A brief introduction presentation mainly provides an idea about solar power field as it most growing energy business.
Main Solar Power technologies (Solar Photo-voltaic (PV) and Consentrated Solar Power (CSP)) have been presented on a simpe way in order to be suitable for Electrical & non Electrical Engineers and also trigger the energy investors for a huge opportunities on the field of Independent Power Producer (IPP).
Water Industry Process Automation & Control Monthly - April 2024
Solar power by aymen o. elzubier
1. SOLAR POWER
A brief Introduction by Aymen O. Elzubier – April 2018
1Solar Power - By Aymen O. Elzubier
2. Outlines
• Overview - Renewable Energy
• Solar Energy - Definition
• Solar Energy Technologies
• Photovoltaics (PV)
• Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
• Statistics – as per 2017
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3. What is renewable energy?
Renewable energy is produced using natural
resources that are constantly replaced and never
run out.
3
Wind
Hydro
Solar
Geothermal
Bio Energy
Ocean
(Tidal + Wave)
RenewableEnergy
Solar Power - By Aymen O. Elzubier
4. Solar Energy
• Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of
ever-evolving technologies
• Solar irradiance is the power per unit area received from the Sun in the form of
electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range of the measuring instrument.
• The SI unit of irradiance is watt per square meter (W/m2).
• The solar energy industry uses watt-hour per square metre (Wh/m2) per unit time.
• The relation to the SI unit is thus: 1 kW/m2 = 24 kWh/m2/day = 8760 kWh/m2/year.
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6. Solar Energy Technologies
Photovoltaics
convert sunlight into electricity
The photovoltaic effect is the creation of voltage and electric current in a material
upon exposure to light and is a physical and chemical property/phenomenon.
Concentrated solar power
Collecting and using solar thermal (heat) energy
Concentrated solar power (CSP) systems generate solar Power by using mirrors or
lenses to concentrate a large area of sunlight, or solar thermal energy, onto a small
area.
Electricity is generated when the concentrated light is converted to heat, which drives
a heat engine (usually a steam turbine) connected to an electrical power generator.
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7. Photovoltaics (PV)
• Photovoltaics (PV) is a term which covers the conversion of light into electricity
using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect, a
phenomenon studied in physics, photochemistry, and electrochemistry.
• A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of
light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is
a physical and chemical phenomenon.
• A Solar Cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics, such
as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed to light. Individual solar cell
devices can be combined to form modules, otherwise known as solar panels.
• In basic terms a single junction silicon solar cell can produce a maximum open-
circuit voltage of approximately 0.5 to 0.6 volts.
• In most photovoltaic applications the radiation is sunlight, and the devices are
called solar cells.
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10. Photovoltaic Technology
• Crystalline silicon
By far, the most prevalent bulk material for solar cells is crystalline silicon (c-Si).
Almost 90% of the World’s photovoltaics today are based on some variation of silicon.
These cells are entirely based around the concept of a p-n junction.
Solar cells made of c-Si are made from wafers between 160 and 240 micrometres thick.
o Monocrystalline silicon
o Epitaxial silicon development
o Polycrystalline silicon
o Ribbon silicon
o Mono-like-multi silicon (MLM)
• Thin film
o Cadmium telluride
o Copper indium gallium selenide
o Silicon thin film
o Gallium arsenide thin film
• Multi-junction cells
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11. Monocrystalline vs Polycrystalline silicon Solar Cells
Polo
• The process used to make polycrystalline silicon
is simpler and cost less. The amount of waste
silicon is less compared to monocrystalline.
• Polycrystalline solar panels perform slightly
worse than monocrystalline solar panels in high
temperatures.
• The efficiency of polycrystalline-based solar
panels is typically 13-16%. Because of lower
silicon purity, polycrystalline solar panels are not
quite as efficient as monocrystalline solar panels.
• Lower space-efficiency.
Mono
• Monocrystalline solar panels have the highest
efficiency rates since they are made out of the
highest-grade silicon. The efficiency rates of
monocrystalline solar panels are typically 15-20%.
• Monocrystalline silicon solar panels are space-
efficient.
• Monocrystalline solar panels live the longest. Most
solar panel manufacturers put a 25-year warranty on
their monocrystalline solar panels.
• Tend to perform better than similarly rated
polycrystalline solar panels at low-light conditions
• Monocrystalline solar panels are the most expensive.
• If the solar panel is partially covered with shade, dirt
or snow, the entire circuit can break down.
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14. Concentrated solar power (CSP)
• Concentrating solar power technologies use different mirror configurations to
concentrate the sun’s light energy onto a receiver and convert it into heat. The heat
can then be used to create steam to drive a turbine to produce electrical power or
used as industrial process heat.
• In most cases, CSP technologies currently cannot compete on price
with photovoltaics solar panels, which have experienced huge growth in recent years
due to falling prices and much smaller operating costs.
• CSP generally needs large amount of direct solar radiation, and its energy generation
falls dramatically with cloud cover. This is in contrast with photovoltaics, which can
produce electricity also from diffuse radiation.
• CSP plants can also use fossil fuel to supplement the solar output during periods of
low solar radiation. In that case, a natural gas-fired heat or a gas steam boiler/re-
heater is used.
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15. Concentrated solar power (CSP) Technology
• Different types of concentrators produce different peak temperatures and
correspondingly varying thermodynamic efficiencies, due to differences in the way
that they track the sun and focus light.
• There are four types of CSP technologies used:
• Parabolic Trough Systems
• Linear Fresnel Systems
• Power Tower Systems
• Parabolic Dish Systems
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16. Parabolic Trough Systems
• In a parabolic trough CSP system, the sun’s energy is
concentrated by parabolically curved, trough-shaped
reflectors onto a receiver pipe running along about a meter
above the curved surface of the mirrors.
• The temperature of the heat transfer fluid flowing through
the pipe, usually thermal oil or molten salt, is increased
from 293°C to 393°C, and the heat energy is then used to
generate electricity in a conventional steam generator.
• A collector field comprises multiple parabolic trough-
shaped mirrors in parallel rows aligned to enable single-axis
trough-shaped mirrors to track the sun from east to west
during the day to ensure that the sun is continuously
focused on the receiver pipes. As of 2018, 90% of the CSP in
commercial operation is trough.
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17. Power Tower Systems
• Power tower or central receiver systems utilize sun-
tracking mirrors called heliostats to focus sunlight onto
a receiver at the top of a tower.
• A heat transfer fluid heated in the receiver up to
around 600°C is used to generate steam, which, in turn,
is used in a conventional turbine-generator to produce
electricity.
• Power-tower development is less advanced than
trough systems, but they offer higher efficiency and
better energy storage capability
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22. 22
Thank you
Aymen Elzubier
April 2018
We should consider the
Global Energy Transition
Prospects and the Role of
Renewables
Solar Power - By Aymen O. Elzubier
23. Recourses
• IEA - International Energy Agency
• IRENA - International Renewable Energy Agency
• SolarPACES - Solar Power And Chemical Energy Systems
• Wikipedia
• Energy Informative www.energyinformative.org
• REN21 - the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century
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