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1
Bakterijski
meningitis
odojčeta
Kolokvijum,Beograd,08.jun2017.
2
AzraTuzinacHanuša
Lekarna specijalizacijipedijatrije,UDKBeograd
Doktormedicine u DomuzdravljaNovi Pazar, Službaza zdravstvenu
zaštitudece i školskedece
Medicinskifakultet uBeogradu
3
Bakterijski meningitis
odojčeta
Azra TuzinacHanuša
4
DEFINICIJA
Bakterijski meningitisje teško
infektivnooboljenjesastvaranjem
gnojnogeksudatau
subarahnoidalnomprostoru.
5
Incidenca je različita u zavisnosti odgeografskog
regiona i kreće se od 3-87/100000.
Najveća učestalost je kod dece uzrastaod1 meseca
do5 godina.
Incidenca je značajno smanjena uvođenjem Hib
vakcine (94%) i pneumokokne vakcine (56 %-SAD).
Incidenca
6
NAJUGROŽENIJA
PODRUČJA
2015
(Podaci SZO)
Afričkipojasmeningitisaje skupzemaljasubsaharskeAfrike, koji se pružaod Senegalado Etiopije
430miliona ljudi u26afričke zemlje ustalnomriziku.
20.000do 200.000slučajeva i 2.000do 20.000smrtnihishoda godišnje.
Do 2010.godine, 80%epidemija prourokovaoje meningokokusserogrupe A.
2010.godine uvedenaje novavakcinaprotiv meningokokusaA.
7
Etiologija bakterijskihmeningitisa
75 – 85 %
Haemophilus influenzae tip B
Streptoccocus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
8
Etiologijai uzrastobolelih
0 do 1
mesec
1 mesecdo 5
godina
5 do 29godina Preko 29 godina
H. Influen.4% N. Mening. S. Pneum. L.Monoc. Gr. B. Strep. Drugi
9
Hematogenimputemtokom
septikemije
Primarni
širenjemizinfektivnihžarišta
susednihstruktura(sinuzitis,
otitis,osteomijelitis)
Sekundarni
Tokomneurohiruških
intervencija(ugrađivanjeVP
šanta)
Posttraumatski
Načini širenja
10
Faktoririzika
Faktori koji dovode donastanka meningitisa
Bakterije
Fimbrije
Kapsula
Proteinispoljašnjemembrane
Lipopolisaharidi
CST
NiskekoncentracijeIgG
Niskekoncentracijekomplementa
Neadekvatnafagocitoza
Povećanaprodukcijaproinflamatornih
citokina
Nedovoljnaprodukcijaantiinflamatornih
citokina
11
1. Nazofaringealnakolonizacija
2. Prolazak krozepitel
3. Preživljavanjeukrvi- diseminacije
4. Prelazak krozhematoencefalnubarijeruinastanak infekcijeusubarahnoidnomprostoru
Patogeneza
12
• Adhezija bakterija na receptorska mesta na epitelnim
ćelijama nazofarinksa (fimbrije)
• Transport meningokoka kroz epitelne ćelije u fagocitnim
vakuolama (fenomen “trojanskog konja”)
• Razmnožavanje bakterija u krvi -primarnabakterijemija
• Otvaranje HEB – razmicanje endotelnih ćelija m. kapilara:
• bakterije i njihovi produkti
• proinflamatorni citokini –TNF, IL-1
Patogeneza
13
Patogeneza
Usubarahnoidalnomprostoru
14
Povećana
propustljivostHEB
1.
Poremećajsvesti
6.
Vaskulitis– hipoksija
(laktatii acidozau
CST)
4.
Oštećenjekranijalnih
nerava
5.
Moždaniedem
2.
PovećanIKP
3.
Posledice inflamacije u subarahnoidnom prostoru
15
Patoanatomskepromene
Hiperemijaiedem moždanih
opni
Eksudat od polimorfonukleara
16
KLINIČKA SLIKA
Pojavaspecifičnihi nespecifičnih
meningealnihsimptomai znakova.
17
Simptomi
Nespecifični simptomi: povišena temperatura,
glavobolja, muka ,povraćanje, gubitak apetita,
proliv
• pospanost, konfuzija, koma
• razdražljivost,fotofobija, odbijanje obroka,
nezainteresovanost zaokolinu
• vriskav plač
18
• Ukočen vrat
• Napeta fontanela
• Poremećaj svesti
• Konvulzije
• Fokalni neurološki znaci (strabizam, hemipareza,
ataksija, labirintitis,defekti vidnog polja)
• Petehijalna ospa
• Znaci povišenog intrakranijalnog pritiska
(poremećaj svesti, široke zenice, poremećaj
motiliteta očiju, bradikardija)
• Pozitivni meningealni znaci
Znaci
19
Znacikodstarijedece
Ukočenvrat, Kernigovznak, znaciBrudžinskogi
Vujićev znak.
Pozitivnimeningealniznaci
Znak tronošca
Meningealnipoložaj
20
DIJAGNOZA
Postavlja se na osnovu
karakterističnognalazau
cerebrospinalnojtečnosti.
21
Dijagnoza
Laboratorijskeanalize
(hemokultura,brisnosai guše)
Bakteriološkaobrada
(CT,MR) i EEG
Neuroradiološkaispitivanja
Anamneza
Neuropedijatrijskipregled
Lumbalnapunkcija
22
Dijagnozai terapija
Algoritamdijagnozei terapijebakterijskihmeningitisa
Prisustvomeningealnihsimptoma
Pozitivnimeningealniznaci
Bez fokalnogneurološkognalaza
Bez znakovaekstremnopovišenogIKP
Safokalnimneurološkimnalazom
i/ili sa znacimapovišenogIKP
LP i pregled CST Bez ekspanzivne lezije CT mozga
Zamućena CST sa pleocitozom 500-4000 mm3
Pmn 96-100%
Glikorahija snižena <1,9 mmol/l
Proteinorahija >0,4 g/l
Bakteriološko ispitivanje:
Hemokultura
Kultura CST, PCR
Slidex
Antiedemska Th
Antiinlamatorna Th
Empirijska antibiotska Th
Korekcija terapije
Ekstremni edem mozga
i/ili
ekspanzivna lezija
Neurohirurg
23
LUMBALNA PUNKCIJA
Radi se kultura likvora koja je pozitivna u 75-85% (˝zlatni standard˝)
(ukoliko jedeteprimalo antibiotik pre lumbalne punkcije mogućnostpozitivnog nalaza se smanjuje za 20% )
Danas se koristi i brzi testlatex aglutinacije (rezultat za1-2sata)
PCR
24
Izgledzamućen
Brojelemenata 500-4000/mm3 (98% PMN)
Proteinorahija> 0,4 g/l
Hipoglikorahija < 1.9 mmol/l (prinormalnoj
glikemiji)
Povišeni CRP,laktati i LDH
Periferna krvna slika (leukocitoza, hiponatriemija)
NalazCST
25
Diferencijalnadijagnoza
Naosnovuneurološkognalaza
4 5321
Teške bakterijskeinfekcije
(endokarditis, pneumonia)
Parameningealneinfekcije
(apsces)
Tumorizadnjelobanjske
jame
Subarahnoidalnokrvarenje
Inflamatorniprocesiu
blizinimoždanica
(otitis, sinuzitis)
26
Diferencijalnadijagnoza
SličnostiponalazuCST
Neuroborelioza
Hemijski meningitis
Virusni
Gljivični meningitis
Tuberkulozni
27
Tipičnepromeneu likvorukodinfekcijaCNS
Etiologija
-
BakterijskiMeningitis
Normalan
Virusni
Tuberkulozni
VirusniEncefalitis
Posleneonatalnogperioda
Izgled
Bistar
Zamućen
Bistar
Bistar
Bistar
Leukociti
0-5/mm
Poli↑ ↑
Li ↑
Li ↑
N/↑
Proteinorahija
15-40mg%
↑ ↑
N/↑
↑ ↑↑
N/↑
Glikorahija
≥50% glikemije
↓ ↓
N/↓
↓ ↓↓
N/↓
28
KOMPLIKACIJE
Osim neurološkihmoguse javiti i
raznedrugekomplikacije.
29
Fokalni
neurološki
znaci
Oštećenja kranijalnih
nerava
Konvulzije
SIADHSubduralneefuzije
Moždani apsces
Komplikacije
Hidrocefalus
30
Artritis
ŠokDIK
Pneumonija
Ostale komplikacije
Perikarditi
s
31
Sekvele
S
Glavobolja
E
Epilepsija
K
Hidrocefalus
V
Kognitivni
poremećaji
E
Gluvoća
L
Slepilo
E
Hemi/
kvadripareze
32
TERAPIJA
Izlečenje bakterijskogmeningitisa
se postiže samoprimenom
odgovarajućegantibiotika.
33
Terapija
Vrsteterapija
SimptomatskaAntiinflamatorna
Antibiotska Antiedematozna
34
Antibiotici i doze
200-300mg/kg
250000-400000jed(U)
150mg/kg
125-150mg/kg
na 4h
na 4-6h
na 8h
na 8-12hVankomicin
Ceftazidim
PenicilinG
Ampicilin
10-20mg/kg na 12hRifampicin
75-100mg/kg na 6hCloramphenicol
5 mg/kg na 8hGentamicin
15 mg/kg na 8hArnikacin
20 mg/kg na 12hTrimetoprim-sulfamethoxazol
40 mg/kg na 8hMeropenem
35
Inicijalnaterapija
Terapija
Cefotaximeili Ceftriaxon+/- Vancomycin
Cefotaximeili Ceftriaxon
Cefotaximeili Ceftriaxon+ VancomycinS. Pneumoniae
H.Influenzaetipb
Inicijalna/ nepoznat
Uzročnik
Penicilin G ili ampicilinN. Meningitidis
Alternativa
Ampicilin + hloramfenikol /Meropenem
Ampicilin + hloramfenikol /Meropenem
Penicilin G / Meropenem
Ampicilin /Ceftriaxone/ Meropenem
36
Trajanjeterapije
Trajanjeterapije
7 dana
7 dana
10 - 14 danaS. Pneumoniae
H.Influenze
N. Meningitidis
Mikroorganizam
14 - 21 danaS. Agalactiae
21 danAerobnigram negativnibacili
> 21 danLysteriaMonocytogenes
37
Terapija
TERAPIJA
Antiedematoznaterapija
• Podizanje uzglavlja kreveta
• Diuretici (Manitol 0,5– 2g/kg u toku 30min,
ponoviti pp, Furosemid)
• Kortikosteroidi
Antiinflamatornaterapija
• Dexason0,6-0,8mg/kg iv na 6h,2dana (15-30
min preAB)
• NSAID (Ibuprofen,Pentoksifilin)
Simptomatskaterapija
• Antikonvulzivi kratkog dejstva (lorazepam,
diazepam)
• Lečenjeglavobolje, povišene temperature
• Nadoknada tečnosti – oprezno!
SIMPTOMATSKA
38
MENINGOKOKNA BOLEST
Teškokontagioznoinfektivno
oboljenjekoje se najčešće
manifestuje kaomeningitis ili
sepsa.
39
Meningokoknabolest
Izazivač Neisseriameningitidis(A,B,C,W,Y)
Kliconoštvonazofaringealno5-10%
Morfološkespecifičnosti(kapsula,
fimbrije,proteaza
IgA,endotoksin,proteini
sp.membrane)
40
Klinički oblici
Meningokokna sepsa
• Meningokokcemija
• Meningokoknasepsa
• WaterhouseFriderichsensy
Meningokokni meningitis
Meningoencefalitis
41
Fulminantnameningokoknasepsa
(Waterhouse-Friderichsensy)
• Naglipočetak sa febrilnošću
• Unutar4-6h nespecifični simptomi(povraćanje,iritabilnost, odbijanje obroka)
• Narednih12h znaciloše periferne perfuzije i sepse(bol unogama,hladnešake i stopala,
abnormalnaboja kože, hipotenzija, tahikardija)
• Posle 12h klasična rapidna purpura(hemoragijanakoži i mukozama,bolan i ukočenvrat)
• Kardiovaskularnikolaps
• Šok, koma,DIK
• Krvarenjeuadrenalnimžlezdama
42
Meningokoknimeningitis
Kliničkaslika
Meningealni simptomi i
znaci
Petehijalna ospa Poremećajsvesti,
konvulzije, neurološki
znaci
Ekstrameningealne
manifestacije
(perikarditis, artritis, pneumonija,
očne manifestacije)
43
02 0301
Meningokoknimeningitis
Dijagnoza
(zamućen,PMN)
PregledCST Kultura(CST, krv,petehije) Latex aglutinacija,PCR
44
SSP
Antitrombin III
Protein C
Heparin
Vakcina
Profilaksa
Rifadin 10 mg/kg,2x1,2 dana
ili
Ceftriaxonujednoj dozi
Antibiotici 7 dana
Penicillin G
Ampicilin
Ceftriaxon
Cefotaxim
Kortikosteroidi
Dexasoni Hydrocortison
Terapijai prevencijameningokoknebolesti
45
• 90 tipova pneumokoka (23 tipa izazivaviše od90 % oboljenja)
• Deca mlađa od2 godine, odrasli stariji od65 god,imunokopromitovani
• Teške sekvele (zbog nekrotičnih promena u kori velikog mozga i apoptoze neurona hipokampusa)
• Faktori rizika (pneumonija, sinuzitis, otitis media, povreda glave - nazolikvoreja, anemija srpastih ćelija, asplenija,
maligniteti)
Pneumokokni meningitis
46
Kliničkekarakteristikepneumokoknogmeningitisa
Konvulzije:15%
generalizovane.
Rekurentnimeningitis
Akutnadrhtavica,povišena
temperatura,glavobolja,konvulzije
Fokalnineurološkiznaci(VI,
VIIIk.n)
Terapija:
Penicillin,Cefotaxim,Ceftriaxon, Vankomicin+
Rifadin
10-14dana
Stanjesvesti:u40% koma
47
Klinički spektarHibbolesti
Česte
Meningitis
Epiglotitis
Celulitis
Pneumonia
Ređe
Osteomijelitis
Septičniartritis
Perikarditis
Orbitalnicelulitis
Urinarneinfekcije
Bakterijemija
48
Kliničkaslikai komplikacijeHib
meningitisa
Respiratornisimptomi3-4dana
Meningealniznaci(koddece starijeod 18meseci)
Poremećajsvesti,konvulzije
Fokalnineurološkiznaci
Ataksija
Gluvoća
SIADH
Hidrocefalus
Cerebritis,apsces
Subduralneefuzije
Smrtnost10%
49
TERAPIJA Hib meningitisa
Antibiotici7-10 dana
Ceftriakson 100mg/kg
2xdnevno
Cefotaxim
200mg/kg
4xdnevno
Ampicilin200mg/kg
4xdnevno
Chloramphenicol
100mg/kg 3xdnevno
50
Sekvele
S
Zaostajanjeu
intelektualnom
razvoju
E
Sporijirazvoj govora
K
Teškoćeu učenju
V
Poremećajii
ponašanja
E
Gluvoća
L
Ataksija
E
Hidrocefalus
51
Prevencija- Hemoprofilaksa
Meningokokni meningitis:
Rifampicin 10mg/kg,na 12h2 dana
Ceftriakson 125mg i.m u jednoj dozi
Pneumokokni meningitis: Rifampicin 10mg/kgna12 h2 dana
Hib meningitis: Rifampicin 20mg/kg dnevno 4dana
52
Prevencija
Najbolja prevencija bakterijskog
meningitisa je vakcinacija!
HaemophilusinfuenzetipBkonjugovana
Pneumokoknapolisaharidna(Pneumo
23) ikonjugovana(Prevenar)
Meningokoknapolisaharidna(A, B,C,W,
Y)
53
Pitanja
?
54
Hvalana pažnji

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Bakterijski meningitis odojčeta