The following steps are used for the manufacture process of glass : Formation of batch material Melting Shaping Annealing & Finishing

1. GLASS INDUSTRY
MD : MOYNUL ISLAM
ID: 20151107004

2. HISTORY
RAW MATERIALS
&
SOURCES OF RAW MATERIALS

3. Introduction :The economic development of a country
depends on the extent of her industrial development. At the
industrial level, this development depends mainly on the
prevailing technologies of that country. Chemical
technology thus has a unique role to play. A country should
determine which of the various available technologies are
most suitable for her.
The history of glass-making dates back to at least 3600 years
ago in Mesopotamia. Other archaeological evidence
suggests that the first true glass was made in coastal north
Syria, Mesopotamia or Egypt. Development of glass
technology in India may have begun in 1730 BC. In ancient
China, though, glass-making seems to have had a late
start compared to ceramics and metal work.
Fig:Ancient Greek glass Amphora

9. Raw materials used in manufacture of glass
Raw materials
Major ingredient
1.Silica
2.Soda or soda ash
3.Lime or lime stone
Minor ingredient
1.Potassium carbonate
2.Borax
3.Feldspar
4.Salt cake
5.Arsenic oxide
6.Cullet
7.Lead(ii) oxide
8.Coloring materials
9.Decolourants
10.Clarifires
11.Opacifires

10. Borax or sodium tetraborate
decahydrate
Feldspar
As203
PbO

12. Sources of the different raw materials are-
Raw materials sources
Limestone India, Bhutan
Dolomite-Stone India, Bhutan
Dolomite powder India
Soda Ash Mainly india,
Sand Sherpur, Comilla
Gas Bakhrabad Gas or any
Most of the raw materials are not available at the local market.

13. Manufacturing processof glass

14. The following steps are used for the manufacture
process of glass :
Formation of batch material
Melting
Shaping
Annealing &
Finishing

15. Formation of batch material
Batch material is the desired mixture of those ingredients &
other necessary ingredients –
Dolomite
Feldspa
r

16. Melting
The two most commonly furnace used for malting :
a) Pot furnace
b) Tank furnace
Those reactions involve in both furnace
& charged is heated at 1400-1500֯ c.
• Na2CO3 + SiO2 → Na2SiO3 + CO2
• 2Na2SO4 + 2SiO2 → 2Na2SiO3 + O2 + 2SO2
• CaCO3 + SiO2 → CaSiO3 + CO2
• At 1400°C silica also in silicates of calcium and sodium
• Na2SiO3 + CaSiO3 + 4SiO2 → Na2SiO3.CaSiO3 .4SiO2
Glass
Fig : Pot
furnace
Fig : Tank
furnace

17. Shaping
• Shaping is done to get proper designed product .
• lump is introduced into a mould .
• Inflated by blowing air into it from mouth .

18. Annealing & finishing
Annealing is necessary to cool glass in a controlled manner through a
predetermined temperature gradient is called "annealing”.
Finishing. The articles obtained that are subjected to a number of
operations such as cleaning, polishing, grinding, rounding edges for
bringing them to a useable form.

19. .

20. A by-product is a secondary product derived from
a manufacturing process or chemical reaction. It
is not the primary product .
What is by-product ?
There are no particular by product or co-products
of this industry. The waste glass is reused as cullet.
Which is added along side the other batch section
materials.

21. Industrial pollution is generally referred to
the undesirable outcome when factories emits
harmful waste into the environment such as
emissions to air or water bodies (water pollution),
deposition on landfills etc (land pollution) or
emission of toxic chemicals into the atmosphere
(air pollution).
The major environmental impact of glass
production is caused by atmospheric
emissions from melting activities.

22. •The combustion of natural gas/fuel oil and the
decomposition of raw materials during the melting lead to
the emission of CO2.
•Sulphur dioxide (SO2) from the fuel and/or from
decomposition of sulphate in the batch materials can
contribute to acidification.
•Nitrogen oxides (NOx) due to the high melting temperatures
and in some cases due to decomposition of nitrogen
compounds in the batch materials also contribute
to acidification and formation of SMOG.
•Evaporation from the molten glass and raw materials can
cause release of particles into the atmosphere.

23. Fig : Pollutant from glass industry

24. Minimising and controlling these emissions is a complex matter. The development
of environmental techniques is still ongoing, and is a dynamic process of developing
new techniques.
Most of these technologies, however, have disadvantages as well as advantages. For
example:
•Switching from heavy fuel to natural gas reduces CO2 and SO2, but increases Nox
•Some technologies that reduce NOx can cause an increase in CO2.
•Technologies that reduce SO2 can produce non-recyclable waste
•Some technologies can affect the lifetime of the furnace or the quality of the glass.

25. PROSPECTSOF GLASSINDUSTRY IN BANGLADESH

26. Bangladesh has a sufficient machineries and qualified technicians. However
removing of iron present in the sand has not yet invented economically. The product is slightly
greenish or colored. Complete colorless glass production is not possible from
our sand . Another problems is Bangladesh has not require
limeston (CaCo3) In joypurhat, a large deposite of limestone is available but appropriate
effort has not taken yet. Our requirement is fulfilled by importing
limestone in Sunamgonj from Meghalaya. For this reasons people use imported
glass
 DIFFERENT PROBLEMS OF GLASS INDUSTRY IN
BANGLADESH
 has not sufficient limestone
 complete colorless glass production is not possible
 low quality of sand or silica(sio2)

27. Glass industry products Actual production
Osmania glass, Sheet factory,
Kalurghat, cattagram.
Window glass and sheet glass 1.12 million sft
Bangal glass work, Demra
industry area,Dhaka.
Ambar bottle and vayal 50.15 metric ton
Ali glass works limited,Tangi
industry area, Dhaka
Tumbler jar, container, bottle 28179 gross
Nasir glass industries Ltd,
Sreepur Gazipur
Special glass No definite
PHP glass factory, Dhaka
Cattagram Hwy.
Thaialuminium glass No definite

28. Therefore, ironless or colorless glass production should be invented
economically. Large production from local raw materials are needed
because of increasing population and their increasing of quality glass
using and possibility of using in various new fields. According to these,the
future of our glass industry is very bright
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