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1. Urolithiasis in cattle, sheep and goat
Prepared by-
Dr. Babul R Paul
M-5736

2. Introduction
 Urolithiasis is common as a subclinical
disorder among ruminants
 It considered primarily a nutritional disease
 When ration is composed primarily of grain
 Mortality is high in case of urethral
obstruction
 As a result, prevention is important to limit
loses from urolithiasis

3. Urolithiasis
Urolithiasis is the formation of stones
(uroliths) in the urinary tract.
It is most commonly seen in castrated male
common sites -
1. Cattle:- distal aspect of the sigmoid
flexure
2. sheep and goats:- the sigmoid flexure
and urethral process

4. Common site
of stone
formation
Fig:- common site of stone formation in Bull

5. Sigmoid flexure
Urethral process
Fig:- common site of stone formation in Buck

6. Etiology
 Urine is highly saturated Solution of
minerals
 Urinary calculi form when inorganic and
organic urinary solutes precipitate out of
solution.
 Calculi form by a gradual accumulation of
precipitate around “nidus” (an organic
matrix of dead cell) and stone grow in size.

7. Factors contribute to urolithiasis
1) Those favor the development of nidus
2) Those that facilitate precipitation of
solute
3) Those that favor concretion by
cementing precipitated salt

8. Nidus formation
 Local infection in urinary tract
 Vitamin A deficiency
 Estrogen administration
 all these causes excessive epithelial
desquamation

9. Precipitation of solutes
Excessive intake of minerals:-
 Diet containing high concentrate
 Highly mineralized water
Animal drinking less water- concentrated
urine
pH of urine-
 phosphate & carbonate calculi- alkaline
urine.

10. Factor favoring concretion
 Mucoprotein – mucopolysaccharides
fraction
 It act as a cementing agent and favor the
formation of calculi when precipitates are
present
 The mucoprotein content is increased by
heavy concentrate low roughage ration.

11. Types of uroliths

12. Phosphatic calculi: -
 Ruminants consuming ration high in
phosphorus (grain-based rations) typically
develop –
 Struvite- magnesium ammonium phosphate
hexahydrate
 Apatite – calcium phosphate
 Pelleting of ration as been associated with
an increase in Phosphatic calculi

14. Calcium based calculi
 Calcium carbonate-
 Calcium oxalate-
 common in small ruminant grazing lush, rapidly
growing clover pasture or being fed alfalfa hay.
 Ingestion of plants high in oxalic acid content can
be risk factor for formation of calcium carbonate
calculi
 These forages are rich in calcium and low in P &
Mg and have a high oxalate content.

15. Calcium carbonate calculi
Calcium oxalate

16. Silica uroliths
 whereas ruminants grazing on silica-
rich soil are predisposed to form silica
uroliths.

17. Risk factor for obstructive
urolithiasis
 Size of individual calculi- often the
obstruction is caused by one stone
 Amount of calculus material- aggregation of
many small calculi also can cause
obstruction
 Diameter of urethra- small diameter of
urethra in castrated animal

18. Pathogenesis :-
 Calculi may be present in kidneys, ureters,
bladder, and urethra
 Major clinical manifestation is urethral
obstruction
 Rupture of urethra or bladder occur within
2-3 days if the obstruction is not relieved
and the animal dies of uremia or secondary
bacterial infection
 Smooth, spherical calculus- rupture of
bladder
 Irregularly shaped stone- rupture of urethra

19. Clinical finding
 Stranguria - passage only few drops of blood
stain urine
 Abdominal pain with kicking at the belly
 Treading with the hind feet
 Swishing of tail
 vocalization (especially goats)
 palpable bladder distention
 abdominal palpation in small ruminants
 rectal palpation in large ruminants

20. A heavy precipitate
of crystal is often
visible on preputial
hair

21. Sequelae to untreated
obstruction
 Diffuse swelling of subcutaneous
tissue of ventral body wall

22. Medical Treatment
 Phenothiazine
derivative(aminopromazine 0.7
mg/kg)
 Instillation of acetic acid 30-200 ml
and hemiacidrin solution through
cystotomy catheter

23. Surgical management
 amputation of the urethral process (small
ruminants)
 urethral catheterization / retrograde
flushing
 perineal urethrostomy
 ischial urethrostomy
 cystostomy

24. Amputation of the urethral process

25. Perineal urethrostomy

26. Prevention
 Adequate balance of Ca and P (2:1)
 Increase water intake
 Nacl supplementation helps to prevent
urolithiasis.
 Feeding of ammonium chloride @ 45g
to cattle and 10g to sheep,goat/day)
 Vit –A

27. References
 Veterinary medicine- A textbook of the
diseases of cattle, horse, sheep, pig
and goats
- O.M. Radostits
- Clive C Gay
- Kenneth W Hinchcliff
- Peter D Constable

28. THANK YOU