;
thfdq;fisAk; ghjrhupfisAk;
xOq;FgLj;jpf; nfhz;L rLjp tpgj;Jfis
,optsthf;fyhk;.

53. milahsf; FwpaPl;L Kiw
thfdk; epw;ghl;Ltjw;fhd gphptpw;Fg; gpuNtrpf;Fk; mDkjpal;il thfdj;jy; nghUj;jgl;Ls;sJ. thfdj;ij
epw;ghl;Ltjw;fhd gphptpw;Fg; gpuNtrpf;Fk; fjtpd; njhFjp %yk; Nrhjpj;J mt;tplj;jy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;s
vz;nzdpd; khj;jpuk; gliy jpwf;fg;gLk;. mt;thNw mt;tplj;ijj; jilg;gLj;jhky; Nrhjpg;gJk; Rakhf eilngWk;.

54. nghOJNghf;fpw;Fj; jfty;> njhlh;ghly; njhopDl;gtpay;

56. jfty;> njhlh;ghly; njhopDl;gtpaypd; jPikfs;
jfty; njhlh;ghly; njhopDl;gtpay; cq;fs; gzpfis ,yFthf;Fjy; khj;jpuky;y cq;fs; tho;tpy; Xh; Mg;j
ez;gdhf khwpAs;sJ. ePq;fs; cq;fs; ez;gidj; jfhj tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;jpdhy; cq;fSf;F khj;jpuky;y Kor;
r%fj;jpw;Fk; ghjfk; Vw;glyhk;;. mjhtJ
mbikahjy; - ghlrhiyg; gps;isfs; khj;jpuky;y Vidath;fSk; msTf; fjpfkhff; fzpdpiag;
gad;gLj;JtjdhYk; fzpdp tpisahl;Lfspy; <LgLtjdhYk; fy;tpg; gzpfs; jpirkhWk;. mNjNtis gy;NtW
,lh;g;ghLfs; (fz; cghijfs;> ehhpg; gpbg;G> jiytyp) Vw;glyhk;.
r%f tiyaikg;gpD}lhfj; jfhj el;Gfs; Vw;glyhk;.
,izaj;ijj; jfhj Kiwapy; gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; fzpdp er;R epuy; fhjzkhff; fzpdp njhopw;glhky;
,Uf;fyhk;.
,izaj;jpy; nghUj;jkw;w tiyg; gf;fq;fSld; ,iztjdhy; xUtUf;F csNeha;fs; Vw;gLtNjhL mtUf;Fk;
r%fj;jpw;Fk; ghjfk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
xUtUila jdpg;gl;l tho;tpw;Fj; jPq;Fgaf;Fk; glq;fisAk; xspAUf;fisAk; cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.
,j;jifa fhuzq;fspd; tpisthfj; jfty;> njhlh;ghly; njhopDl;gtpay; kdpjUf;Fg; ghjfj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfps;wJ
vd;gJ gyUila mgpg;gpuhakhFk;. vdpDk; mjd; %yk; mikf;fg;gl;l njhFjpfs; kdpjdpd; gy gzpfis
vspjhf;Ffps;wdntd ehk; fw;Nwhk;. MfNt jfty;> njhlh;ghly; njhopDl;gtpaiy ey;y tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;jy;
vkJ flikahFk;.

58. juTfisj; jfty;fshf khw;Wtjw;F vkf;Ff; fzpdp cjTfpd;wJ vd;gij ePq;fs; tpsq;fpf;
nfhz;bUg;gPh;fs;. jw;NghJ jd;dpaf;f Kiwapy; njhopw;gLk; gy fzpdpj; njhFjpfs; ,Ue;j NghjpYk;
fzpdpfSk; kdpjidg; Nghd;W gy;NtW Afq;fisf; fle;J ,k;Nkk;gl;l Afj;jpw;F te;Js;sJ.
fzpg;G trjpf;fhf Xh; cgfuzj;ijr; nra;jJld; fzpj;jy; Muk;gpj;jJ. ,jd; tpisthf 500
Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh; vz;rl;lk; (ABACUS) vd;Dk; cgfuzk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

59. 1642 ,y; Blaise Pascal vd;gth; Adding machine vd;Dk; cgfuzj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;jhh;. ,J
cyfpd; KjyhtJ nghwpKiwf; fzpjr; nra;ifisr; nra;Ak; cgfuzkhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
Blaise PascalAdding Machine

60. 1674 ,y; Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibnitz vd;gth; Pascal ,d; cgfuzj;ij Nkk;gLj;jpdhh;. ,jd;
tpisthf tFj;jy; > ngUf;fy; Mfpatw;iw NkYk; vspjhfr; nra;aj;jf;fjhf ,Ue;jJ.
Gottfried Wilhelm Von LeibnitzDevelop Pascal

61. Joseph Jacquard vd;w gpnuQ;R tpQ;Qhdp Jis ml;il Kiwik (Punch Card System) %yk; njhopw;gLj;jg;gLk;
nerTg; nghwpia mikj;jhh;.
Joseph Jacquard
Punch Card
Punch Card System

62. Charles Babbage vd;gth; Jis ml;il Kiwik vz;zf;fUitg; gad;gLj;jp Analytical Engine
vd;Dk; cgfuzj;ij mikj;jhh;. mtUila ,t;;ntz;zf;fU fzpdpapd; Nkk;ghl;bw;F
cjtpaikahy;> mth; fzpdpapd; Nkk;ghl;bw;F cjtpaikahy;> mth; fzpdpapd; je;ijahf
miof;fg;gLfpd;whh.;
Charles BabbageAnalytical Engine

63. mtUila ,g;nghwpf;Ff; fzpdp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisj; jahhpg;gjw;F Kad;w Ada Lovelace cyfpd;
KjyhtJ fzpdp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l El;guhthh;
Ada Lovelace

64. Howard Aiken vd;gtuhy; thl gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jkJ rfhf;fSlDk; IBM fk;gdpapd; cjtpAlDk;
jd;dpaf;fj; njhlhpf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;fzpg;ghd; (Automatic Sezquence Control Calculator) vd;Dk;
cgfuzk; 1944 ,y; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,J MARK I vdg;gl;lJ.
Howard AikenAutomatic Sequence Control Calculator
MARK I

65. fzpdpapd; jiyKiwfs;

66. Kjyhk; jiyKiwf; fzpdp (1940 – 1956)
gpujhd
td;nghUs;
njhopDl;gtpay;
 ntw;wplf; Foha;fs; (Vacuum Tubes)
 juT cs;sPL> Njf;fp itj;jy;> ntsPaPL Mfpatw;wpw;Fj;
Jis ml;ilfs; (Punch Cards)
gad;gLj;Jk;
nkd;nghUs;
 nghwp nkhop (Machine Language)
 xUq;F Nrh;g;G nkhop (Assembly Language)
 xUq;F Nrh;g;G nkhop Njf;fp itj;j nra;epuy;
vz;zf;fU (Stored Program Concept)
,ay;Gfs;  mjpf msT ntg;gk; cw;gj;jpahfps;wJ
 nkJrhfj; njhopw;gLfpd;wJ
 mstpw; nghpaJ.
 mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl KbahjJ
 kpd; mjpf mstpy; Efug;gLfps;wJ
 tpiy mjpfk;
jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;
njhFjp
 ENIAC
 EDVAC
 EDSAC
 UNIVAC
 IBM 701
Punch Cards
Vacuum Tubes
Kjyhk; jiyKiwf; fzpdp

67. ,uz;lhk; jiyKiwf; fzpdp (1956 – 1963)
gpujhd
td;nghUs;
njhopDl;gtpay;
 jpuhd;rpw;wh;fs; (Transistors)
 ehlh (Tape)
 ,uz;lhtJ Njf;fj;jpw;F nefpo;tl;L ehlh
(Floppy Disk Tape)
gad;gLj;Jk;
nkd;nghUs;
 cah; epiyr; nra;wpuyhf;f nkhop (High –
Level Programming Language)
 xUq;F Nrh;g;G nkhop
,ay;Gfs;  mstpw; rpwpaJ
 Fiwe;j msT ntg;gj;ij cw;gj;jp
nra;fpd;wJ
 Fiwe;j msT kpd;id Effh;fpd;wJ
 tpiy mjpfk;
jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;
njhFjp
 Honey well 400
 IBM 7030
 CDC 1604
 UNIVAC LARC
ehlh
,uz;lhk; jiyKiwf; fzpdp
nefpo;tl;L ehlh
jpuhd;rpw;wh;fs;

68. %d;whk; jiyKiwf; fzpdp (1964 – 1975)
gpujhd td;nghUs;
njhopDl;gtpay;
 xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wfs; (Integrated Circuits IC)
 Jizj; Njf;fj;jpw;F cah; nfhs;jpwDs;s tl;Lfs;
 juT cs;sPl;Lf;Fr; rhtpg;gyifAk; (Keyboard)
Rl;bAk; (Mouse)
gad;gLj;Jk;
nkd;nghUs;
 gzpnra;Kiwik cUthjy;
 ed;F tpUj;jpahfpa cah;epiyr; nra;epuyhf;f nkhop
 FwpKiwf;fhf cah;epiyf; fzpdpnkhopiag;
gad;gLj;jy; (High Level)
,ay;Gfs;  mstpw; rpwpaJ
 Fiwe;j msT ntg;gj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wJ
 Fiwe;j msT kpd;id Effh;fpd;wJ
 tpiuthdJ
jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;
njhFjp
 IBM – 360/370
 PDP – 8
 PDP – 11
 CDC 6600
Integrated Circuits
%d;whk; jiyKiwf; fzpdp
rhtpg;gyif Rl;b

69. ehd;fhk; jiyKiwf; fzpdp (1975 – 1989)
gpujhd td;nghUs;
njhopDl;gtpay;
 NgusT xUq;fpizg;Gr; Rw;WfSk; LSI (Large Integrated
Circuits IC)
 kpfg; NgusT xUq;fpizg;Gr; Rw;WfSk; VLSI (Very Large
Scale Inteegrated Circuits)
 Ez;Kiw topahf;fp (Microprocessor)
 ifaff; fzpdpfs; (Palm Tops)
 Cah; nfhs;jpwd; cs;s td; tl;Lfs;
 Nefpo;tl;L (Floppy Disk)
 Jdpahs; fzpdpfs;
 tpiuthd fzpdp tiyaikg;Gfs;.
gad;gLj;Jk;
nkd;nghUs;
 Tiutpay; gadh; ,ilKfk; cld; gzpnra; Kiwik
(GUI)
 UNIX gzpnra; Kiwik
,ay;Gfs;  kpfr; rpwpaJ
 mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; nfhz;L nry;yg;glj;jf;fJ
 ,w;iwg;gLj;jy; vspjhFk;
jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;
njhFjp
 IBM – PC
 Apple II
Nefpo;tl;LPalm Tops
kpfg; NgusT
xUq;fpizg;Gr; Rw;Wfs;
ehd;fhk; jiyKiwf; fzpdp

70. Ie;jhk; jiyKiwf; fzpdp (1989 njhlf;fk; ,d;W tiu)
gpujhd td;nghUs;
njhopDl;gtpay;
 kpfg; nghpa Rw;Wf;fs; ULS (Ultra Large Scale) mstpiliag;
gad;gLj;jy;
 mjpAlh; nfhs;jpwd; cs;s td;tl;LfSk; nfhz;L nry;yj;jf;f
xspapay; nefpo; tl;LfSk; (Optical Disc)
 ,izak;
gad;gLj;Jk;
nkd;nghUs;
 kpfTk; Nkk;gl;l tiutpay; ,ilKfk; cs;s gzp nray;
Kiwikfs;
 ,iza> gy;Y}lfg; gpuNahfq;fs;.
 nraw;if Ez;kjp (Artifical Intelligence) I mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l Fuy; mwpjy; (Voice Recognition)
 thpAUitf; fz;lwpjy; (Character Recognition)
 vOj;Jfis thrpg;gjw;F (Text To Speech) ifnaOj;Jfis
,dq;fhz;gjw;F (Hand writing Recognition Systems) Nghd;w
nkd;nghUs;fis mikj;jy;
,ay;Gfs;  nrtT Fiwe;jJ > ifahdy; vspjhdJ> elj;ij vspjhdJ
 mstpy; rpwpaJ> mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; nfhz;L nry;yg;glj;jf;fJ
 ek;gfj; jd;ikAk; jpwikAk; $baJ.
jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;
njhFjp
 IBM notebooks, Pentium PCs, SUN Workstations
nefpo; tl;Lfs; td;tl;Lfs;
kpfg; nghpa Rw;Wf;fs;
Ie;jhk; jiyKiwf; fzpdp