3. Definition
Groove --- invagination of ectoderm.
Pouch ---- evagination of endoderm.
Arch – bulge/ swelling
Diverticuli --- evagination through a wall of a tubular organ.
4. GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY
Development begins with fertilization when the sperm and oocyte, each haploid
with 23 chromosomes, unite to form the diploid zygote containing 46
chromosomes.
The zygote divides, producing a morula which cavitates to form a blastocyst
that implants in the endometrium during the second week.
Initially the inner cell mass forms a bilaminar germ disc which then, by
gastrulation, leads to a trilaminar disc comprised of ecto-, meso- and endoderm
layers in week 3
Weeks 3-8 comprise the embryonic period
7. PHARYNGEAL ARCHES
Arches of mesenchyme derived from paraxial and lateral plate
mesoderm and neural crest cells appear in the fourth and
fifth weeks of development.
They are covered externally by ectoderm, which forms clefts
between successive arches, and internally by endoderm
which forms pouches between arches.
8. Providence of Pharyngeal Arches
A typical pharyngeal arch contains ;
A pharyngeal arch artery
A cartilaginous rod
A muscular component
Sensory and motor nerves
9. First pharyngeal arch
The first arch has a dorsal maxillary process and a ventral
mandibular process.
The maxillary process gives rise to the premaxilla, maxilla,
zygomatic bone, the zygomatic process and squamous part of the
temporal bone by intramembranous ossification.
The mandibular process / Meckel's cartilage which persists as the
malleus, anterior ligament of malleus, incus and
sphenomandibular ligament.
10. Cont…
The trigeminal (V) nerve supplies sensation to the first arch
connective tissues via its ophthalmic, maxillary and
mandibular branches.
Only the mandibular division has a motor root and supplies
eight first arch muscles:
Four muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral
pterygoid),
Two tensors (tympani and palati), mylohyoid and the anterior belly of
digastric.
11.
12. Second pharyngeal /Hyoid Arch/Reichert’s
cartilage
The second arch gives rise to the
Dorsal Part -- stapes, styloid process of the temporal bone,
Middle -- stylohyoid ligament,
Ventral -- lesser cornu and upper body of the hyoid bone.
The facial (VII) nerve supplies sensation to second arch connective
tissue in the external auditory canal, but is mainly motor supplying:
stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric, occipitofrontalis and the
muscles of facial expression.
13. Third pharyngeal arch
The third arch gives rise to the greater cornu and lower body
of the hyoid bone.
The glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve supplies sensation to third
arch connective tissues in the posterior third of the tongue
and is motor to glossopharyngeus.
14. Fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches
The cartilagenous components of the fourth and sixth arches fuse to form the
laryngeal cartilages: thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform.
The superior laryngeal branch of the vagus (X) supplies sensation to fourth arch
connective tissue from the valleculae and epiglottis to the true vocal cords and
is motor to levator palati, pharyngeal constrictors (partially) and cricothyroid.
The recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus supplies sensation to sixth arch
derivatives, notably the infraglottic larynx:, and is motor to the other muscles of the
larynx.
15.
16. Derivatives of pharyngeal arch arteries
1st Arch – Maxillary Artery
2nd Arch – Stapedial A. + Ext.
Carotid
3rd Arch – CCA and Proximal ICA
4th Arch -- Left – part of arch of
Aorta
Right –proximal part of
Subclavian a.
6th Arch – Left – Ductus Arteriosus
Right – Pulmonary Artery
22. PHARYNGEAL POUCHES
On each side, between the six arches, lie five pharyngeal pouches lined by
endoderm
The first pouch extends laterally to form the Eustachian tube, the middle ear
cavity and the tubotympanic recess, which extends as far as the tympanic
membrane.
Distal portion of tubotympanic recess expands upward to become middle ear
cavity or tympanic cavity
Proximal part becomes eustachian (auditory, pharyngotympanic) tube
23.
24. Cont…
The second pouch forms the bed of the palatine tonsil.
The third pouch forms ventral and dorsal wings.
The epithelium of the ventral wing differentiates into the
thymus, while that of the dorsal wing forms the inferior
parathyroid gland.
25. Cont,,,
The dorsal wing of the fourth pouch differentiates into parathyroid tissue
which descends to lie posterior to the superior pole of the ipsilateral
thyroid lobe.
The ventral wing of the fourth(fifth pouch) forms the ultimobranchial
body, which is incorporated into the thyroid gland· and gives rise to
parafollicular calcitonin secreting cells.
28. Pharyngeal diverticulum
The structural weakness between thyropharyngeus and
cricopharyngeus, Killian's dehiscence, may be the site of an
acquired pulsion diverticulum which may be described
erroneously as a 'pharyngeal pouch'.
29. PHARYNGEAL CLEFTS
The 5-week embryo is characterized by the presence of four pharyngeal
clefts
On each side, between the first five arches, lie four pharyngeal clefts lined by
ectoderm.
Normally, only the first cleft persists and its dorsal end gives rise to the external
auditory meatus, separated from the first pouch by the tympanic membrane.
the second, third, and fourth clefts lose contact with the outside
The clefts form a cavity lined with ectodermal epithelium, the cervical sinus,
but with further development, this sinus disappears.
30. Clinical correlate
The second arch overgrows the second, third and fourth clefts, forming the
cervical sinus which then resorbs.
However, if this sinus persists, it gives rise to cervical cysts along the anterior
border of sternocleidomastoid.
If the cysts communicate with the skin, they form external branchial fistulae.
31. Branchial Fistula
An abnormal canal that opens internally into the tonsillar sinus and externally in the
side of the neck
This canal results from persistence of parts of the second pharyngeal groove and
second pharyngeal pouch
The fistula passes between the internal and
external carotid arteries and opens into the tonsillar sinus.
32. Pharyngeal membranes
Pharyngeal membranes appear in the floor of the pharyngeal grooves
These membranes form where the epithelia of the grooves and pouches approach
each other
The endoderm of the pouches and ectoderm of the grooves are soon separated by
mesenchyme
Only first pharyngeal membrane becomes the tympanic membrane, others
obliterate.
33. Tongue
The tongue appears in embryos of approximately 4 weeks in the form of
two lateral lingual swellings and one medial swelling, the tuberculum
impar
These three swellings origínate from the first pharyngeal arch.
As the lateral lingual swellings increase in size, they overgrow the
tuberculum impar and merge, forming the anterior two-thirds, or body,
of the tongue
34. Cont,,,
Because the mucosa covering the body of the tongue
originates from the first pharyngeal arch, sensory
innervation to this area is by the mandibular branch of the
trigeminal nerve.
The body of the tongue is separated from the posterior
third by a V-shaped groove, the terminal sulcus
35. Cont…
The posterior part, or root, of the tongue originates from the
second, third, and parts of the fourth pharyngeal arch.
The fact that sensory innervation to this part of the tongue is
supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve indicates that tissue of the
third arch overgrows that of the second.
The epiglottis and the extreme posterior part of the tongue are
innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve, reflecting their develop-
ment from the fourth arch.
36. Cont…
Some of the tongue muscles probably differentiate in situ, but most are derived
from myoblasts originating in occipital somites. Thus, tongue musculature is
innervated by the hypoglossal nerve.
37. Clinical correlates
Tongue-Tie / Ankyloglossia/
Frenulum extends to the tip of the tongue.
Normally extensive cell degeneration occurs, and the frenulum is the only tissue
that anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth.
38. THYROID GLAND
The thyroid gland appears as an epithelial proliferation in the floor of
the pharynx between the tuberculum impar and the copula at a point
later indicated by the foramen cecum.
Subsequently, the thyroid descends in front of the pharyngeal gut as a
bilobed diverticulum.
During this migration, the thyroid remains connected to the tongue by a
narrow canal, the thyroglossal duct. This duct later disappears.
39. Cont…
With further development, the thyroid gland descends in
front of the hyoid bone and the laryngeal cartilages. It reaches
its final position in front of the trachea in the seventh week.
The thyroid begins to function at approximately the end
of the third month.
40.
41. Clinical correlates
Thyroglossal cyst
it is a cystic remnant of the thyroglossal duct.
50 % - close to or just inferior to the Hyoid bone.
May also be found at the base of the tongue.
Aberrant thyroid tissue
Any where along path of descent.
Ectoderm gives rise to tissues and organs which maintain contact with the outside world - the nervous system, skin, the sensory epithelium of the ear, nose and eye, and tooth enamel.
Neurulation is the process by which ectoderm forms a neural plate that folds to form the neural tube, giving rise to the brain and spinal cord, and the neural crest.
Neural crest changes into mesenchyme and contributes to the connective tissue and bones of the face and skull.
Lateral to the neural tube, paraxial mesoderm forms pairs of somites each of which give rise to its own sclerotome (bone and cartilage), myotome (muscle) and dermatome (dermis) component. The occipital bone and cervical vertebrae are derived from sclerotomes,
Endoderm provides the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, including the tympanic cavity and auditory tube, and the parenchyma of the thyroid and parathyroid glands.
Showing position of primordial germ cells
Cross sectional view
The fifth and sixth arches are rudimentary and are not visible on the surface of the embryo
The thymus separates from the pharyngeal wall and descends inferomedially to unite with contralateral thymic tissue
behind the sternum.
The inferior parathyroid descends to lie posterior to the inferior pole of the ipsilateral thyroid lobe.
the first cleft ---The ventral end is normally obliterated, but may persist as a sinus, cyst or fistula. Such a fistula extends from below the auricle, through the parotid gland and opens into the external auditory meatus. It has a variable relationship with the facial (VII) nerve.
The cervical sinus may also communicate with the second pouch in the bed of the palatine tonsil to form an internal branchial fistula. Such fistulae pass over the glossopharyngeal (IX) and hypoglossal (XII) nerves and run between the external and internal carotid arteries
Active proliferation of mesenchymal tissue in the second arch causes it to overlap the third and fourth arches.
Branchial cysts do not usually become apparent until late childhood or early adulthood
A second median swelling, the copula, or hypobranchial eminence, is formed by mesoderm of the second, third, and part of the fourth arch.
The general sensory innervation of the tongue is easy to understand. The body is supplied by the trigeminal nerve, the nerve of the first arch; that of the root is supplied by the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves, the nerves of the third and fourth arches, respectively. Special sensory innervation (taste) to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue is provided by the chorda tympanic branch of the facial nerve, whereas the posterior third is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve.
Follicular cells produce the colloid that serves as a source of thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Parafollicular, or C, cells de- rived from the ultimobranchial body serve as a source of calcitonin.