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Memory
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2. Title of the presentation
Anjali G
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4. INTRODUCTION
ï Computer memory is any physical device capable of storing information
temporarily or permanently.
ïtwo types: volatile and non volatile
6. VOLATILE MEMORY
ïVolatile memory is a temporary memory that loses its contents when the computer or
hardware device loses power.
ïComputer RAM is a good example of a volatile memory
ï Most modern volatile memory is either Static RAM or dynamic RAM.
SRAM:-
ï SRAM uses six transistors per bit.
ïSRAM is faster and more reliable than the more common DRAM . While DRAM supports
access times of about 60 nanoseconds, SRAM can give access times as low as 10
nanoseconds.
ïUnfortunately SRAM is much more expensive to produce than DRAM. Due to its high
cost, SRAM is often used only as a memory cache.
ïSRAM is generally used for high-speed registers & caches.
7. ïA typical SRAM cell is made up of six MOSFET.
Each bit in an SRAM is stored on four
transistors(M1, M2, M3, M4) that form
two cross-coupled inverters.
ïMain Needs:
âą to provide a direct interface with the CPU at speeds
not attainable by DRAMs
âą to replace DRAMs in systems that require very
low power consumption.
DRAM:-
ïDRAM is a type of random-access memory that stores
each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an IC.
ïThe capacitor can be either charged or discharged; these two states are taken to
represent the two values of a bit.
ïDynamic RAM needs regular refresh cycles to prevent its contents being lost.
ïThe advantage of DRAM is its structural simplicity: only one transistor and a capacitor are
required per bit, compared to four or six transistors in SRAM.
8. ïDRAM is usually arranged in a rectangular array of charge storage cells consisting of one
capacitor and transistor per data bit.
9. VIRTUAL MEMORY
ïWhen computer lacks RAM; needed to run a program
or operation Virtual memory is used.
ïVirtual memory combines your computerâs RAM with
temporary space on your hard disk.
ïThe purpose of virtual memory is to enlarge the
address space, the set of addresses a program can utilize.
ïThe operating system divides virtual memory into pages,
each of which contains a fixed number of addresses. Each page is stored on a disk until it is
needed.
ïWhen RAM runs low, virtual memory moves data from RAM to a space called a paging
file. Moving data to and from the paging file frees up RAM to complete its work.
ïOS is translating virtual addresses into real addresses.
ïThe process of translating virtual addresses into real addresses is called mapping. The
copying of virtual pages from disk to main memory is known as paging.
10. NONVOLATILE MEMORY
ïNon-volatile memory is computer memory that can retain the stored information even
when not powered.
ï Examples of non-volatile memory include read-only memory , flash memory, most types
of magnetic computer storage devices (e.g. hard disks, floppy discs and magnetic tape)
ïRead-only memory (ROM) is a class of storage medium used in computers and other
electronic devices. Data stored in ROM cannot be modified, or can be modified only slowly
or with difficulty, so it is mainly used to distribute firmware.
ïFlash memory is an electronic non-volatile computer storage device that can be
electrically erased and reprogrammed.
ïFlash memory was developed from EEPROM.
ïThere are two main types of flash memory, which are named after
the NAND and NOR logic gates.
11. REGISTERS
ïA special, high-speed storage area within the CPU.
ï All data must be represented in a register before it can be processed.
ïThe number of registers that a CPU has and the size of each help determine the power
and speed of a CPU.
ïOnly assembly language programs can manipulate registers.
ïRegister performs:
1. Fetch: The Fetch Operation is used for taking the instructions those are given by the
user and the Instructions those are stored into the Main Memory will be fetch by using
Registers.
2. Decode: The Decode Operation is used for interpreting the Instructions means the
Instructions are decoded means the CPU will find out which Operation is to be
performed on the Instructions.
3. Execute: The Execute Operation is performed by the CPU. And Results those are
produced by the CPU are then Stored into the Memory and after that they are
displayed on the user Screen.
12. TYPES OF REGISTERS
Memory Address Register: -This register holds the memory addresses of data and
instructions. This register is used to access data and instructions from memory during the
execution phase of an instruction.
Program Counter:- The program counter (PC), commonly called the instruction pointer (IP)
in Intel x86 microprocessors. It keeps track of the the next memory address of the
instruction that is to be executed once the execution of the current instruction is
completed.
Accumulator Register:- Register is used for storing the Results those are produced by the
System.
Memory Data Register :- MDR is the register of a computer's control unit that contains
the data to be stored in the computer storage(e.g. RAM), or the data after a fetch from the
computer storage
Index Register:-A hardware element which holds a number that can be added to the
address portion of a computer instruction to form an effective address.
Data Register:-A register used in microcomputers to temporarily store data being
transmitted to or from a peripheral device.
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