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- 2. SHABAN BOOLKET 2 SHABAN CIVIL ENGINEERS BOOKLET Prepared by Consultant Civil Engineer: Majed A. Shaban Akree Mobile No. for Viber and WhatsApp: +964 770 446 1234 IRAQ - Erbil – 2016
- 3. SHABAN BOOLKET 3 INDEX Subject Page 1- GENERAL 5 2- STEEL 20 3- BUILDINGS 38 4- ROADS 63 5- SANITARY 98 6- CONCRETE 112 7- ESTIMATION 128 8- Electrical & Mechanical 139 9- Miscellaneous 149
- 6. SHABAN BOOLKET 6 Conversions 1 mile 1.609 km 1 barrel 210 Liter 1 Inch 2.5 cm 1 kg. 2.204 lb. 1 horse Power 745.7 watt. 1 hector 10000 m2 1 acre 4046.86 m2 1 donam 2500 m2 1 Olk 100 m2 1 bar 1.019 kg/cm2 1 kg. 9.81 Newton 1 bar 105 Pascal 1 gallon 3.785 Liter 1 Psi 6.89 N/m2
- 7. SHABAN BOOLKET 7 Densities MATERIAL kg/m3 Concrete 2300 Asphalt Conc. 2400 Bricks 1900 Cement 1400 Clay(wet) 2080 Cement mortar 1440 Concrete (Reinforced ) 2400 Gypsum 1200 Sand 1650 Concrete Blocks 1400 Gravel 1800 Steel 7850 Wood (average) 400-700 Water 1000
- 8. SHABAN BOOLKET 8 ASTM Soil Classification Class % sand % silt % clay sand 80-100 0-20 0-20 Sandy Loam 50-80 0-50 0-20 loam 30-50 30-50 0-20 Silty Loam 0-50 50-100 0-20 Sandy C.L. 50-80 0-30 20-30 clay L. 20-50 20-50 20-30 Silty C.L. 0-30 50-80 20-32 Sandy Clay 50-70 0-20 30-50 Clay 0-50 0-50 30-100 Silty Clay 0-20 50-70 30-50 S= sand passing (2- 0.05mm) L= loam passing ( 0.05-0.005 mm) C= clay passing(less than 0.005mm)
- 9. SHABAN BOOLKET 9 Soils Bearing Capacity TYPE kg/cm2 Hard rock 30 - 40 Rock 10 - 20 Loose rock 8 -12 Gravel & sand 6 –10 Coarse sand 3 - 5 Hard dry clay 2 - 3 Clay & sand 1.5 - 2 Fine sand 1 - 2 Loose clay 0.5-0.75 Filling soils 0.25- 0.50
- 10. SHABAN BOOLKET 10 Materials Tests -1 Item Important tests Bitumen Penetration test every supplied Tanker . Filler Gradation every day , or when source changed Bricks Compressive strength & water absorption , specimen of 50 bricks every 20 000 unit . Cement Compressive strength, fineness and chemical test for each 100 ton . Gravel and Sand Gradation test one sample for every 50 m3 of supplied material . Sanitary pipes Thickness, weight per unit length, and thickness of Galvanized layer for each supplied quantity.
- 11. SHABAN BOOLKET 11 Materials Tests – 2 Item Important tests Mosaic Tiles Modules of Rapture, absorption Mosaic thick for every (3000) unit . Gypsum Compressive strength, color , and chemical tests for every (150) tom. Building stones Compressive strength and absorption test , for every (100) m3 Concrete blocks Compressive strength and absorption , 20 sample for every 10 000 unit. Steel bars Tensile strength, Elongation for every (25) Ton. Concrete Compressive strength for every (50)m3 , or per day work and slump test.
- 12. SHABAN BOOLKET 12 Materials Tests – 3 Item Important tests Paints Mineral content , coloring material , oil and Resin , one gallon as sample every 100 gallon . Stinger Tiles Modulus of Rupture , % of absorption , 6 samples for each 5000 unit . Concrete Pipes Nominal Internal Diameter with tolerance of + , - 10 % , Crushing test , absorption one sample for each 50 units Damp proofing bitumen Flexibility , Heat resistant , and Tensile resistant , one sample for each source . Water for concrete % of So4 , % of salt , Alkalinity or acidity , one sample for each source .
- 13. SHABAN BOOLKET 13 Timber size for FORM WORKS Part of form work Timber thickness or size in mm Sheeting’s 25 to 50 Beam& column side 25 to 50 Beam bottom 50 Ledgers 50 x 100 to 75 x 200 Posts 50 x 100 to 75 x 200 Joists 75 x 100 to 150 x 150 Column Yoke 50 x 100 to 100 x 100 Studs and walling 50 x 150 to 150 x 150
- 14. SHABAN BOOLKET 14 Expansion joints T = C x L x Co T = Total expansion joint width in (mm) C = coefficient of linear expansion L = length of structure in mm Co= change of temperature in centigrade. Material C mm/mm/co Structural steel 0.0000017 Concrete Masonry 0.0000094 Reinforced concrete 0.000013 NOTE: For concrete structure an expansion joint to be provided every (15-20)m interval, for fences (5-6)m, and for Retaining walls (8-10)m,this when it is not computed as above.
- 15. SHABAN BOOLKET 15 LEVEL CHECKING a1 b1 Level Instr. A p B Fig : 1 d1 d2 a2 b2 Fig : 2 A B Q d1+d2 d3 Error(e) = ( a2 - b2 ) - ( a1 - b1 ) / ( d1 + d2) 1-At Fig 1 , Put level at point P and Take levels at A & B , read a1,b1 2-At Fig 2 , Take levels at A & B , while the level is at Q point, read a2 , b2 3-Calculate e, allowable error is equal +,- 0.5 mm per each 10 m length. 4- d1,d2,& d3 are about 25 m.l each . 5- C= 0.0675 k2 C= Leveling curvature correction in meters K= Leveled Distance in Kilometers
- 16. SHABAN BOOLKET 16 Piles foundations Types of piles: 1- Timber piles , 2- Steel H-piles , 3- Steel pipe piles , 4- Precast concrete piles , 5- Concrete piles , 6- Composite piles of different materials . Main Purpose of using Piles: 1- High Structural Load compression or uplift pressure. 2- Weak Bearing of upper layer of soil . 3- High Lateral Pressure . For piles Load Carrying Capacity (Q) Q = Q1 + 2 * π * r * f * D where : Q1 = Base Resistance in Ton r = Circular Pile Radius in Meters f = skin Friction between Pile and soil which vary from 500-2000 ton/m2 D = Depth of the Foundation in meters .
- 17. SHABAN BOOLKET 17 TOR = Terms of reference 1- All Project work items should be Implemented according to Contract required Technical Specifications . 2- All materials used in the project should be new , from required sources and approved by Site Engineer . 3- All construction materials should be tested according to Construction Works Specification in the Laboratory . 4- The contractor should check all Project designs before starting project including B.M.s, reference points, then re-fix and add any other necessary points for construction operation if needed . 5- The contractor should provide and install Suitable Sing Board For Buildings projects and station plates For Roads. 6- Any Discrepancies between Project Drawings and B.O.Q should be studied reviewed , and decided by Site engineer . SITE ENGINEER TOR -1
- 18. SHABAN BOOLKET 18 SITE ENGINEER TOR -2 7-Site Engineer should Supervise the contractors’ maintenance and running operation procedures. 8-Supervise all work being implemented during the defects liability period. 9-Monitor, assist and supervise performance tests and start-up of the project according to contract. 10-Carry out final works inspection and issue contractor’s release work final acceptance certificates. 11-Liaise, organize and chair regular progress site meetings. 12-Issuing the Project Progress reporting periodically with Project duration. 13-Organize and participate in all final acceptance tests, inspections, proceedings, and final Project handover proceedings to owners . 14-Issue the Certificate of Final Completion report and Final Handover Certificate to the Authorities or owners .
- 21. SHABAN BOOLKET 21 STEEL BARS WEIGHTS Bar Dia. Inch Bar Dia. mm Kg/ml Area mm2 1 /4 6 0.222 28 1 /3 8 0.395 50 3 /8 10 0.617 79 1 /2 12 0.888 113 5 /8 16 1.580 201 3 /4 20 2.470 314 1.0 25 3.860 491 1 1/4 32 6.315 805 1 1/2 38 8.900 1134 1 5/8 40 9.865 1257 Steel Bars Density = 7850 kg/m3 General Equation :Steel Bar weight in kg/ml = (BAR Diameter )2 / 1.62
- 22. SHABAN BOOLKET 22 Steel sections weights Section Kg Angle 20mm x 3mm Thick 6.0 Angle 25mm x 3mm Thick 7.0 Angle 40mm x 4mm Thick 14.0 Angle 50mm x 5mm Thick 25.0 Channel 75 x 36 x 6 mm 47.0 Channel 100 x 50 x 6 mm 62.0 Channel 120 x 55 x 7 mm 75.0 I-section 100 mm Height 50.0 I-section 140 mm Height 82.0 I- section 160 mm Height 96.0 Flat steel 25mm x 3mm Thick 4.0 Flat steel 35mm x 6mm Thick 9.0 Note : All above weights are for 6.0 meter section length .
- 23. SHABAN BOOLKET 23 BRC Reinforcing Gage Bar Dia. Section Net weight 61 7.62 2.99 4.69 62 7.01 2.53 3.97 63 6.4 2.11 3.31 64 5.89 1.79 2.8 65 5.38 1.49 2.34 66 4.88 1.23 1.92 67 3.25 0.54 0.86 1- All bars spacing are 15.2X15.2 cm 2-Normally BRC nets are of 2X6 m diameter. 3- Bar Dia. In mm, section is steel bars cross section is in cm2 per meter length. 4 - weight of the Net is in kg / m2 .
- 24. SHABAN BOOLKET 24 Mineral Plate weights mm Inch Iron Steel copper 1.1 1/24 8.13 8.3 9.3 1.2 1/22 8.9 9.1 10.2 1.3 1/20 9.8 10 11.2 1.4 1/18 10.8 11.1 12.4 1.6 1/16 12.2 12.5 14.0 3.2 1/8 24.4 24.9 27.6 6.4 1/4 48.8 49.8 55.8 10 3/8 71.1 74.7 83.8 NOTES: 1- All weights in kg / m2 1- 2 - 1 / 24 inch means gage. 2- 3- mm & Inch are Thicknesses
- 25. SHABAN BOOLKET 25 I - Sections for Roofs Span in meters Cross section (mm) width x height Weight kg /ml 1.5 -2.0 55 x 100 8.1 2.0 -3.0 64 x 120 10.4 3.0 -3.5 73 x 140 12.9 3.5 -4.0 82 x 160 15.8 4.5 -5.0 100 x 200 22.4 5.0 -5.5 110 x 120 26.2 5.5 -6.0 120 x 240 30.7 6.0 -7.0 135 x 270 36.1 : Note ) 2 ( Maximum Distance between I -sections is( 80) cm, and Min. wall bearings in (cm) is = Span in (cm) / 20
- 26. SHABAN BOOLKET 26 Standard cutoff Reinforced steel bend point Min. length= 12 bar x Diameter Wall L / 7 L/5 Span = L L/4 L/5 Wall l/4 l/3 Span = l L= Span of edge panel l = Span of intermediate panel Note : This values used for slab or beam on ordinary Bearing walls .
- 27. SHABAN BOOLKET 27 TYPICAL REINFORCEMENT needed For ordinary works Kg /m3 TYPE 70 1 -Slabs and stair cases (Tension loads) 120 2 -Beams (stirrups, Transverse, & Shear Reinforcement.) 150 3- Columns and concrete walls. 130 4 -Concrete Foundations 50 5- Doors and windows lintels NOTE: For (12- 18) cm thick slabs assume approx. (10) kg/m2
- 28. SHABAN BOOLKET 28 TYPICAL ( 2 ) Story House Reinforcing Part- 1 Dimension Reinforcement Steel Bars Type Width x Depth 80*30cm 60*25cm 3 - 16 mm Top, 4 - 16 mm Bottom, stirrups 10 mm @ 20cm Continuous Foundation For walls Beam Height x Beam width 40*30cm 45 *35cm 3 – 16 mm top, 5-16 mm bottom , with stirrups 10 mm , @ 20cm. Rectangul ar T Beams , (4 – 5 ) m span 30*30 cm 40*40cm 4 – 20 mm or 6 - 16 mm , with stirrups 10 mm @ 20cm spacing. Square Columns up to (4 )m height Thickness = 12 to 18 cm 12 mm @ 20* 20 cm or 10 mm @ 15/15cm spacing. Slabs , stairs up to (4) m span
- 29. SHABAN BOOLKET 29 TYPICAL ( 2 )Story House Reinforcing Part- 2 Dimension Reinforcement Steel Bars Type Slab 20 cm thick on wall ,10 cm at end , bearing 40 cm on wall Top tensile bars 12 mm @ 10 cm c/c Distribution steel 8 mm @12 cm Cantilever, slab up to 2:0 m width , live load 400 kg / m2 10 – 12 cm thickness Use 12 mm steel bars @ 15 cm c-c , both direction Parapet 80 cm height 25 * 30 cm 30 * 40 cm 40 * 50 cm At top 4 - 16 mm , bottom 2 - 16 mm , stirrups 10 mm @ 15 cm Cantilever, T - beams up to 2.0 length 12 to 15 cm thickness 12 mm @ 15 cm both direction Stair case 3.0 m height
- 30. SHABAN BOOLKET 30 Steel Bars & Tests 1-Steel bars used for reinforced concrete should have maximum carbon content not more that 2% 2-Min. lap distances for splices in tension steel bars is ( 40 * bar diameter) but not less than 12 inch (30) cm 3-For compression bars minimum splices = (26*bar diameter ). 4-Minim positive steel reinforced required for Flexural members in concrete is 200/fy. ( psi) 5-Minim laboratory Test specimen required is 3 for each 25 tons , for steel bars Dia . 3/8” , each 35 Ton for bars 3/8” to 5/8” , and each 45 Ton for bars > 5/8” . 6-Minim Concrete cover for steel bars is equal to (1. 5) cm .
- 31. SHABAN BOOLKET 31 Recommended Steel Bars Spacing 1-For slabs Min. clear distance between parallel bars = 25 mm up to 25 mm bar Dia. , and equal to nominal bar Dia. For bigger sizes. 2-For Columns Min. spacing between longitudinal bars is = 40 mm, up to 25 mm bars diameters , and equal to 1,5 x bar dia. For bigger sizes . 3-For beams and girders , the clear distance between multiple reinforced layers should be at least 25 mm . 4-For bridges = 1.5 x bar diameter , or 1.5 x Max. size of aggregate . 5-For walls , slabs Max. spacing of principle reinforcement should be 450 mm , or 3 x wall or slab thickness, whichever is smaller.
- 36. SHABAN BOOLKET 36 Typical Steel Frames Sections D H S 30 – 40 20 – 30 15 - 20 10 - 15 S span In (m) 10 –12 8 – 10 6 – 8 5 - 6 H height (m) 2.5 – 3.5 2.5 – 3 2 – 2.5 1.5 - 2 D In (m) IPE- 360 IPE- 400 IPE- 300 IPE- 360 IPE- 240 IPE- 300 IPE- 200 IPE- 240 Column Section DIN IPE- 400 IPE- 360 IPE- 300 IPE- 240 Girder Section DIN
- 39. SHABAN BOOLKET 39 Buildings Requirements-1 Designing Buildings Requirements used normally in IRAQ : Application of Loading: IBC Code 2006 or newest. Concrete Structure: ACI Code 318-08 Metric version or newest. Seismicity: IRAQI seismic Code for buildings Code2/1997(English version) It can be designed in accordance to the ACI code by applying this requirement Wind Load: Applying 160 km/hr , Consider IBC code for the rest of the regulation. Designing Methods: Allowable Stress Design Method for steel structure and Ultimate Strength Design for Concrete structures. Reinforcement details: Should be according to ACI Detailing Manual, New Version.
- 40. SHABAN BOOLKET 40 Buildings Requirements-2 Steel Structure: AISC Code. Reinforced Bars: Required strength is 420 Mpa.(Grade 60) Dia.Ø16 mm dia. Or more, and 350 Mpa (Grade 50) for others. Steel Material: Strength of steel materials used in IRAQ: apply the criteria according to AISC Code ( A36 , A50). Soil Investigation: soil investigation is required for Soil capacity, Soil layer and Underground Water Level test data on soil conditions of the site Footings: Between pile-footing and soil strengthening, pile- footing is mostly used in IRAQ. Structural Analysis Software: ETABS and STAAD programs are usually used in IRAQ.
- 42. SHABAN BOOLKET 42 Buildings Minm Required 1-Minimum Height of Living, bed rooms and Kitchen =2.75 m. 2-Minimum Height of Bath Room and W.C = 2.4 m. 3-Minim stair case width = 0.8 m. 4-Min. Ventilators Area = 2100 cm2 for every 140 m3 of rooms volume . 5-Minim glass thickness for 0.2 m2 area is 3 mm, for 0.3 m2 is 4 mm , for 0.4 m2 is 5mm , and for 0.7 m2 is 6 mm. 6- The horizontal distance between any two openings in building walls should be more than ( 4 x wall thickness) as minimum. 7-The Min. internal dimensions of WC is 120 x 85 cm , and for Baths is 120 x 180 cm.
- 43. SHABAN BOOLKET 43 Buildings Allowed Tolerances 1- Max. decreasing in footing Thick for concrete casting 5% 2- Footing displacement or eccentricity of footing width 2% 3- Variations for stairs RISE + or - 3 mm 4 - For stair TREAD + or - 6.5 mm 5 - For Lintels, parapets, Horizontal grooves, etc.. 6.5 mm 6 - Variations in column and Walls shuttering of total length 12.5 mm 7 -Variations for Slabs, beams Shuttering for 3 Meters length 6.5 mm
- 44. SHABAN BOOLKET 44 Buildings Doors and Windows ROOM DOORS Height X width WINDOWS 1- Dining rooms (2.10 – 2.30)m x ( 4.20 x1.10)m (10 – 20 ) % of floor area 2- Bed room (2.0 – 2.10) x (1.0 – 1.10) m (1/15) of walls area. 3- W.C.& Baths (1.90 – 2.0) x (0.75-1.5) m Minim =(0.3)m2 4- Kitchens (2.0-2.10) x (1.0-1.20) m (15-30) %of floor area. NOTE: These Standards are useful for Residential Normal houses.
- 45. SHABAN BOOLKET 45 LINTLELS d Surrounded wall b L b Lintel Span (L) m Concrete Beam Depth(d) cm Bottom Reinforce ment Lintel Bearing walls = (b) cm Up - 1.2 15 3 - 8 mm 20 1. 2 -2.0 25 3 - 10 mm 25 2.0 -3.0 30 3 – 12 mm 30 NOTES : 1- Use 8 mm stirrups @ 20 cm. 2- For top bars reinforcing use 2 of 8 mm. diameter . 3-Minimum overlap = 40 bar diameter 4-Beam width is same wall width .
- 46. SHABAN BOOLKET 46 Min. Slabs & beams Thickness Members Type Beams One way slab L / 16 L / 20 1-Simply supported L / 17 L / 24 2- One end continuous L / 21 L / 28 3- Both end continuous L / 8 L / 10 4-Cantiliver Notes: 1- These limits should be changed when deflection is computed. 2- L=clear distance between the two supports.
- 47. SHABAN BOOLKET 47 Minim Walls Bearings Type Distant (b) Slabs on walls 15 cm Lintels 20 cm Beams Spans up to 3.5 m Spans up to 5.5 m Spans up to 7.5 m 20 cm 30 cm 40 cm Note: Beams bottom width is between 2 / 3 to ½ of its depth (D) but not less than 1/3 of its D , and normally 3 / 5. b= Bearing sitting distance of slab or beam on walls . Slab or beam D span b
- 48. SHABAN BOOLKET 48 PLASTERING Plastering material required on masonry , blocks walls , (2)cm thickness , and per (100)m2 area . TYPE M3 Mix 1-Cement Mortar= (Cement +Sand) 3.00 1:3 2-White Lime (Gypsum)= (Loose powder) 6.00 With water 3-Pointing = (Cement+ Sand). 0.35 1:3 4- Rendering = (white cement +filler) 0.25 1:2 NOTE: (220kg)of cement to be added for 100m2 plastering if smooth surfaces are required.
- 49. SHABAN BOOLKET 49 WALLS SMALL FOUNDATION wall 2 T ////////////// ////////////////Ground level T D d = Depth of Plain Conc. 45 o Inclined I I p= Clear leave D= Depth of back distance Foundation Plain concrete Foundations. 1:2:4 with Masonry walls For Normal houses and buildings. NOTES: 1- Minim d = 20 cm , OR 3P/2 minim p = 15 cm . minim D = 60 cm 2 -Load angle projection is 45 Degree in both sides. 3- T = Building wall Thickness .
- 50. SHABAN BOOLKET 50 45 º Crack Pattern in wall Due to foundation Failure
- 51. SHABAN BOOLKET 51 STAIRS T R H= Stair Height w = Stair Width q = Stair slope angle W = width H = height T = Tread R= Rise RULES : 1- 2R + T = 584 to 610 mm 2- H / R = No. of stairs. 3- W = (T x No. of stairs ) 4- Min m T = 216 mm Max m R = 203 mm Max m q = 42 o Min m q = 20 o
- 52. SHABAN BOOLKET 52 Step Foundations Top Reinforcing Mesh X Bottom Mesh A level T= Thickness Y B level Z – shape reinforcing Recommendations : 1- Continuous Foundation thickness = T 2- Minim Y = T , No. of steps not limited . 3- Minim X= 2Y but not less than 30 cm 4- Use inclined Z – shape steel connection between the foundation levels A & B and use the same reinforcement type used in the foundation Bottom Mesh . 5- Min overlap of z-shape with original foundation reinforcement is 40 reinforcing bar diameter .
- 53. SHABAN BOOLKET 53 Typical Basement Drainage This for Typical Basement excavated in soil 30 cm Min . Filter 12 cm Min. Reinforced concrete Wall , 2500 psi min. water proofing ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; layer. ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;; Natural ;;;; Proofed Flooring Non excavated; ;;;;;; soil ;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, NGL ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; Footing Tamped Earth Back filling 15 – 20 cm Diameter Filter layer from Slotted pipe on hard Coarse graded agg. Base , with slope Or stone backfilling For draining seepage For water draining water outside plot .
- 54. SHABAN BOOLKET 54 FORMS OPENING TYPE DAYS ( Beams + Lintels +Footing ) Sides. 2 Column without loads. 3 (Slabs + Lintels + Under. Beams base ). 2 X small dimension (m) +2 days m = meter NOTE: This recommendation are for ordinary concrete works, with air temperature above 5o C.
- 55. SHABAN BOOLKET 55 Typical Roofing Detail
- 56. SHABAN BOOLKET 56 Form Work Sizes Type Millimeter 1-Decking timber for slabs bottom ,columns and beams , thickness: 25 to 50 2- Vertical posts section: 75x100 to 150x150 3-Joists and ledgers Supporting sheeting’s of slabs . 50x100 to 75x200 4-Studs and wailings supporting vertical walls sheeting’s . 50x100 to 150x150 5-Column yokes, horizontal cross pieces supporting vertical sheeting . 50x100 to 100x100
- 57. SHABAN BOOLKET 57 Paints Paint type Quantity Area Oil on plastered surfaces and iron. 1 gallon 30-35 m2 Emulation on walls and roofs. 1 gallon 20-25 m2 Varnish on Wood surface . 1 gallon 30 m2 Bitumen for Roofs isolation . 10 kg 5 m2 Snowcem on walls. (powder ) 50 kg 100 m2 Distemper for external surface. 12 kg 100 m2 Notes : 1- The covered area is changed according to surface smoothness. 2- Painter can cover (45-65) m2 /day.
- 58. SHABAN BOOLKET 58 Column Requirements - 1 1- Columns are considered short or small when the ratio of column effective Length (L) to its least lateral dimension(d) exceed (15) Slenderness ratio SR = L / d 2- Max SR for column so that it not subject to buckling should not exceed (45) for Axially loaded columns, & (20) for columns which subjected to Bending moments. 3- Reduction load factor for long column with (21) SR is 0.8, (30) SR is 0.5, And (42) when SR is 0.1 . 4- Recommended min. least lateral dimension or diameter for 4.5 m long column is 45 cm, for 3.5 m is 35 cm and for 3.0 m is 23 cm.
- 59. SHABAN BOOLKET 59 Column Requirements- 2 1- Un supported column length should not be greater than (10) times of the least lateral dimension or Diameter of the cross section, other wise it should be considered as long column and braced for lateral support. 2- Minim column dimension, diameter or thickness, should not be less than (15) cm , and maxim length to width percentage should not exceed 3:1 for the rectangular cross sections. 3- Maxim steel reinforcement for a column cross section is 8% and minim is 1% as percentage of the total column cross section area. 4- Minim steel bars used ½ inch, and maxim 2 inch, for stirrups minim is ¼ inch and maxim spacing is(25) cm.
- 60. SHABAN BOOLKET 60 Tests For Required Min. Buildings Normal 1-Min. Concrete Cube compressive strength fc’ should be at least 25 MPa , which is equivalent to 21 MPa for standard Cylinder strength 2-Min. Yield strength fy for steel bars should not be less than 420 MPa , equivalent to Grade (60). 3-Allowable Soil Bearing capacity for Normal foundations = 8.0 – 10 Ton/m2., Unless Tested. 4-In case of fail of (7) days cubes , we should wait for (28) days test , if it fail again , below tests should be hold so that we can decide finally: A-Core test for failed members . B-Onsite Design loading test . C-Ultrasonic OR Hammer test . Then Consultant Engineer Decide.
- 61. SHABAN BOOLKET 61 Concrete Slab Humidity Whenever there is humidity appears in the bottom of concrete slab it can be treated according to the sketch shown below, but no more extra live or dead loads are allowed to be hold on it , the max. live loads allowed are not more than 2 KN/m2 .
- 64. SHABAN BOOLKET 64 GENERAL ROADS -1 1- For small blasting in rocks , (1.0) kg of explosive materials is needed for every (4.0) m 3 , and in huge blasting, half of this quantity is required. 2-Soils expand after excavation about 25% of its original volume , subbase 10%,sand 20%, and chalk soils 30% . 3- Max. Allowable Soluble salts in road embankments is 10 % , and Max allowable organic materials is 5 - 10 % . One test sample required for every 3000 m 3 of soil. 4- Maximum allowable longitudinal grade is (6-9%) for a (50km/hr) design speed road , and (3-5%) for a (110 km/hr) design speed .
- 65. SHABAN BOOLKET 65 GENERAL ROADS - 2 1-Standard roads lane width is (3.7m) but not less than 5.5 m for 2 lanes , with median width from ( 1 to 4) m between lanes . 2- Roads Shoulder Minimum width is 1.25 m and Max. 3.6 m , with transverse slope between 2% and 5 % for water draining. 3-Absolute Maxm grades for highways is 12% , and for urban streets is 30 % 4-Required Widening width ( w ) for horizontal curves up to Radius ( R ) = 60 m is 1.2 m , for R= 150 m , w = 0.9 m and for R = 300 m , w = 0.3 m , No (w) widening is required for more than R = 900 m .
- 66. SHABAN BOOLKET 66 5- Suitable side slope for 1.0 m Embankments height is 1:6 and for 3.0 is 1:4 & for 6:0 m is 1:3 . Roads Suitable Cases 1- Unsuitable materials for roads Embankment are Soils containing 12% or more organic materials , Salty soils containing 10% of total salts or more, Clay of liquid limit more than (55), and /or Plasticity index >30. 2- Min. suitable road grade for soil side ditch = 0.5 %, max.= 3%. 3- Min. suitable (R) of circular curve for (50) km/hr. design speed is (150) m with 5%super elevation, and R = ( 600 ) m for 100 km/hr . 4 4- Max. suitable longitudinal grade for rural roads = 5% for 7km/hr, and 8%, for 50 km/hr. speed.
- 67. SHABAN BOOLKET 67 Airports 1- Airports are classified according to its usage , aircraft type and Runway code letter from ( A to F ) according to ICAO international standards. 2- Airports are Mainly composed of Main Runway, taxiways, aprons , terminal building for passengers, VIP , tower , cargo , and other service buildings , communications and roads. 3-Main Runway rigid pavements typical layers are Concrete 40 cm thickness + 15 cm Dry lean concrete + 35cm stone base + 30 cm sub base ). 4-Flexibale pavement is consist of 4 cm wearing + 6 cm Binder + 15cm MBC Macadam base course + 50 cm stone base + 30cm subcase). 5-Minm clear distance between runway and any parallel taxiway is 200 m , for safety issues .
- 68. SHABAN BOOLKET 68 Airports Classification Airports are classified according to its runway characteristics as below : Type Runway Runway Max. Length width Grade Secondary 500-900 25 2.0% Domestic 1250 30 1.5% Sub-maim 1800 45 1.5% Main 2250 45 1.5% International 3150 & 45 & 1.25% More 60 Airports also are classified with its annual passenger capacity ( Mppa) , for example 2.5 Million passenger (Arrivals + Departures) per year. Notes : 1- All dimensions are in meters 2- Maximum grade is for runway centerline profile . 3- These physical characteristics are according to FAA standards .
- 70. SHABAN BOOLKET 70 High Way Grades Type of Terrain Express way Rural way Urban High way Level 3% 4% 6% Rolling 4% 5% 7% Mountain 6% 7% 9% NOTES: 1- Min longitudinal grade 0.5% in snowy countries, and 0.3% at other locations. 2- Max. Ramp grades 8 %. 3- Level longitudinal grade is accepted in flat only where side fill slope 1:4 or flatter .
- 71. SHABAN BOOLKET 71 Asphalt Pavements Layer Description 1-Wearing layer Bitumen 6% , thickness (4 - 5) cm , Min. compaction 98%. 2- Binder layer Bitumen 5% , thickness (6-7) cm, compaction 98%. 3-Stablizer Layer Bitumen (3 - 4)%,thickness (8-10)cm , compaction 98%. 4 - Base course Crushed lime stone layer , Min. Compaction 98% , Min. CBR 10%,thick (20-30) cm 5 - Sub- Base Sand and Gravel Mixture compacted up to 95% Min. CBR 10% ,Thick (20-40)cm. 6 – Filling and Sub - grade Compacted filling soil layers (30)cm thickness up to 92%, Last 2 m 95%,Sub grade 95% 7- Prime + Tack coat Applied between sub-base and asphalt layers. 8- Shoulders Sand & Gravel Mixtures Type (B) thick ( 20)cm , CBR 10%
- 72. SHABAN BOOLKET 72 Asphalt job mix Tolerance These are allowed Tolerances for any asphalt layer equation deviations 1- % of aggregate passing sieve No. 4 and larger +,- 6 % 2-% of aggregate passing Sieve No. 4 and smaller. +,- 4 % 3- % of passing sieve No. 200 (Filler). +,-1.5 % 4- % of asphalt by weight of Total mixture. +,-0.3 % 5- Spreading temperature for asphalt mix. In (degree) +,- 15 % compaction im Min - 6 temperature . 85 C° air temp. allowed im Min - 7 For laying asphalt mix. 5 C° 1
- 73. SHABAN BOOLKET 73 Asphalt Pavement Tolerances Surface or Course Level Tolerance in millimeter Wearing course asphalt + 3 to - 3 Binder and stabilizer asphalt courses + 3 to - 6 Crushed stone course + 6 to - 15 Sub base course mixed granular + 10 to - 30 Sub grade or Formation level layer + 15 to - 30 Above tolerances may change Note : slightly according to pavement type .
- 74. SHABAN BOOLKET 74 Right Of the Road 2:3 A B R 3.0 1.5 1.0 R = Right of the road is all width of the allocated land for constructing the road structures and safety area on both sides , and it is equal to : R= B + 2 ( A x 3/2 + 3 + 1.5 + 1 ) meters
- 75. SHABAN BOOLKET 75 Asphalt Pavement Deviation After completing asphalt pavement laying on ground any deviation of the laid layer from the mixing equation should be treated as below A- Deviations Bitumen percentage: 1-Any Deviation of Bitumen percentage by (0.3 to 0.5) for binder course, and (0.5 to 0.7) for wearing course, from the max and min limits of the total mix design equation it should be treated by adding new (2) cm layer for binder course and (3) cm for wearing course for all layer . 2-But if deviations are less than above limits price deduction should be applied as new price = contract price x ( 1- 0.6 x deviation percentage). 3 - Any deviations more than above limits , the complete layer should be removed and replaced by new layer.
- 76. SHABAN BOOLKET 76 Asphalt Pavement Deviations Part-2 B- Deviations in Stability and Flow : 1-Deviations from vMin required limit of stability by (68 to 100)Kg for wearing course, and ( 100 to 150) kg for Binder course , and also deviation from Min and Max required limits of Flow by 7.62 mm , should be treated by increasing the next layer by 3 cm 2-But if Deviations are more than upper mentioned limits for stability or flow limits by more than 7.62 mm, should be treated according to item (A-2 ) in part 1 3 - Any deviations more than above limits , the complete layer should be removed and replaced by new one without any compensations and according to required specifications.
- 77. SHABAN BOOLKET 77 Roads Material Tests Item Important tests Road Embankment layers Compaction every 200 ml., C.B.R, soluble salts , organic content , each 1500 m3 , or soil changing. Road Sub- grade layer Compaction every 200 ml ,C.B.R 5% Min. , Gradation , LL Max . 25% , PI Max . 6% , each 400 m3 Sub base & Stone Base Gradation , L.L . P.I , CBR , and Field density each 400 m3 , Min. 98 %or Each lane . Prime Coat Density as kg/m2 for each lane About 1.0 kg / cm2 . Asphalt Layers Bitumen Penetration, Asphalt Mix Temperature. Each train, Extraction & Gradation test ,Compaction Min. 98%, layer Thickness ,and surface accuracy each 2000 m2 or one day work. Structure (Culverts, Curbs & Bridges) Cement physical & chemical properties, Concrete Slump, strength and temp.,Steel Tensile , with sand &gravel gradation.
- 78. SHABAN BOOLKET 78 ASPHALT LAYERS GRADING Sieve Stabilizer Binder Wearing 1.5" 100 1.0" 90-100 100 3/4" 75-91 90-100 100 1/2" 56-80 70-90 90-100 3/8" 50-74 56-80 77-93 No. 4 29-59 35-65 44-74 No. 8 19-45 23-49 28-58 No. 50 5-17 5-19 5-21 No. 200 2-8 3-10 3-10 % of bitumen. 3.0- 5.5 3.5-6.0 4.0-6.0 Marshal >= 5 KN >=7 KN >= 8 KN Notes: 1- Required Flow is from (2 - 4mm) 2- Required air voids (>=70%) for all asphalt types as Typical. 3- Bitumen Grade 40/50 to used for upper layers Binder and Wearing 4- Bitumen Grade 60/70 to used for lower layer Stabilizer .
- 79. SHABAN BOOLKET 79 Bridge Collapse due to Piers foundation failure
- 80. SHABAN BOOLKET 80 BRIDGES JOINTS Joint Type Total Longitudinal Movement Maximum Acceptable Vertical Movement Between Two Sides of Joint mm Min. mm Max. mm 1. Buried joint under continuous surfacing 5 20 0· 5 2. Gap joint with poured sealant 5 12 3 3. Gap joint with flexible membrane 5 50 3 4. Open gap joint 5 60 3 5. Fully cantilevered toothed plates 50 - 3 6. specially designed joints 100 - 3
- 81. SHABAN BOOLKET 81 Asphalt Properties Property Base Course Binder Course Surface Course Marshall Stability (KN), min 5 7 8 Marshall Flow (mm) 2-4 2-4 2-4 Voids in Marshall specimen (%) 3-6 3-5 3-5 Voids in mineral aggregate (%), mm. 12 13 14 Immersion- Compression Index of Retained Strength (%), min. 70 70 70
- 82. SHABAN BOOLKET 82 Prime Coat spraying ___________________________________________________________________ 1-Checking Subbase layer final levels to be with in accepted tolerances 2-All subbase Tests should be passed according to required Specifications and standards. 3-Prime coat. spraying Temperature should between (60-85) ° C 4-Testing spraying Quantities between (0.45 – 1.5) kg/m2 5-In case there is any segregation in subbase layer it should be treated before spraying prime coat layer. 6-Prime coat layer wide and length should be always more that asphalt 7-It is not allowed to spraying Prime coat layer if there is any free water or powder or it is raining on subbase layer, it should be dry. 8-It is recommended to spraying a quick water then wait till the surface dried, before spraying Prime coat.
- 83. SHABAN BOOLKET 83 Asphalt Placing Notes ____________________________________________________________________ 1- Prime Coat layer tests should be checked And Any surface excess Bitumen quantities should be removed and treated by clean sand. 2-Asphalt Mixture Temperature spraying on site to be tested and it should between (120 - 170) ˚ C. 3- No mixture placing is accepted in Rainy days, or below 15 ˚ C temp. 4- Allowable compactor speed on hot Mixture is (4 - 6) km /hr. 5- Maximum allowable surface layer irregularity Tolerance under4 m length aluminum roller, is 3 mm for wearing course layer, and 6 mm for binder course layer. 6-To prevent cold joint occurring between two spraying asphalt lanes one after other, second lane should be applied before first longitudinal joint temperature full below 60˚ C.
- 84. SHABAN BOOLKET 84 Asphalt spraying Tests ____________________________________________________________________ 1-Testing Asphalt Mixture temp . should be between (120-170) ° C inside trucks before spreading on site. 2-A sample of( 30x30 ) cm area of spreading asphalt mixture layer , Min. (12) kg , should be taken after finisher directly for Extraction , Marshal and Specific Gravity Tests 3- Cutting Cores from spreading asphalt layer next day for layer thickness and compaction test which should be Min. 95 % . 4-Thicknesss checking control of spreading layer which should be according to drawings & Tolerances 5-Vidual checking for spreading layer after finisher directly and treating any segregation immediately 6-No spreading allowed below 4°C. 7-Compaction Temp. ( 80 - 90 )°C .
- 85. SHABAN BOOLKET 85 Typical Road Slopes 1 m Berm each 3 m height of side shoulders slope 4 % Pavement slope 2 % Each side ///////////////////////////////////// Cut slopes Fill slopes 1-Rocky Layers 1: 1.75 to 3:1 to 10 :1 1: 4 Depending 2- Soils Minim 1:2 on soil type .. Note : Minim Excavation for Removing Top-soil under pavement ,“Original sub soil” , is (15)cm, with Minim required CBR = 5 %.
- 86. SHABAN BOOLKET 86 Road Creep Failure due to non- sufficient compaction and wall
- 87. SHABAN BOOLKET 87 STONE BASE GRADING As % Passing Sieve No. % Pass Sieve No. % Pass 1.5" 100 No. 4 30-60 1.0" 80- 100 No.40 10-30 1/2" 50 - 80 No.200 5-15 Notes: 1- Liquid limit = (25) % as upper limit for Materials Passing sieve No. 4 . 2- plasticity Index= (4) % as upper limit for Materials Passing sieve No. 4 . 3- Abrasion loss is 45 % as upper limit . 4- Soaked CBR = or more than 80% at 95% modified maxim density. 5 – All material should be crushed with Aggregate crushing value of less than 30 , BS 812 .
- 88. SHABAN BOOLKET 88 SUB-BASE GRADING As % Passing Sieve Grade A Grade B Grade C 2.0" 100 100 1.0" 60-90 75-95 100 3/8" 30-65 40-75 50-85 No. 4 25-55 30-60 35-65 No.10 15-40 20-45 25-50 No.40 8-20 15-30 15-30 No.200 2- 8 5 - 15 5 -15 Notes: 1-Liquid limit not more than (35) 2- required plasticity Index not more than (6). 3- Soaked CBR = or more than 60 % at 95% modified maxim density.
- 89. SHABAN BOOLKET 89 F’ R E’ D C E F R=Radius, EF = DC/4, DC= (AB) 2 /8R 1 –Information; points A, B and R. 2 -Draw line AB. 3- Find DC and EF, EF equation same as DC 4- Locate points (E,F,D). 5-Draw curve (A,F,D,F’ and B) Small horizontal curve Setting AC = (0.5) AB DE = (0.5) DB DC , EF are perpendicula r on AB , AD , DB .
- 90. SHABAN BOOLKET 90 SIGHT DISTANCE E . A B CL Q R S = 2R Arc Cos. (R - E ) / R S = sight distance in meters measured along CL line of inside lane (dotted) R = Radius of the center line of the inside lane in meters ( dotted ) . Arc Cos. is expressed in radians E = Distance from CL of inner lane . A = Driver eye , B= Object on road Height of the Object = 15 cm Height of the driver eye = 1.15 m Line of the sight AB is(76)cm above GL Q= Any obstruction ( building or tree…etc ….)
- 91. SHABAN BOOLKET 91 Culverts Length Min. culvert length L is calculated as : L= SW + 2*SH + 4*FH SW =sub base width SH = shoulder width FH = filling height on top of The culvert slab to the bottom of the pavement NOTES : 1- The Culverts side slopes are assumed 1:2 for fill. 9- Min. Culvert bed slope for suitable flow is 0.5% and max. is 5% . 3- For low water discharges, use pipe culverts till 1.0 meter diameter size , for 3.0 meter river water flow span , Box culverts preferable . 4- Bridges are recommended for bigger Discharges, and rivers with more higher spans .
- 92. SHABAN BOOLKET 92 Culverts Size Culverts size are calculated according to formula : A = ( i * a * f ) / ( 36 * v ) A = culvert cross section in m2 i = Intensity of max. rain full in the Region in cm/ hour. Use 100-120 cm/hr in north of Iraq. a = Catchments area in Hectares. f = factor of soil impervious Depending on type of soil, from (0.9) for Rocks , (0.75) for normal soils to (0.6) for sandy soils. v = allowable velocity inside culverts in cm/sec, which is about 0.5 Cm/sec. Note: Free board of minimum (15) cm is recommended under bottom of culvert slab to surface of water flow.
- 93. SHABAN BOOLKET 93 RETAINING WALLS Masonry wall with plain Concrete Footing , the section is Economical up to (3)m (H) = Height . H/7 . /////////// H/3 H H/3 H/5 f H/3 D //////////// H/3 d 7 / 16 H NOTES : 1- Min m Footings Excavation, D = 80 cm , 2- Min m Footing Thickness, d = 50 cm . 3- Min m f = 20 cm . 4-Inside Wall casting Concrete can be filled with 30 % stones. 5-Drain PVC (4)” pipes to be inserted each 1 by 1 m .
- 94. SHABAN BOOLKET 94 Rigid Pavement Design Olders Formula: D = 3WC/S D = plain slab thickness in cm. W= moving wheel load in Kg which may varies from 2260 to 5440 , add 10 % to 20% for Impact load. C= Coefficient of sub grade which varies from 6.89 for clays , 5.44 for sand mixtures ,and 4.81 for gravel hard mixtures. S= allowable flexural unit stress for concrete in Kg /cm2 , normally taken as 22 to 25kg/cm2 , with ( 2 ) as factor of safety.
- 95. SHABAN BOOLKET 95 Treated Ground Normal Concrete Joints on ground a- Crack Control joint : groove= T/4 T Crack //////////////////////////// T=thickness b- Expansion joint : Isolation filter //////////////////////////// concrete c- Construction joint: formed edge with key 1st cast 2nd cast ////////////////////////////
- 96. SHABAN BOOLKET 96 Internal City Roads Layers Road Type Sub Grade Sub Base Base Asphalt 10,12,15 M width inside city Min. CBR 4 % Thick 30 cm Type A Thick 20 cm Crushed Lime Stone Thick 20Cm Binder 6 Cm 20 , 30 M width City Roads Min. CBR 5 % Thick 50 cm Type A Thick 30 cm Crushed lime stone Thick 25 cm Binder 7 Cm 40 , 60 , 100 , 120 M width Main city Roads Min. CBR 6 % Thick 60 cm Type A Thick 40 cm Crushed lime Stone thick 30 cm (2) layers Binder 6 Cm + Wearing 5 cm
- 99. SHABAN BOOLKET 99 SANITARY CONSTANTS 1- Water supply Consumption requirements as liter /capita /day a- For Each Person at Home as average is about (200) L / C / D b- For Schools (100) per Student c- For Hospitals (400) per Bed d- For Offices (80) per Employer e- For hotels (500) per person f- For Restaurants (5) per Meal 2- Recommended water supplying pipe size for ordinary house is ½ inch , and for distributing net from tank and ventilation pips is ¾ inch 3- Min. water velocity in pipes (0.7) m /sec. and max. is ( 3.0 ) m /sec. 4- For sewerage flow, best design Velocity between ( 0.4 - 0.9) m/sec , which provide best self-cleaning without erosion or sedimentation. 5- Minimum Longitudinal slope for sanitary pipes ( 4 to 6)” is (1.0) cm/ per meter length of the pipe .
- 100. SHABAN BOOLKET 100 Typical Deep Filtration NGL Compacted clay /////////// ///////////// 20 cm ;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;; 30 cm mixed sand & gravel layer 1.0 m graded Boulders max. size 3” 60 – 80 cm width Slotted drain pipe NOTE : This typical deep filter can be used for Both Roads and buildings Surroundings .
- 101. SHABAN BOOLKET 101 Domestic septic Tanks Number of users Length(m) x width(m) x Depth (m) . 5 2.0x1.0x1.0 10 2.5X1.3x1.0 15 2.5x1.5x1.3 20 2.8x1.5x1.3 50 4.5x2.0x1.4 Notes: 1- Use ventilation pipe( 2.0") diameter for the septic tank . 2- Use Manhole cover (50x50)cm. 3- A wall to be constructed for dividing the septic tank to two parts with one small opening on the top of wall . 4-Free board 30cm required over depth.
- 102. SHABAN BOOLKET 102 Galvanized pipes Normally used in water and gas supply installations . Pipe Dia. inch Pipe Dia. mm weight kg/m.l Thick- ness mm 1/ 2 12 1.26 2.76 3/4 19 1.68 2.87 1.0 25 2.50 3.37 2.0 50 5.43 3.91 2.5 65 6.49 3.65 3.0 75 8.00 3.80 4.0 100 12.00 4.50 Note : The Tolerance is = +,- 10 % in Pipe weight, for testing purpose
- 103. SHABAN BOOLKET 103 Deep well discharge G. L///////////////// ///////////////////////////// water table well ------------------------------------------------------ …….. H …….. …….. R depression cone R = 2Q / π R= radius of depression cone in ft Q = discharge in galloons / day h = depression of water in well during pumping in ( ft )
- 104. SHABAN BOOLKET 104 Pipes size used for Water supply and sewerage Inch mm Inch mm 3/8” 8 3.0” 80 ½” 10 4.0” 100 5/8” 15 5.0” 125 ¾” 20 10.0” 250 1.0” 25 16.0” 400 1 ¼” 32 20.0” 500 1 ½” 40 24.0” 600 Types: Ductile, Galvanized, Steel, plastic (PVC) , high pressure pipes , and High Density pipes
- 105. SHABAN BOOLKET 105 PVC high pressure pipes Diameter mm Weight kg/m.l Thickness mm 63 0.562 1.9 75 0.766 2.2 90 1.12 2.7 110 1.62 3.2 140 2.62 4.1 160 3.43 4.7 200 5.37 5.9 Note : 1-Pipes type are Series 3 and 6 atmosphere water pressure. 1-Tolerance is = +,- 10 % in Pipe weight for lab. Testing .
- 106. SHABAN BOOLKET 106 Typical Cesspool TOP steel cover 40 cm Diameter GL //////////////////// ////////////////// sewerage Brick Masonry Surrounding (1m ) Gravel (15) Humus height Cm thick ( ½ to 1” ) grading open joint ( 30 ) cm Masonry crushed stone layer Notes: 1- Min. cesspool total Depth 7.0 m 2- Min cesspool Diameter clear 90 cm 3- Usage for normal houses , buildings and industries.
- 107. SHABAN BOOLKET 107 Typical sewer Pipe cross section NGL ///////////////;;;;;;;;;;;;;/////////////////////////////// ;;;;;;;;;;;;; Compacted back filing soil Min. …… depth 50 cm sewer .… pipe ;;;;;;;;;;;;; surrounding 0000000 concrete 1:2:4 Min. 15 cm lean concrete Base 20 cm Crushed stone 10 cm Sewer width = Pipe Diam. + 30 cm Note : In weak soils use reinforced concrete base.
- 108. SHABAN BOOLKET 108 Weirs H Q Q //////////////////////////// //////////////////////// 4H Q = 1. 84 B H 3/2 Q = discharge in m3 /sec. B = weir width in (m) H = height of water flow in (m) Notes: 1 -Basin formula is recommended for rectangular weirs. 2 - Above formula is useful for water, c = 0.62 and g = 9.81.
- 109. SHABAN BOOLKET 109 STORM WATER FLOW Sewers must handle storm water flows during, and after, rain storms, snow and ice-melting events. The rational formula for peak storm-water runoff is: Q = C*R*A where: Q =peak runoff, in ft3 / s A = drainage area, acres C = coefficient of runoff of area R =average rainfall rate, inch /hours of rain producing runoff . In urban areas C = from 0.70 to 0.90. Residential areas C = from 0.30 to 0.40. according to surface type.
- 110. SHABAN BOOLKET 110 Flow in Pipes & Channels V = 0.85 C R 0.63 S 0. 54 V = flow velocity in m / sec . C = co – efficient of roughness , Normally = 100 for most type of Pipes and channels. R = d / 4 for Pipes , d = pipe diameter in (m) , or channel cross section divided by Wetted perimeter in (m) units. S = Sine the flow slope (as %). Accordingly: Pipe diameter : D= 7.45 Q2 C / S Q = discharge in liter per sec.
- 111. SHABAN BOOLKET 111
- 113. SHABAN BOOLKET 113 . Note : Above safe loads used for designing Purpose, but suitable factor of safety should be calculated. SAFE LOADS Materials Kg/cm2 Concrete. 1:1:2 (Cubes) 320 Concrete 1:2:4 (Cubes) 210 Concrete 1:3:6 (Cubes) 110 Brick work in cement Mortar 1:3 20 Stone masonry in cement mortar 1:3 15 Concrete Blocks in cement Mortar 1:3 12
- 114. SHABAN BOOLKET 114 Recommended Slump Concrete construction slump cm Max. Min. Reinforce. Foundations footings and walls 7.5 2.5 Plain footings and sub-walls . 7.5 2.5 Beams and reinforced slabs 10 2.5 building columns 10 2.5 Pavements and slabs 7.5 2.5 Mass concrete 5 2.5
- 116. SHABAN BOOLKET 116 Concrete Strength Age % of Max m strength 3 days 40 % 7 days 65 % 14 days 90 % 28 days 99 % Notes : 1-Maxm Air Temperature allowed For concreting casting is in Hot weather is 40o ,and 32o for the concrete mix . Minim is Freezing water degree. (0o c) without any precautions. 2-Recommended Slump test for plain concrete is (25 -75) mm and for Reinforced concrete is ( 50-100) mm , depending on structure type and location .
- 117. SHABAN BOOLKET 117 CEMENT MORTARS 1-Mortar = Cement( C )+ Sand ( S ) 2- One bag of cement = (50) kg. and volume =0.035 m3 . 3- For 1 M3 cement mortar volume : V= 0.75 ( C+ S ) Mix (Cemen t + sand) Cement kg Sand m3 1:1 1020 0.71 1:3 510 1.05 1:5 310 1.05 1:7 220 1.05
- 118. SHABAN BOOLKET 118 Concrete Cubes Strength MIX 7- days 28days 1: 1: 2 210 310 1: 1.5:3 175 260 1: 2: 4 140 210 1: 3: 6 - 115 NOTES : 1- For core test the height of the core is equal = 2 x diameter 2- Strength units are in kg/cm2 3- Concrete cubes (15x15x15)cm 4- In case of using (15x30)cm Cylinder instead of cubes, the Strength should be 80% of above Results For normal concrete.
- 119. SHABAN BOOLKET 119 Water for Concrete Mix. Water Liter Sand Liter Gravel Liter 1:1:2 25 35 70 1:2:4 32 70 140 1:3:6 35 105 210 1:4:8 46 140 280 NOTES : 1-This table for dry materials 2-This quantities per (50kg) 1- one bag cement. 3-For wet sand and gravel 2- use less water quantities. 4-Use mechanical vibrators.
- 120. SHABAN BOOLKET 120 Flooring Expansion Joints and Reinforcing Flooring Concrete slab Thickness Weight of BRC Reinfor- cement Maxim spacing between 2 joints 10 cm 2.7 kg/cm2 12.5 m 15 cm 3.8 kg/cm2 25 m 20 cm 5.5 kg/cm2 37 m Note: Normally Width of expansion joint in all above Cases is between (1 - 2) cm.
- 121. SHABAN BOOLKET 121 Typical Concrete Retaining Wall 20 //////////////////////////// TOP FILL 400 1:12 slope A- 25 mm @ 40 cm c-c B- 12 mm @ 60 cm c-c Dowels 25 mm @ 40 cm C & D 12 mm @ 30 cm NGL 60 //////////////// 45 Key 45 145 35 250 Notes : 1- This section is suitable for Maxm 4.0 m wall height . 2- Distribution steel 12 mm @ 30 cm for all layers A , B , C , D & dowels . 3- All dimensions are in centimeters .
- 122. SHABAN BOOLKET 122 Recommended Maxm Size of aggregate Member section Dimension cm . Min. For Reinforced Concrete inch For Un - Reinforced. Concrete inch 12.5 or less ¾ ¾ - 1 ½ 12.5 to 28 ¾ - 1 ½ 1 ½ - 3 28 to 74 ½ - 3 3 – 6 74 or more 1 ½ - 3 6 Minimum Concrete cover: 1- For slabs & walls = 1.5 cm 2- Beams & T-beams = 2.5 cm 3- 3- foundations & columns = 4.0 cm 4-
- 123. SHABAN BOOLKET 123 Concrete Admixtures Formulated products Usually in liquid form Added to concrete at a dosage of less than 5% by weight of cement content to modify and improve the properties of concrete in the wet and/or hardened state. : Main Types of Concrete Admixtures ASTM C 494 ( B.S 5075 ) 1-Waterproofing& Water Reducing (Type A) 2-Retarding) Type B ) 3-Accelerator (Type C ) 4-Water Reducing And Retarding (Type D ) 5-Water Reducing And Accelerator (Type E) 6-High Range Water Reducing (Type F) 7-High Range Water Reducing and Regarding (Type G). 8-Self Compacting (Type G & F) 9-Corrosion protection.
- 124. SHABAN BOOLKET 124 Guides to Depth(d)of Reinforced Concrete Beam Member d Roof and floor slabs L /25 Light beams L/15 Heavy beams and girders L/12 - L/10 NOTE : 1- L is the span of the beam or slab in millimeters. 2- The width of a beam should be at least L / 32 . 3- d = Beam Depth
- 125. SHABAN BOOLKET 125 Concrete Grades F Cube F Cylinder Grade MPa 15 12 = C Cylinder / Cube For Example : C20/25 20 16 25 20 30 25 37 30 45 35 60 50 : NOTE 1.25 F ( cu /cylinder ) = F ( cu / cube ) For Designing in Elastic: fc` = 0.85 ( F cu )
- 126. SHABAN BOOLKET 126 NDT Concrete Tests If we found any failure in normal tests for concrete ( cubes or cylinders) , Popular NDT ( Non Destructive Tests ) can be hold in field to re-check the results as below : 1. Rebound Hammer Test- RH Test 2. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity- UPV Test 3. Combined Method UPV & RH Test 4. Core Extraction for Compressive Strength Test. 5. Ingredient Analysis of Concrete Core 6. Echo Scan or X-ray for steel reinforcement. If Still we don’t get satisfied results still we can do : 1- Load test for the failed part. 2- Redesigning the frame. Still failed , then our last Decision will be demolition the failed concrete part .
- 127. SHABAN BOOLKET 127
- 129. SHABAN BOOLKET 129 Buildings Design Steps 1-Preparing complete Building site surveying and plot layout with countor map topography each 5 m 2- land Investigation by soil tests for the building foundation type , including bore holes ,Min. (3) with 15 m Depth according to geology . 3-Architectural designing for the building with owner apparoval . 4-Structural , electrical and Mechanical desinging for the Building and preparing complete set with Bill of quatities for items. 5-Adding emergincy stairs ( scape away exit ) , Firelarm system , fire fighting , ( CCTV ) monitering cameras , and spare electrical lift . 6-Preparing Requried standards.
- 130. SHABAN BOOLKET 130 AREAS 1-Sector of Circle : A= (q / 360) x π R2 q q = Angle in degree q R = radius R 2- Ellipse : A=1/4 x D x d x π D , d = The two diameters . 3- Parabola : A = 2/3 x B x H H B = base H= Height. A= area. 4-Tripozoidal: B A= (L1 +L2) /2 H L= Bases width 5- Circle : A = π r2 r = Radius
- 131. SHABAN BOOLKET 131 VOLUMES 1-Cone ,and Pyramid. V = 1/3 (H) (A) V= Volume , A = Base area H = Height 2-Frusta of Pyramid. V= H / 3 ( A1 +A2 + A1 A2 ) A2 H A1 3-Spherical segment: V= ╥ h2 (r-h/3) r = radius h=height of segment. ╥ = 3.14 h 4- Ball:Volume = 4/3 ╥ r3 r 5- Cylinder: Volume =(A)(H). 5-
- 132. SHABAN BOOLKET 132 EQUATIONS 1-TEMP: Co = 5 / 9 (F o – 32 ) C = centigrade = Fahrenheit. 3- ESTIMATION: Concrete works V= 0.67 * (C+S +G) Cement Mortar works = 0. 75 (C+S) Stone Masonry Vm = 0.30( V ). Bricks Mortar Vm = 0.23 (V ) Concrete Blocks Vm = 0.13 (V ) V =Total Volume, Vm= Mortar vol. C,S,G = cement ,sand & gravel vol. 4- SIMPSON RULE : Volume = 1/3d ((A1+An+2(sum of odd Areas – No. of ordinates)+4 (sum of even Areas – No. of ordinates )) d = distance between strips.
- 133. SHABAN BOOLKET 133 Typical Buildings Items Costs 1-Preparation and excavation 1% 2-Foundations 3% 3-Masonry up to DPC 5% 4-Masonry above DPC 22% 5-Roofing and curtains 15% 6-Flooring and tiles 9% 7-Doors and windows 10% 8-Internal finishing 14% 9-External finishing 5% 10-Water supply 5% 11-sanitary works 8% 12-Electrification 3%
- 134. SHABAN BOOLKET 134 For (1) Meter Need Type Un it Forma n Worker Soil Excavation M3 - 1 Hard Soil Excavation M3 - 2 Ordinary Concrete M3 - 1 /2 Reinforced Concrete M3 1/8 1 Stone Masonry M3 4/7 1.25 Cement Plastering M3 1/15 1/8 Gypsum Plastering M3 1/40 1/8 Mosaic Tiles M3 1/30 1/8
- 135. SHABAN BOOLKET 135 MATERIALS NEEDED MATERIAL No. / M 3 No. / M 2 1- Bricks (7x11x23)cm with cement mortar1:3 450 - 2- Concrete. Blocks (15x20x40) cm. 73 - 3- Sand bricks (20x10x5)cm. 410 - 4- Concrete. Blocks (20)cm. Wall thick - 16 5- Tiles (25 x 25)cm - 16 6- Tiles (15 x 15)cm - 45 7- Tiles (20 x 20)cm - 25 8- Tiles (30 x 30)cm - 12
- 136. SHABAN BOOLKET 136 New Machines Production Type m3 /hr Remarks Big Bulldozer 200 For soils + Sub base Grader 125 For soils Grader 175 For Road sub base Roller (Smooth) 175 For sub- base works Roller(She ep) 150 For soils Rubber – Tire Shovel 160 For Truck Loading Excavator 70 In Medium Materials Crawler Shovel 120 Sub-base + soils Scrapers 90 For soils works
- 137. SHABAN BOOLKET 137 Bucket Fill Factor Material Fill factor Range Sand and gravel 0.90 – 1.00 Common earth 0.80 – 0.90 Hard Clay 0.65 – 0.75 Wet Clay 0.50 – 0.60 Rock well blasted 0.60 – 0.75 Rock poor blasted 0.40 – 0.50 Source : Caterpillar Tractor Comp.
- 138. SHABAN BOOLKET 138
- 140. SHABAN BOOLKET 140 Water Pumps Power Q H P = -------- x ---------- 102 q P = Power in ( kw ) H = Head in meter ( Total ) Q = discharge in Liter/sec. q = efficiency ( output ) factor for piston pumps between (0.8 – 0.95) centrifugal pumps from (0.4 – 0.75) H= Hw + Hst .(in m) Hw=Total suction and pushing head Hst= Extra head losses in ( m )Due to pipes friction and values according to pipe diameter, length and discharge in side it , which calculated from special Empirical tables. NOTE: This Equation is used to find the required pump power in (kw), if you know the total Head, efficiency and required discharge for pump.
- 141. SHABAN BOOLKET 141 Electrical Information-1 1- Installation wires required cross section is : a = ( 2 K L I ) / Vd a is in mm2 K= 0.02 for copper , & 0.03 for Aluminum wires , I = amperes . L = wire length in meter Vd= voltage drop from 3 – 5 %. 2- One KVA = 4.5 Amperes for 220-volt system generators. 3- Every 1000 current amp. Needs 1.0 in2 bus – bar connection. 4- E= I * R , W=I*E , W= I2 * R E= VOLTS, I = AMPERES R= OHMS, W= WATTS
- 142. SHABAN BOOLKET 142 Electrical Information-2 1-All (13 ) Amp Switched Plug Socket should be placed at height of (40-50) cm from house floor level , but for bath rooms and kitchens on (120 ) cm level . Amp. All should be ) 20 - 15 ( For - 2 . floor from cm Height ) 120 ( on All electrical installations should - 3 be extended above false ceiling level and then dropped directly to . the points All electrical installations levels - 4 tary should be above sani . installations levels for All electrical installations - 5 should be connected to sockets . house Earthing system
- 143. SHABAN BOOLKET 143 Air conditioning 1-For Cooling : chiller used , and split units , every 35 m3 of the room space volume required 1 Ton , which is equal to 12000 BTU (BTU = British thermal unit ) 1 Ton cooling = 2900 kcal /h Every Kw = TON * 3. 5 2-For Heating : boiler used . 1 Ton heating = 3050 kcal / h Every Kw = 870 kcal / h 3-Air coolers use CFM = cubic foot per minute, 2500,3500,…. 4-Pumps discharge unit m3 / hr usually use the units of ; 1 Kw = 1.33 hp ( Normal head ) 1 hp = 2. 25 – 3 m3 / hr discharge 1 hp = Horse power unit .
- 144. SHABAN BOOLKET 144 Single phase cable 200LP A = ---------------- x (1000) dqv2 A = Area of cable cross section in (mm2 ) P = Power in Kilo watts L = distance in (m) d = for copper (cu)=56, and different for other materials. q = voltage drop in percentage, for example (2.4 ) v = voltage in volts . Note: This equation is used to find a required area (cross section ) for a single phase cable, between (2) points, when you know the distance between them, required power to be transferred and acceptable drop in voltage between the (2) points.
- 145. SHABAN BOOLKET 145 Electrical Cable Trenches 1-The depth of the Earth excavation for cable trenches shall be min. 90cm with the width according to the number of cables (under sidewalk 70cm, under median 90cm). 2- Before laying the cables the trenches shall be filled with a layer of earth free of stones, or clean sand having a thickness of 15cm. The cables shall be covered by another layer of the same material and thickness. 3- The polyethylene sheet shall be laid over this second layer to protect the cable against damaging. The sheet shall be marked continuously with the word "DANGER" .
- 146. SHABAN BOOLKET 146 Sound Transition Loss TL = 20 log f + 20 log D – C TL = Transition loss of sound f = Sound frequency 125 – 4000 ( Hz) D = Partition Surface Density (kg/m2 cm) C= 33 for Metric Units. For f = 1000 Hz : Material D Avg. TL Bricks 21 50 Concrete 23 55 Wood 6 42 Glass 29 56 Gypsum 10 45 Lead 125 65 Sound Levels in dB Source Decibel dB Wisper 30 Rain fall 50 Conservation 60 – Normal Level Factory 80 Jet Engine 130
- 147. SHABAN BOOLKET 147 Thermal Conductivity __________________________________________________________ H = K*A *(T1-T2) / t H= Thermal conductivity in watt . K= The material thermal conductivity A= Total cross section area of conducting surface in m2 T1 & T2 = Outside and inside temperatures in centigrade cº t = Thickness of the conducting surface in meters Material K in Watt / m cº Bricks 1 Concrete 2 Plastering 0.5 Glass 1 Stone 1.7 Wood 0.04 – 0.4 Polystyrene 0.05 Air 0.025 Soil 1.5
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- 150. SHABAN BOOLKET 150 Investigation Boreholes The Spacing and Depth of Boreholes for any structures may viried cosiderably in the light of local foundation conditions and the size and loads of the structure . The grid of Borehles location is usually decided by the Geologistik Engineer according to his accumilated Experience . Normally Boreholes spacing are : 1- For buildings 10 – 30 m apart . 2- Roads and brudges 30 -300 m. 3- Landslides At least 5 in line of profile . And Depth is : 1- 1.5 x Foundatioin depth , below foundation depth + one or two contrle hole to Min. (10) m depth , unless rock ahead found . 2- Then (3)m. below Roackhead to prove sound rock . 3- Probes to 3 -10 m to locate rock cavities as rough estimation.
- 151. SHABAN BOOLKET 151 Int. Standards Designing Architectural Standards : 1-Neufurt Architects data 2-Time saver Standards 3-AIA - American Institute of Architects Civil Engineering Standards : 1-ACI - American Concrete Institute 2-IBC - international buildings code 3-ASCE - American Society of Civil Engineers 4-AASTHO - American Association of State Highway ,Transportation Officials 5-ASTM - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Mechanical Standards : 1- ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers 2- B.S. – British Standards . 3- ASHRAE: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating& Air-Conditioning Engineers. Electrical standards : 1-IEC -International Electrical Commission 2-NEC - National elec. code 3-IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers .
- 152. SHABAN BOOLKET 152 1 - Elements Engineering Design In the Design set Process of any Buildings project it is normally that below Typical elements are required : Parts for the Complete Design set A- Architectural : 1- Buildings Plot with infrastructure services & Site Plan Drawing. 2- Foundations , Basement and all Floors plans with penthouse details furniture and Dimensions . 3- Two Horizontal and vertical Sections for complete structure. 4- All required Elevations. 5- Details for Main and Emergency Stair case and other structures . 6- 3D Views of the Buildings and may be also animation. 7- Doors and windows Details . 8- Legend For all Parts& finishing’s.
- 153. SHABAN BOOLKET 153 2 - Engineering Design Elements B- Structural : 1-Foundation plans , details , reinforcement , And Retaining walls with cut and fill works. 2- All slabs Reinforcement’s and detailed Plans & sections . 3- Beams and columns details. 4- Lifts and Stair case sections , reinforcement and details. 5- Required Standards ,Design codes and General notes. C- Electrical : 1-Lightening for main site plan . 2-Power distribution with main boards and Transformers. 3-CCTV Security camera Net . 4-Fire Alarm & Anti-lighting system. 5-Other Nets and TV cables. 6-Building Earthling system.
- 154. SHABAN BOOLKET 154 3 - Engineering Design Elements D- Mechanical : 1-Water supply, Boilers and Reservoirs tanks systems. 2-Sanitary, rain , floor drain system and station treatments . 3-Gas and Fire-fighting systems. 4-Split units, VRV or Chillers air-conditioning and ventilation. 5-Split units water draining net. 6-Lift , and Pumps details . E- B.O.Q : For all above Branches Bill of Quantities is required as excel sheet with Estimated prices , Printed on A4 Paper Size. F- Printing : Complete Project Drawings and Documents to be printed on A2 Paper Size , And 3 CD soft Copy with PDF Format.
- 155. SHABAN BOOLKET 155 4 - Engineering Design Elements G- ROADS: For Roads and highway projects below typical elements are required for complete Design Set: 1- General Road site plan and alignment on digitized satellite map with kilometer stations. 2- Typical road cross section and material layers with slopes details 3- Road alignment plan each certain stations and profile section with Natural ground , Subgrade and final road levels. 4- All road structures like culverts, bridges , over & underpasses , intersections , parking ,Guard rails, Signs …etc should be shown on alignment and profile. 5- Complete BOQ for all cut and fill quantities, materials used with total lengths of culverts & Bridges
- 156. SHABAN BOOLKET 156 Multistory building collapse due to Wrong Design
- 157. SHABAN BOOLKET 157 PHYSICS CONSTANTS 1-Light Velocity(c) = 299,000 km/s 2- One light year = 9.5x1012 km . 3-Gravity acceleration=9.81 m/s2 4-Avogadro No.(NA)= 6.x1023 mol-1 5-Plank constant (h)=6.6x10-34 j.s 6-Gravity Constant (G)= 6.7x10-11 m2 /kg2 7-Earth Radius = 6,370,000 km . 8-Average distance between earth and sun = 1.5x108 km. 9-Sun Radius = 7x105 km . 10- Sound velocity = 343 m/s 11- Standard. Air Pressure = 100,000 Pascal OR N/m2 12- Uniform Atomic Mass Unit ( u) = 1.66x10-27 kg.
- 158. SHABAN BOOLKET 158 SOME REFFERENCES 1-Standard Hand book for civil engineers , Merritt , 2002 . 2-Highway Design manual – State organization of roads and bridge , Baghdad , Iraq , SORB-2003 . 3- A Dictionary of civil engineering, GHOSE, Delhi , 2004 . 4-Waste water engineering, METCALF & EDDY, 1991 5-Indian Practical civil engineers Hand book , KHANA , 1985 . 6-Buildings Construction, Principles’ , and practice , Denis Walton , 1995 . 7-Iraqi Technical Specifications For buildings, Baghdad, 1993. 8- Al - MANSOOR company practical handbook ( IRAQ). 9-Building Materials , 2009,Jordan 10- ACI code , AASHTO 2010,etc …
- 159. SHABAN BOOLKET 159 NOTES: 1-Please Inform me for any Mistakes modifications, suggestions or corrections on below Addresses. so that to be edited in next edition. 2-All information here are practical , empirical enough for ordinary, and collected from general resources of civil engineering. 3-Please Note that for structures Which may you need more and accurate details you are strongly advised to review basic & detailed Civil engineering standards & not depending on this booklet only. E-mail : Serwang60@gmail.com Mobile No. for Viber and WhatsApp: +964 770 446 1234
- 161. SHABAN BOOLKET 161 بوك الفيس عنوان Facebook Shaban civil engineers Booklet مالحظة : يمنع او طبع استنساخ من جزء اي اقتباس او هذا الكتيب المعد موافقة اخذ دون . ناميلكةي ني شاريستا ئةندازياري http://www.facebook.com/ Shaban Civil Engineers Booklet طشتى َوةبةرايةتىيبةر لة طشتيية َبحانةيكت ذمارةى كان سثاردنى 104 لة سالي ( 2008 ى ) دراوة َىيث - َر يهةول
- 162. SHABAN BOOLKET 162