5. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
CHARACTERISTICS:
- consists of continuous cells in apposition
over a large portion of their surface
-cells rest on a continuous extracellular
layer,called the basal lamina
- absence of blood vessels among the cells
(avascularity)
- cells are arranged in sheets or layers
6. FUNCTIONS
1. forms a boundary layer that controls
the movement of substances
between the external and internal
environment
2. may be specialized for absorption and
secretion
3. may bear motile cilia to move a film of
fluid or mucus over its surface
4. on the exterior of the body, resists abrasion
7. CLASSIFICATION
1. FUNDAMENTAL TYPE – EPITHELIAL
2. Forms of Epithelial Tissues
I. Membrane Epithelium
- those lining the body surface cavities or coverings.
II. Glandular Epithelium
=- specialized to synthesize specific products.
- contains extensive rough endoplasmic
8. MEMBRANE EPITHELIUM
CLASSIFICATION
SUBTYPE:
A. According to the number of cell layers.
1.. Simple – made up of only one layer of cells.
2. Pseudostratified – made up of a single layer of
cells but appears to have multiple layers because
of the various locations of the nuclei.
- mostly columnar.
3. Stratified – with several layers of cells and made
up of a distinct shape of cells on the most
superficial layer.
4. Transitional – with several layers of cells but the
thickness of the layer varies depending of the functional
status of the organ.
9.
10. According
to the presence of cell
surface specializations.
1. cilia
2. microvillus / microvilli
a. brush border
b. striated borders
c. stereocilia
3. keratin
11. Classification:
B. According to the shape of the cells
predominating of the most superficial
surface.
1. Squamous – cells are flat or
plate-like.
2. Cuboidal – polygonal and are
about as tall as they are
wide.
3. Columnar – polygonal and are
taller than they are wide.
15. A.2 SPECIFIC SUBTYPES
A. SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
3. A. Simple squamous epithelium
endothelium,mesothelium, parietal layer
of Bowmanns capsule,pulmonary alveoli
31. II. Glandular Epithelium
Classification Principles:
A. Based on the presence or absence of ducts
1. endocrine gland- ductless
2. exocrine- with ducts
B. According to the number of cells that make up a gland:
1. Unicellular – made up of single cell. e.g.
goblet cells
2. Multicellular – many cells make up a gland.
e.g. salivary glands
32. C. According to the type of secretions:
1. Purely Serous – secretes a thin and
watery product
e.g. parotid glands
2. Purely Mucus – thick and viscid
product e.g. goblet cells
3. Muco-serous (Mixed) –
submandibular glands
(predominantly serous)
sublingual glands (predominantly mucus)
4. Cytogenic – produces cells as in the
testis and ovaries
33. D. According to mode of secretion:
1. Merocrine – no destruction of
the secretory cells
e.g. eccrine sweat glands
2. Apocrine – there is partial
destruction of secretory cells
e.g. mammary glands, apocrine
sweat glands of the
axillary areas or groin areas
34. 1. Holocrine – there is total
destruction of secretory cells
e.g. sebaceous glands
35.
36. E. According to morphology
1. Tubular
a. simple tubular – e.g. intestinal
crypts of Lieberkuhn
b. simple coiled tubular – e.g. eccrine
sweat glands of the skin
c. simple branched tubular – e.g.
fundic glands of the stomach
d. compound tubular – e.g. liver, testis
37. 1. Alveolar / Acinar / Saccular
a. simple alveolar –
e.g. sebaceous gland
b. simple branched alveolar –
e.g. sebaceous gland
c. compound alveolar – mammary gland
3. Tubulo-Acinar / Mixed / Racemose
a. compound tubulo-acinar –
e.g. salivary glands
38.
39.
40. II. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Characterized by large amounts of
extracellular materials that separate
cells from one another
Components of Extracellular Matrix
1. Protein fiber
a. Collagen
b. Reticular
C. Elastic
41. 2. Ground Substance
-is the shapeless background
against which cells and collagen
fibers are seen in the light
microscope. An important
component is proteoglycans made
up of protein and polysaccharide
3. Fluid
42. FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
1. Enclosing and separating tissues
2. Connecting tissues to one another
3. Supporting and moving
4. Storing energy
5. Cushioning and insulating
6. Transporting
7. Protecting
43. CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
1. LOOSE OR AREOLAR
- consists of collagen and elastic fiber
- most common cells found are fibroblast
- Fibroblasts, are responsible for the
production of the fibers of the matrix.
2. ADIPOSE
-consists of collagen and elastictissue but
is not a typical connective tissue
- adipose cells are filled with lipids and function
to store energy
- it also acts as a pad and thermal insulator
50. Cartilage = is composed of cartilage
cells or chondrocytes
Types:
a. Hyaline – most abundant of the
cartilages and it covers bones,
forms joints, costal cartilages
that attach ribs to sternum
54. c. Elastic – contains elastic
fibers that appear as coiled
fibers among bundles of
collagen fibers.
e.g. external ear, epiglottis and
auditory tube
56. BONE - is a hard
connective tissue that
consists of living cell and a
mineralized matrix
- osteocytes are located within the
spaces in the matrix called lacunae
2 types:
a. Compact
b. Cancellous
57. BLOOD
Is unique because the matrix is
liquid, enabling blood cells to move
through blood vessels
58. MUSCLE TISSUE
- main characteristic is its ability to
contract or shorten
TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
D. SKELETAL
E. CARDIAC
F. SMOOTH
59. IV. NERVOUS TISSUE
- forms the brain, spinal cord and
nerves
- contains very important cells
which are neurons and neuroglia