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Abstract
Find info how to write cit and reflist

Authorship

Article from Internet journal
Author. (Year). Title of article. Source,
vol. #, (issue # if each issue is separately
numbered), pages. Retrieved date, from
URL

Article in an Internet-only
journal
Cummings, W. (2000, May). Interdisciplinary social
science. Electronic Journal of Sociology, 5(2).
Retrieved September 25, 2001, from
http://www.sociology.org/content/ vol005.002/
cummings.html

Article in an Internet-only
newsletter
Frieling, D. (2000, May). Developments in wireless
communication. Telehealth News, 3 (2).
Retrieved October 7, 2001, from
http://telehealth.net/subscribe/newslettr_9.html#
develop

Book chapter
Reference:
Roll, W. P. (1976). ESP and memory. In J.M.O.
Wheatley & H.L. Edge (Eds.), Philosophical
dimensions of parapsychology (pp. 154-184).
Springfield, IL: American Psychiatric Press.
In-Text: (Roll, 1976)

Book, second or subsequent edition
Reference:
Berk, L. E. (2000). Child development (5th ed.).
Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Book, revised edition
Reference:
Ellis, A. (1994). Reason and emotion in
psychotherapy (Rev. ed.). Secaucus, NJ : Carol
Publishing Group.

Book, edited
Reference:
Friedman, S. L. & Wachs, T. D. (Eds.). (1999).
Measuring environment across the life span:
emerging methods and concepts. Washington,
DC : American Psychological Association.

Book, author & publisher are identical
When the author and publisher are identical, use the
word Author as the name of the publisher.

Reference:
National Health and Medical Research Council,
Working Party of the Health Advancement
Standing Committee (1997). Workplace injury
and alcohol. Canberra, Australia: Author.

Book. Article or Chapter in an
edited book, one author.
Reference:
Ornstein, P A., & Naus, M. J. (1978). Rehearsal
processes in children's memory. In P. A.
Ornstein (Ed.), Memory development in children
(pp. 69-99). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Good, T. L., & Brophy, J. E. (1986). School effects. In
M. C. Wittrock (Ed.), Handbook of research on
teaching (3rd ed., pp. 570-602). New York:
Macmillan.

Book. Article or Chapter in an
edited book, two or more
authors
Reference:
Arabsolghar, F. (1998). Teacher predictions about
students' memory strategies, knowledge and
behaviours in Years 3, 5 and 7. In B. Baker, M.
Tucker and C. Ng (Eds.), Education's new
timeSpace: Visions from the present (pp. 127132). Brisbane: Post Pressed.

Citations, additional information
Sometimes additional information is necessary
 More than one author with the same last
name (H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880)
 Two or more works in the same
parentheses (Caruth, 1996; Fussell, 1975;
Showalter, 1997)
 Work with six or more authors (Smith et al,
1998)

Citations, additional information 2




Specific part of a source
(Jones, 1995, chap. 2)
If the source has no known author, then use
an abbreviated version of the title:
Full Title: “California Cigarette Tax Deters
Smokers”
Citation: (“California,” 1999)

Conference paper, paper presented.
Abdullah, S. (2000, November). Changing the way
we learn. Paper presented at the Workshop for
Instructors of Distance Learners, Universiti
Teknologi Mara, Shah Alam.

Conference paper, proceedings.
Hall, J. E. (1995). Alcohol and other drug use in
commercial transportation. In C.N. Kloeden &
A.J. McLean (Eds.), Alcohol, drugs and traffic
safety. Proceedings of the 13th International
Conference on alcohol, drugs, and traffic safety
(pp.3-10). Adelaide, Australia: NH&MRC Road
Accident Research Unit, The University of
Adelaide.

Dissertation abstract
Enos, M.A. (2001). Informal learning and transfer of
learning: How managers develop proficiency.
(Doctoral Dissertation, The University of
Connecticut, 2001). Dissertation Abstracts
International, 61, 2143.

Electronic article. Journal article
found in a database
Reference:
Jacobson, J. W., Mulick, J. A., & Schwartz, A. A.
(1995). A history of facilitated communication:
Science, pseudoscience, and antiscience.
American Psychologist, 50, 750–765. Retrieved
January 12, 2001, from PsycARTICLES
database.
In-Text: (Jacobson et al., 1995)

Electronic article. Exact duplicate of
print version
Reference:
Vanden, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of
reference elements in the selection of resources
by psychology undergraduates [Electronic
version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5,
117-123.
In-Text: (Vanden et al., 2001)

Electronic article. Format modified
from print version
Reference:
Vanden, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of
reference elements in the selection of resources
by psychology undergraduates. Journal of
Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. Retrieved
October 13, 2001, from
http://jbr.org/articles.html
In-Text: (Vanden et al., 2001)

Electronic copy of a journal
article, retrieved from
ABI/Inform
Welge, M. K. (2000). International management
under postmodern conditions. Management
International Review, 39 (4), 305 . 333.
Retrieved September 14, 2000, from
ABI/Inform database.

article, retrieved from
ABI/Inform
Kramer, J.F. (December 1999/January 2000).
Valuing accounting practices. The
National Public Accountant, 44 (10), 32.
Retrieved April 4, 2000, from ABI/Inform
Global via Proquest Direct.

article, retrieved from Elite db
Dobrev, S. D., Kin, T., & Hannan, M. T. (2001).
Dynamics of Niche Width and Resource
Partitioning. American Journal of Sociology,
106 (5), 1299 .1337. Retrieved September 25,
2001, from Academic Search Elite database.

Electronic materials, citations
in-text of
If the electronic document does not provide page
numbers but paragraph numbers are shown, then
the paragraph number may be used preceded by
the ¶ symbol or the abbreviation para.
If the electronic document does not provide page
numbers or paragraph numbers, cite the heading
and the number of the paragraph following it that
contains the quote. Use the ¶ symbol or the
abbreviation para.

Electronic materials, citations
in-text of. Examples
Cummings (2000, Civilization and Capitalization, ¶
4) argues that the third prominent system that
Braudel metaphorically associates with the
world-economy is the machine..
Cummings (2000, Civilization and Capitalization,
para 4) argues that the third prominent system
that Braudel metaphorically associates with the
world-economy is the machine..

E-mail message
Source: email message from C. Everett Koop
Citation: (C. E. Koop, personal communication,
May 16, 1998)

Encyclopedia article
Reference:
Warren, S. A. (1977). Mental retardation and
environment. In International encyclopedia of
psychiatry, psychology, psychoanalysis, and
neurology (Vol. 7, pp. 202-207). New York:
Aesculapius Publishers.
In-Text: (Warren, 1977)

ERIC documents
Darkenwald, G.G., & Merriam, S. (1986). Deterrents to
participate: An adult education dilemma. (Information
Series No. 308). ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult,
Career, and Vocational Education, Columbus, Ohio.

Internet. Specific internet document
Reference:
Electronic reference formats recommended by the
American Psychological Association. (2000,
October 12). Retrieved January 3, 2001, from
http://www.apa.org/journals/webref.html
In-Text: (American Psychological Association
[APA], 2000)
Subsequent: (APA, 2000)

Internet article based on a print
source. Duplicate
Currently, most articles found in fulltext databases and
online journals are duplicates of the print version.
If you have obtained an article and have viewed it
only in the electronic form, you should include it in
your reference list as shown:

Thomson, R., & Murachver, T. (2001). Predicting
gender from electronic discourse [Electronic
version]. British Journal of Social Psychology,
40, 193-208.

Internet article based on a print
source. Modified
If the electronic version differs from the print version
(eg page numbers are not given), you should
include the date you accessed the item in the
citation:

Thomson, R., & Murachver, T. (2001). Predicting
gender from electronic discourse. British
Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 193-208.
Retrieved October 7, 2001, from ProQuest
Medical Library database.

Journal article (one author)
Reference:
Maki, R. H. (1982). Categorization effects which
occur in comparative judgment tasks. Memory &
Cognition, 10, 252-264.
In-Text: (Maki, 1982)

Journal article (two authors)
Reference:
Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R.M. (1971). The
control of short-term memory. Scientific
American, 225, 82-90.
In-Text: (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1971)

Journal article (three to five authors)
Reference:
Atkinson, R. C., Smith, J., & Shiffrin, R.M. (1971).
The control of short-term memory. Scientific
American, 225, 82-90.
In-Text: (Atkinson, Smith, & Shiffrin, 1971).
Subsequent: (Atkinson et al., 1971)

Journal article (six or more authors)
Reference:
Anderson, W., Witkins, S., Younghusband, C.,
Atkinson, R. C., Smith, J., & Shiffrin, R.M.
(1971). The control of short-term memory.
Scientific American, 225, 82-90.
In-Text: (Anderson et al., 1971).
Subsequent: (Anderson et al., 1971)

Journal article, the reference list
The details required are author.s surname and initials,
year of publication, title of article, title of journal
and volume number, page numbers. The format
is:
Author, A. A. (1994). Title of article. Title of Journal, xx,
xxx-xxx.
• The volume number is always included
• The issue number is only included if the journal
paginates each issue individually rather than
paginating the volume as a whole.

List of references
APA style calls for a list of References instead of a
bibliography. The requirements of a reference list
are that all references cited in the text of a paper
must be listed alphabetically by first author's last
name in the list of References and that all
references listed must be cited within the text… In
general, the list of References is double-spaced
and listed alphabetically by first author's last name
http://www.apastyle.org/faqs.html

Microfilm
Strickland, W. (1989). A study to identify and
evaluate staff development training
component in local staff development
activities for North Carolina public school
teacher. University Microfilm International,
DA9012356.

Newspaper article
Newspaper article with one author:
Morris, S. (2001, September 5). Too many minds
miss the mark. The Australian, p. 33.
Newspaper article with no author:
UK couples join clone trial. (2001, August 7). The
Courier-Mail, p. 13.
If you were to cite this item, you would use the title
(“UK couples join clone trial,” 2001).

Page numbers: p or pp?
Q: In referencing periodicals, what's the difference
between using "p." or "pp." for page numbers?
A: If a periodical includes a volume number,
italicize it and then change to regular type and
give the page range without "pp." If the
periodical does not use volume numbers,
include "pp." before the page numbers so the
reader will understand that the numbers refer
to pagination. Use "p." if the source is a page
or less long.

Parenthetical citations, when to use?


When quoting any words that are
not your own



When summarizing facts and ideas from a
source
When paraphrasing a source



Source: Purdue University Writing Lab.

Proceedings
Refer conference paper, proceedings.

Quotations
Where the quotation is less than 40 words
(short quotation), it should be enclosed in
double quotation marks and incorporated
into to the text of the assignment.
Where the quotation is 40 words or more, it
should be displayed as a freestanding block
of typewritten lines. The block should begin
on a new line and be indented. It should be
double line spaced and no quotation marks
are needed.

Quotations. Examples
1. It has been argued suggest that .employees may use
alcohol in different ways: as part of socializing, as a
stress coping mechanism, and as a way to deal with
sleep problems associated with shiftwork (Zinkiewicz,
Davey, Obst & Sheehan, 1999, p. 57)
2. Zinkiewicz, Davey, Obst & Sheehan (1999) suggested
that .employees may use alcohol in different ways: as
part of socializing, as a stress coping mechanism, and as
a way to deal with sleep problems associated with
shiftwork. (p.57).

Quotations. Examples 2
3. Zinkiewicz, Davey, Obst & Sheehan (1999)
found the following:
Station staff were the most likely workstream to
report definitely having a drinking problem and to
report drinking alone. In comparison to other
workstreams, station staff are often required to
spend a large amount of work time without
contact with other employees, particularly at rural
and regional stations. (p. 56)

Research report
Williams, H., & Owen, C. (1997). Recruitment and
utilization of graduates by small and mediumsized organisations. Research Report No. 29,
DIEE, London.

Secondary source
Q: How do I cite a source that I found in another
source?
A: To cite secondary sources, refer to both sources in
the text, but include in the References list only the
source that you actually used. For instance,
suppose you read Feist (1998) and would like to
paraphrase the following sentence within that book:
Bandura (1989) defined self-efficacy as "people's
beliefs about their capabilities to exercise control
over events that affect their lives" (p. 1175).

Secondary source cont’d
In this case, your in-text citation would be
"(Bandura, 1989, as cited in Feist, 1998)."
Feist (1998) would be fully referenced within
the list of References. Bandura (1989) would
not be listed.

Teletutorial
Boone, E.J. (1990, August). A perspective on selfdirected learning and its implication for adult
students enrolled in USM’s off-campus academic
program. Presented in a teletutorial with USM
off-campus students, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
Pulau Pinang.

Thesis, unpublished
Azian Nafiah. (2003). The study of women’s view on
career advancement. Unpublished master’s
thesis. Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok.

Thesis, first 3 chapters

Website. Stand-alone
document, no author
identified, no date
GVU.s 10th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved
September 25, 2001, from
http://www.gvu.gatech.edu/user_surveys/survey1998-10/

Website. From university
program or department Web
site
Smith, S. (2001). Stress, coping and health.
Retrieved September 25, 2001, from PYB101 Introduction to Psychology 1a Online Teaching
Web site:
http://olt/arts/pyb101/sec/index.cfm/stress.ppt ?
fa=getFile&rNum=143586&file=stress.ppt

Website. Citing entire website
Q: How do I cite an entire Web site (but not
a specific document on that site)?
A: When citing an entire Web site, it is
sufficient to give the address of the site in
just the text. For example, Kidspsych is a
wonderful interactive web site for children
(http://www.kidspsych.org).

Works cited entries, rules for
 Double

space each entry.
 Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the
surname of the first author.
 Entries by same author are arranged by
publication date, earliest first.
 If no author, the title moves to the author
position and the entry is alphabetized by the
first significant word of the title.

Works cited entries, rules for 2
 First

line of each entry is flush to left margin
and all succeeding lines are indented. This is
known as a hanging indent.
 Titles of books and journals should be
italicized.
 Capitalize only the first word of the title, the
first word after a colon or dash, and proper
nouns in titles of books, articles, films and
broadcasts.
 Capitalize all major words and all words of
four letters or more in periodical titles.

Works cited entries, rules for 3
 Use

author initials only.
 Vol. # is italicized; issue # is not.
 There is no period at the end of a URL in a
citation. If you do not have a URL at the end,
put a period there.
 Put the date you retrieved the article in
month day, year order followed by a comma,
i.e. July 7, 2001,
 Entries retrieved from RIT licensed research
databases do not require a URL; use
database name only.

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