Explicacion gramatical de la unidad 7. Interchange. Jack Richards. Fourth edition.

1. Unit 7 The world we live in
Use of passive with prepositions and use of infinitive clauses and
phrases
Use of passive with prepositions and use of infinitive clauses and
phrases
MTRA.SOFIA BRENDA REYES CRUZ
SEMESTRE FEBRERO_JUNIO 2016

2. Use of passive
• A passive sentence is usually more formal than the active
sentence. Compare:
We’ll send you a letter (informal)
A letter will be sent to you (formal)
Note that in a passive construction we can mention the
person or the thing that does the action (the agent) after the
word by.
The house was bought by a local businessmen
WHEN YOU ARE WORKING ON ACTIVE TO PASSIVE SENTENCES, FIRST YOU HAVE TO ASK YOURSELF: WHAT KIND OF
SENTENCE IS IT?
STRUCTURE
Active : Subject + verb + object
Passive : Subject + verb be (was, is, has been..) + Past Participle
WHEN YOU ARE WORKING ON ACTIVE TO PASSIVE SENTENCES, FIRST YOU HAVE TO ASK YOURSELF: WHAT KIND OF
SENTENCE IS IT?
STRUCTURE
Active : Subject + verb + object
Passive : Subject + verb be (was, is, has been..) + Past Participle

3. Passive with prepositions
Present continuous passive
The air is being polluted by fumes from cars and trucks
City streets are being damaged as a result of heavy traffic
Present perfect passive
The roadways have been jammed because of people’s dependence on cars
Many parks have been lost through overbuilding
The homeless have been displaced due to overcrowding in city shelters
Present continuous passive
The air is being polluted by fumes from cars and trucks
City streets are being damaged as a result of heavy traffic
Present perfect passive
The roadways have been jammed because of people’s dependence on cars
Many parks have been lost through overbuilding
The homeless have been displaced due to overcrowding in city shelters

4. Forms of passive
Radio London sacked Mark Walsh is an active sentence
Mark Walsh was sacked by Radio London is a passive sentence
The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
We form the passive with the verb be (is, was, has been, etc) + a past participle (heard, stopped,
etc)
The tense of the verb be changes to form the different tenses in the passive.
Present simple: The show is listened to by 1 million people
Present continuous: A letter is being sent to Mrs. Hind
Past simple: The argument was heard by the director
Present perfect: Mr. Walsh has not been offered his job back
Past continuous: I was being insulted by a silly woman
Past perfect: He had been given the job a month ago
Future: A new DJ will be chosen soon
Forms of passive
Radio London sacked Mark Walsh is an active sentence
Mark Walsh was sacked by Radio London is a passive sentence
The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
We form the passive with the verb be (is, was, has been, etc) + a past participle (heard, stopped,
etc)
The tense of the verb be changes to form the different tenses in the passive.
Present simple: The show is listened to by 1 million people
Present continuous: A letter is being sent to Mrs. Hind
Past simple: The argument was heard by the director
Present perfect: Mr. Walsh has not been offered his job back
Past continuous: I was being insulted by a silly woman
Past perfect: He had been given the job a month ago
Future: A new DJ will be chosen soon

5. PRACTICEPRACTICE
Rewrite the sentences using the passive and the prepositions given.
1. Air pollution is threatening the health of people in urban areas. (by)
2. Livestock farms have contaminated soil and underground water. (because of)
3. The burning of gas, oil, and coal has created acid rain. (as a result of)
4. The use of CFCs in products like hair spray has created a hole in the ozone layer.
(through)
5. The destruction of rain forests is harming rare plants and wildlife. (through)
6. The growth of suburbs has eaten up huge amounts of farmland. (due to)
Example: The health of people in urban areas is being threatened by air
pollution.
Rewrite the sentences using the passive and the prepositions given.
1. Air pollution is threatening the health of people in urban areas. (by)
2. Livestock farms have contaminated soil and underground water. (because of)
3. The burning of gas, oil, and coal has created acid rain. (as a result of)
4. The use of CFCs in products like hair spray has created a hole in the ozone layer.
(through)
5. The destruction of rain forests is harming rare plants and wildlife. (through)
6. The growth of suburbs has eaten up huge amounts of farmland. (due to)
Example: The health of people in urban areas is being threatened by air
pollution.

6. Complete the sentences
• Many species of animals _____ hunting and fishing
a) Have been endangered by
b) Have endangered
2. Pollution _____ buildings and trees in the inner cities.
a) Is being harmed by
b) Is harming
3. Oil and reserves _____ because of our dependence on cars.
a) Are using up
b) Are being used up
Complete the sentences
• Many species of animals _____ hunting and fishing
a) Have been endangered by
b) Have endangered
2. Pollution _____ buildings and trees in the inner cities.
a) Is being harmed by
b) Is harming
3. Oil and reserves _____ because of our dependence on cars.
a) Are using up
b) Are being used up
Practice

7. 4. People’s health _____ due to overeating junk food
a) Has affected
b) Has been affected
5. Recycling _____ natural resources.
a) Is saving
b) Is being saved by
6. New types of cars don’t pollute as much _____ some of the major car companies.
a) Are developing
b) Are being developed by
4. People’s health _____ due to overeating junk food
a) Has affected
b) Has been affected
5. Recycling _____ natural resources.
a) Is saving
b) Is being saved by
6. New types of cars don’t pollute as much _____ some of the major car companies.
a) Are developing
b) Are being developed by
WHEN YOU ARE WORKING ON ACTIVE TO PASSIVE SENTENCES, FIRST YOU HAVE TO ASK YOURSELF: WHAT KIND OF SENTENCE IS
IT?
STRUCTURE
Active : Subject + verb + object
Passive : Subject + verb be (was, is, has been..) + Past Participle
WHEN YOU ARE WORKING ON ACTIVE TO PASSIVE SENTENCES, FIRST YOU HAVE TO ASK YOURSELF: WHAT KIND OF SENTENCE IS
IT?
STRUCTURE
Active : Subject + verb + object
Passive : Subject + verb be (was, is, has been..) + Past Participle

8. Infinitive clauses and phrasesInfinitive clauses and phrases
Structure the sentences as follows:
(A way/ Two Ways) + infinitive + is/are + infinitive
One thing+ to do about it+ is+ to talk to the company’s management
Another way+ to stop them+ is +to get a TV station to run a story
The best ways+ to fight HIV / AIDS +are +to do more research and educate people.
An infinitive is part of the subordinate clauses which are named after the form of the
verb . TO-INFINITIVE CLAUSE:
You must book early [to secure a seat]
Structure the sentences as follows:
(A way/ Two Ways) + infinitive + is/are + infinitive
One thing+ to do about it+ is+ to talk to the company’s management
Another way+ to stop them+ is +to get a TV station to run a story
The best ways+ to fight HIV / AIDS +are +to do more research and educate people.
An infinitive is part of the subordinate clauses which are named after the form of the
verb . TO-INFINITIVE CLAUSE:
You must book early [to secure a seat]

9. PRACTICE
Find one or more solutions for each problem.Find one or more solutions for each problem.
Solutions
a. to build more public housing.
b. to train people in modern farming
methods
c. to start free vocational training
programs.
d. to educate people on how diseases are
spread
e. to have more police on the streets.
f. to provide ways for people to voice
their concerns
g. To develop cleaner public
transportation
h. To create more jobs for the
unemployed
Solutions
a. to build more public housing.
b. to train people in modern farming
methods
c. to start free vocational training
programs.
d. to educate people on how diseases are
spread
e. to have more police on the streets.
f. to provide ways for people to voice
their concerns
g. To develop cleaner public
transportation
h. To create more jobs for the
unemployed
Problems
1. One way to reduce famine is …
2. The best way to fight HIV/AIDS is …
3. One way to stop political unrest is …
4. One thing to improve air quality is …
5. The best way to reduce poverty is …
6. One thing to help the homeless is …
Problems
1. One way to reduce famine is …
2. The best way to fight HIV/AIDS is …
3. One way to stop political unrest is …
4. One thing to improve air quality is …
5. The best way to reduce poverty is …
6. One thing to help the homeless is …

10. Richards, Jack C.
Interchange Third Edition
Cambridge University Press
Images:
www.zazzle.com
www.tendringdc.gov.uk
www.ipodtotal.com
www.postershop-espana.com
www.allposters.es
juliardilla.wordpress.com
wallpapers.bpix.org
www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/clauses/bare.htm
Richards, Jack C.
Interchange Third Edition
Cambridge University Press
Images:
www.zazzle.com
www.tendringdc.gov.uk
www.ipodtotal.com
www.postershop-espana.com
www.allposters.es
juliardilla.wordpress.com
wallpapers.bpix.org
www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/clauses/bare.htm
BibliographyBibliography